per: Difference between revisions
Ἡ μωρία δίδωσιν ἀνθρώποις κακά → Inepta mens hominibus impertit mala → Die Torheit gibt den Menschen Unglück zum Geschenk
(3_9) |
(CSV2 import) |
||
| (4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{LaEn | |||
|lnetxt=per PREP ACC :: through (space); during (time); by, by means of | |||
}} | |||
{{Lewis | {{Lewis | ||
|lshtext=<b>per</b>: prep. [[with]] acc. (by [[solecism]] [[with]] abl. PER QVO, =<br /><b>I</b> whereby, Inscr. Miseni Repert. ex a. p. Chr. n. 159; Inscr. Orell. 3300) [kindr. [[with]] Gr. [[παρά]]; Sanscr. pāra, [[ulterior]]; Lith. pèr; cf.: [[parumper]], [[paulisper]]; v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 269], denotes, [[like]] the Gr. διά, [[motion]] [[through]] a [[space]], or [[extension]] [[over]] it.<br /><b>I</b> Lit., of [[space]], [[through]], [[through]] the [[midst]] of, [[throughout]], all [[over]], all [[along]]: per amoena salicta raptare aliquem, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 40 Vahl.): [[inde]] Fert [[sese]] ([[equus]]) campi per caerula laetaque prata, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (id. v. 505 ib.): per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine [[flumen]], id. ap. id. ib. 6, 4 (id. v. 177 ib.): per membranas oculorum cernere, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142: coronam auream per [[forum]] ferre, id. Att. 14, 16, 2: iit [[hasta]] per [[tempus]] utrumque, Verg. A. 9, 418: se per munitiones deicere, Caes. B. G. 3, 26: per [[mare]] pauperiem [[fugiens]], per saxa, per ignes, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 46: per ignes, Ov. M. 8, 76: per Averna, id. ib. 14, 105: per [[caelum]], Verg. A. 4, 700: per vias fabulari, in all the streets, Plaut. Cist. 5, 1: per totam urbem, id. Ep. 2, 2, 11: qui per provincias [[atque]] [[imperium]] tuum pecunias ei credidissent, in the provinces, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6: invitati [[hospitaliter]] per domos, Liv. 1, 9: via [[secta]] per ambas (zonas), Verg. G. 1, 238; 245: nascuntur copiosissime in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, in, Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94: per illas gentes celebratur, [[throughout]], Tac. A. 12, 12: gustūs elementa per omnia quaerunt, Juv. 11, 14.— Placed [[after]] the [[noun]]: viam per, Lucr. 6, 1264: transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes, Verg. A. 5, 663; 6, 692.<br /><b>II</b> Transf.<br /> <b>A</b> Of [[time]], [[through]], [[throughout]], [[during]], for: [[quod]] des bubus per hiemem, the [[winter]] [[through]], [[during]] the [[winter]], [[Cato]], R. R. 25: nulla res per [[triennium]], [[nisi]] ad nutum istius, judicata est, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13: nulla abs te per hos [[dies]] [[epistula]] ... venerat, [[during]] these days, id. Att. 2, 8, 1: per [[decem]] [[dies]] ludi facti sunt, id. Cat. 3, 8, 20: per [[idem]] [[tempus]], [[during]], at, in the [[course]] of, id. Brut. 83, 286; Suet. Galb. 10: per noctem cernuntur sidera, [[during]] the [[night]], in the [[night]]-[[time]], Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 48: per inducias, [[during]], Liv. 38, 2: per [[multa]] bella, id. 8, 13: per ludos, id. 2, 18: per [[comitia]], Suet. Caes. 80: per somnum, id. ib. 45: per [[tempus]], [[during]], i. e. at the [[right]] [[time]], = in tempore, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 6; Ter. And. 4, 4, 44; id. Hec. 4, 3, 16.—So distr.: per singulas noctes, Suet. Caes. 1; id. Calig. 22; cf.: per haec, [[meanwhile]], id. Claud. 27: per quae, id. Tib. 52.—<br /> <b>B</b> To [[indicate]] the [[agent]], [[instrument]], or [[means]], [[through]], by, by [[means]] of: statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9: detrimenta publicis rebus per homines eloquentissimos importata, id. de Or. 1, 9, 38: [[quid]] ais? [[vulgo]] occidebantur? Per quos? et a quibus? by whom? and by whose [[command]]? id. Rosc. Am. 29, 80: quae domi gerenda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur, id. ib. 51, 149: [[quod]] nefarium [[stuprum]] non per illum [[factum]] est, id. Cat. 2, 4, 7.—Placed [[after]] its [[case]]: Exerce vocem, [[quam]] per vivis et [[colis]], Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—Esp.: per fidem decipere, fallere, etc. (= datā [[fide]]): per fidem [[deceptus]] [[sum]], [[through]] [[confidence]], i. e. in my [[host]] [[who]] [[betrayed]] me, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 69; Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 3.—So, per se, per te, [[through]] [[himself]], by [[himself]], of [[himself]], etc.: [[homo]] per se [[cognitus]], [[sine]] ullā commendatione majorum, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: per me [[tibi]] obstiti, = [[solus]], by [[myself]], id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: [[satis]] per te [[tibi]] consulis, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 1: per se [[solus]], Liv. 1, 49.—With [[ipse]]: [[nihil]] ipsos per se [[sine]] P. Sullā facere potuisse, Cic. Sull. 24, 67: ipsum per se, suā vi, sua naturā, sua [[sponte]] laudabile, id. Fin. 2, 15, 50.—To form an adverb. [[expression]], in, by, [[through]], etc.: non dubitavi id a te per litteras petere, by [[letter]], Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2: per summum [[dedecus]] vitam amittere, in the [[most]] [[infamous]] [[manner]], [[most]] [[infamously]], id. Rosc. Am. 11, 30: per iram facere aliquid, in [[anger]], id. Tusc. 4, 37, 79: per [[commodum]], Liv. 30, 29, 3 (cf. II. A. [[supra]]): per [[commodum]] rei publicae, id. 10, 25, 17; 22, 57, 1; 31, 11, 2: per ludum et jocum, sporting and jesting, in [[sport]] and [[jest]], Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 70, § 181: per vim, [[forcibly]], Sall. J. 23, 1: per dolum, id. ib. 11, 8: per [[otium]], at [[leisure]], Liv. 4, 58, 12: ceteris copiis per [[otium]] trajectis, id. 21, 28, 4: [[cibo]] per [[otium]] [[capto]], id. 21, 55, 1: per tumultum = [[tumultuose]], id. 44, 45, 14. —<br /> <b>C</b> To [[designate]] the [[reason]], [[cause]], [[inducement]], etc., [[through]], for, by, on [[account]] of, for the [[sake]] of: per metum mussari, Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 12: qui per virtutem perit, at non interit, id. Capt. 3, 5, 32: cum [[antea]] per aetatem [[nondum]] hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1: per aetatem, Caes. B. G. 2, 16 fin.: Druso propinquanti [[quasi]] per [[officium]] obviae fuere legiones, Tac. A. 1, 24: ut [[nihil]] eum delectaret, [[quod]] aut per naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret, Cic. Mil. 16, 43: cum per valetudinem posses, venire [[tamen]] noluisti, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1: per me, per te, etc., as [[far]] as concerns me, [[you]], etc.: si per vos [[licet]], Plaut. As. prol. 12: per me vel stertas [[licet]], Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; cf.: [[sin]] hoc non [[licet]] per Cratippum, id. Off. 3, 7, 33: [[fides]] publica per [[sese]] inviolata, Sall. J. 33, 3: per me ista pedibus trahantur, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10: per me stetisse, quo [[minus]] hae fierent [[nuptiae]], Ter. And. 4, 2, 16: si per suos esset licitum, Nep. Eum. 10, 3: inspicere vitia nec per magistros nec per aetatem licebat, Macr. S. 1, 24. —Hence, in oaths, entreaties, asseverations, etc., by a [[god]], by men, or by [[inanimate]] or [[abstract]] things, by: IOVRANTO PER IOVEM, etc., Tab. Bant. lin. 15: per pol [[saepe]] peccas, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 18; cf.: si per [[plures]] deos juret, Cic. Rab. Post. 13, 36: [[quid]] est [[enim]], per deos, optabilius sapientiā? id. Off. 2, 2, 5: per deos [[atque]] homines, id. Div. 2, 55, 116: per dexteram te istam oro, id. Deiot. 3, 8; cf.: per tuam fidem Te [[obtestor]], Ter. And. 1, 5, 55: [[nunc]] te per amicitiam et per amorem [[obsecro]], id. ib. 2, 1, 26: per pietatem! Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 4: per comitatem [[edepol]], [[pater]], etc., id. ib. 2, 2, 52.—In this signif. [[often]] separated from its [[object]]: per ego [[vobis]] deos [[atque]] homines [[dies]], ut, etc., Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 1: per ego te deos oro, Ter. And. 3, 3, 6; 5, 1, 15: per ego te, fili ... [[precor]] quaesoque, etc., Liv. 23, 9, 2: per ego has lacrimas ... te Oro, Verg. A. 4, 314; 12, 56; Tib. 4, 5, 7; Ov. F. 2, 841: per vos Tyrrhena faventum Stagna deum, per ego et Trebiam cineresque Sagunti Obtestor, Sil. 12, 79 sq.; 1, 658; Stat. Th. 11, 367.—With ellips. of [[object]]: per, si [[qua]] est ... Intemerata [[fides]], oro, i. e. per eam, Verg. A. 2, 142; 10, 903: per, si [[quid]] merui de te [[bene]], perque manentem amorem, Ne, etc., Ov. M. 7, 854.—Sometimes to [[indicate]] an [[apparent]] or [[pretended]] [[cause]] or [[inducement]], under the [[show]] or [[pretext]] of, under [[color]] of: qui per tutelam aut societatem aut rem mandatam aut fiduciae rationem fraudavit quempiam, Cic. Caecin. 3, 7: naves triremes per causam exercendorum remigum ad [[fauces]] [[portus]] prodire jussit, under [[pretext]] of, Caes. B. C. 3, 24; v. [[causa]]: per speciem alienae fungendae [[vicis]] suas [[opes]] firmavit, Liv. 1, 41 fin.: per simulationem officii, Tac. H. 1, 74.—<br /> <b>D</b> In [[composition]], it [[usually]] adds [[intensity]] to the signif., [[thoroughly]], [[perfectly]], [[completely]], [[exceedingly]], [[very]] [[much]], [[very]] ([[very]] [[often]] in [[Cicero]]'s epistolary [[style]], and in [[new]]-formed words, as [[perbenevolus]], [[percautus]], [[percupidus]], [[perbelle]], [[perofficiose]], [[pergaudeo]]; see these articles): pervelle, [[perfacilis]], peramanter; [[sometimes]] it denotes the [[completion]] of an [[action]], e. g. perorare, peragere; [[sometimes]] it is [[repeated]]: [[perdifficilis]] et perobscura [[quaestio]], Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; so id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Brut. 43, 158; id. Cael. 20 fin.; id. Fam. 9, 20, 3 al.; [[but]] also: perexiguā et minuta, id. Tusc. 2, 13, 30: [[percautus]] et [[diligens]], id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, § 18 al.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. p. 410.—It [[frequently]] occurs in tmesi: nobis ista sunt pergrata perque jucunda, Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 205: per mihi mirum [[visum]] est, id. ib. 49, 214: per [[enim]] magni [[aestimo]], id. Att. 10, 1, 1: ibi te [[quam]] [[primum]] per videre velim, = videre pervelim, id. ib. 15, 4, 2: Platoni per fuit [[familiaris]], Gell. 2, 18, 1: per, inquit, [[magister]] [[optime]], [[exoptatus]] mihi [[nunc]] venis, id. 18, 4, 2.—Per [[quam]] (also [[perquam]]), [[very]], [[exceedingly]], [[extremely]]: per [[quam]] [[breviter]] perstrinxi, Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201: per [[quam]] modica civium merita, Plin. [[Pan]]. 60: per [[quam]] velim scire, [[very]] [[much]] [[indeed]], id. Ep. 7, 27, 1: PARENTES PER QVAM INFELICISSIMI, Inscr. Murat. 953, 2.—As one [[word]]: illorum [[mores]] [[perquam]] [[meditate]] tenes, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16: propulit [[perquam]] indignis modis, id. Rud. 3, 3, 9: erat [[perquam]] onerosum, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 13: [[perquam]] honorificum, id. ib. 3, 4, 3.—Separated by an [[intervening]] [[word]]: per pol [[quam]] paucos reperias, Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1.—Placed [[after]] the [[word]] it governs;<br /> v. [[supra]], I. fin. and II. B. | |lshtext=<b>per</b>: prep. [[with]] acc. (by [[solecism]] [[with]] abl. PER QVO, =<br /><b>I</b> whereby, Inscr. Miseni Repert. ex a. p. Chr. n. 159; Inscr. Orell. 3300) [kindr. [[with]] Gr. [[παρά]]; Sanscr. pāra, [[ulterior]]; Lith. pèr; cf.: [[parumper]], [[paulisper]]; v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 269], denotes, [[like]] the Gr. διά, [[motion]] [[through]] a [[space]], or [[extension]] [[over]] it.<br /><b>I</b> Lit., of [[space]], [[through]], [[through]] the [[midst]] of, [[throughout]], all [[over]], all [[along]]: per amoena salicta raptare aliquem, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 40 Vahl.): [[inde]] Fert [[sese]] ([[equus]]) campi per caerula laetaque prata, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (id. v. 505 ib.): per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine [[flumen]], id. ap. id. ib. 6, 4 (id. v. 177 ib.): per membranas oculorum cernere, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142: coronam auream per [[forum]] ferre, id. Att. 14, 16, 2: iit [[hasta]] per [[tempus]] utrumque, Verg. A. 9, 418: se per munitiones deicere, Caes. B. G. 3, 26: per [[mare]] pauperiem [[fugiens]], per saxa, per ignes, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 46: per ignes, Ov. M. 8, 76: per Averna, id. ib. 14, 105: per [[caelum]], Verg. A. 4, 700: per vias fabulari, in all the streets, Plaut. Cist. 5, 1: per totam urbem, id. Ep. 2, 2, 11: qui per provincias [[atque]] [[imperium]] tuum pecunias ei credidissent, in the provinces, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6: invitati [[hospitaliter]] per domos, Liv. 1, 9: via [[secta]] per ambas (zonas), Verg. G. 1, 238; 245: nascuntur copiosissime in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, in, Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94: per illas gentes celebratur, [[throughout]], Tac. A. 12, 12: gustūs elementa per omnia quaerunt, Juv. 11, 14.— Placed [[after]] the [[noun]]: viam per, Lucr. 6, 1264: transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes, Verg. A. 5, 663; 6, 692.<br /><b>II</b> Transf.<br /> <b>A</b> Of [[time]], [[through]], [[throughout]], [[during]], for: [[quod]] des bubus per hiemem, the [[winter]] [[through]], [[during]] the [[winter]], [[Cato]], R. R. 25: nulla res per [[triennium]], [[nisi]] ad nutum istius, judicata est, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13: nulla abs te per hos [[dies]] [[epistula]] ... venerat, [[during]] these days, id. Att. 2, 8, 1: per [[decem]] [[dies]] ludi facti sunt, id. Cat. 3, 8, 20: per [[idem]] [[tempus]], [[during]], at, in the [[course]] of, id. Brut. 83, 286; Suet. Galb. 10: per noctem cernuntur sidera, [[during]] the [[night]], in the [[night]]-[[time]], Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 48: per inducias, [[during]], Liv. 38, 2: per [[multa]] bella, id. 8, 13: per ludos, id. 2, 18: per [[comitia]], Suet. Caes. 80: per somnum, id. ib. 45: per [[tempus]], [[during]], i. e. at the [[right]] [[time]], = in tempore, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 6; Ter. And. 4, 4, 44; id. Hec. 4, 3, 16.—So distr.: per singulas noctes, Suet. Caes. 1; id. Calig. 22; cf.: per haec, [[meanwhile]], id. Claud. 27: per quae, id. Tib. 52.—<br /> <b>B</b> To [[indicate]] the [[agent]], [[instrument]], or [[means]], [[through]], by, by [[means]] of: statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9: detrimenta publicis rebus per homines eloquentissimos importata, id. de Or. 1, 9, 38: [[quid]] ais? [[vulgo]] occidebantur? Per quos? et a quibus? by whom? and by whose [[command]]? id. Rosc. Am. 29, 80: quae domi gerenda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur, id. ib. 51, 149: [[quod]] nefarium [[stuprum]] non per illum [[factum]] est, id. Cat. 2, 4, 7.—Placed [[after]] its [[case]]: Exerce vocem, [[quam]] per vivis et [[colis]], Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—Esp.: per fidem decipere, fallere, etc. (= datā [[fide]]): per fidem [[deceptus]] [[sum]], [[through]] [[confidence]], i. e. in my [[host]] [[who]] [[betrayed]] me, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 69; Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 3.—So, per se, per te, [[through]] [[himself]], by [[himself]], of [[himself]], etc.: [[homo]] per se [[cognitus]], [[sine]] ullā commendatione majorum, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: per me [[tibi]] obstiti, = [[solus]], by [[myself]], id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: [[satis]] per te [[tibi]] consulis, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 1: per se [[solus]], Liv. 1, 49.—With [[ipse]]: [[nihil]] ipsos per se [[sine]] P. Sullā facere potuisse, Cic. Sull. 24, 67: ipsum per se, suā vi, sua naturā, sua [[sponte]] laudabile, id. Fin. 2, 15, 50.—To form an adverb. [[expression]], in, by, [[through]], etc.: non dubitavi id a te per litteras petere, by [[letter]], Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2: per summum [[dedecus]] vitam amittere, in the [[most]] [[infamous]] [[manner]], [[most]] [[infamously]], id. Rosc. Am. 11, 30: per iram facere aliquid, in [[anger]], id. Tusc. 4, 37, 79: per [[commodum]], Liv. 30, 29, 3 (cf. II. A. [[supra]]): per [[commodum]] rei publicae, id. 10, 25, 17; 22, 57, 1; 31, 11, 2: per ludum et jocum, sporting and jesting, in [[sport]] and [[jest]], Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 70, § 181: per vim, [[forcibly]], Sall. J. 23, 1: per dolum, id. ib. 11, 8: per [[otium]], at [[leisure]], Liv. 4, 58, 12: ceteris copiis per [[otium]] trajectis, id. 21, 28, 4: [[cibo]] per [[otium]] [[capto]], id. 21, 55, 1: per tumultum = [[tumultuose]], id. 44, 45, 14. —<br /> <b>C</b> To [[designate]] the [[reason]], [[cause]], [[inducement]], etc., [[through]], for, by, on [[account]] of, for the [[sake]] of: per metum mussari, Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 12: qui per virtutem perit, at non interit, id. Capt. 3, 5, 32: cum [[antea]] per aetatem [[nondum]] hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1: per aetatem, Caes. B. G. 2, 16 fin.: Druso propinquanti [[quasi]] per [[officium]] obviae fuere legiones, Tac. A. 1, 24: ut [[nihil]] eum delectaret, [[quod]] aut per naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret, Cic. Mil. 16, 43: cum per valetudinem posses, venire [[tamen]] noluisti, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1: per me, per te, etc., as [[far]] as concerns me, [[you]], etc.: si per vos [[licet]], Plaut. As. prol. 12: per me vel stertas [[licet]], Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; cf.: [[sin]] hoc non [[licet]] per Cratippum, id. Off. 3, 7, 33: [[fides]] publica per [[sese]] inviolata, Sall. J. 33, 3: per me ista pedibus trahantur, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10: per me stetisse, quo [[minus]] hae fierent [[nuptiae]], Ter. And. 4, 2, 16: si per suos esset licitum, Nep. Eum. 10, 3: inspicere vitia nec per magistros nec per aetatem licebat, Macr. S. 1, 24. —Hence, in oaths, entreaties, asseverations, etc., by a [[god]], by men, or by [[inanimate]] or [[abstract]] things, by: IOVRANTO PER IOVEM, etc., Tab. Bant. lin. 15: per pol [[saepe]] peccas, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 18; cf.: si per [[plures]] deos juret, Cic. Rab. Post. 13, 36: [[quid]] est [[enim]], per deos, optabilius sapientiā? id. Off. 2, 2, 5: per deos [[atque]] homines, id. Div. 2, 55, 116: per dexteram te istam oro, id. Deiot. 3, 8; cf.: per tuam fidem Te [[obtestor]], Ter. And. 1, 5, 55: [[nunc]] te per amicitiam et per amorem [[obsecro]], id. ib. 2, 1, 26: per pietatem! Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 4: per comitatem [[edepol]], [[pater]], etc., id. ib. 2, 2, 52.—In this signif. [[often]] separated from its [[object]]: per ego [[vobis]] deos [[atque]] homines [[dies]], ut, etc., Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 1: per ego te deos oro, Ter. And. 3, 3, 6; 5, 1, 15: per ego te, fili ... [[precor]] quaesoque, etc., Liv. 23, 9, 2: per ego has lacrimas ... te Oro, Verg. A. 4, 314; 12, 56; Tib. 4, 5, 7; Ov. F. 2, 841: per vos Tyrrhena faventum Stagna deum, per ego et Trebiam cineresque Sagunti Obtestor, Sil. 12, 79 sq.; 1, 658; Stat. Th. 11, 367.—With ellips. of [[object]]: per, si [[qua]] est ... Intemerata [[fides]], oro, i. e. per eam, Verg. A. 2, 142; 10, 903: per, si [[quid]] merui de te [[bene]], perque manentem amorem, Ne, etc., Ov. M. 7, 854.—Sometimes to [[indicate]] an [[apparent]] or [[pretended]] [[cause]] or [[inducement]], under the [[show]] or [[pretext]] of, under [[color]] of: qui per tutelam aut societatem aut rem mandatam aut fiduciae rationem fraudavit quempiam, Cic. Caecin. 3, 7: naves triremes per causam exercendorum remigum ad [[fauces]] [[portus]] prodire jussit, under [[pretext]] of, Caes. B. C. 3, 24; v. [[causa]]: per speciem alienae fungendae [[vicis]] suas [[opes]] firmavit, Liv. 1, 41 fin.: per simulationem officii, Tac. H. 1, 74.—<br /> <b>D</b> In [[composition]], it [[usually]] adds [[intensity]] to the signif., [[thoroughly]], [[perfectly]], [[completely]], [[exceedingly]], [[very]] [[much]], [[very]] ([[very]] [[often]] in [[Cicero]]'s epistolary [[style]], and in [[new]]-formed words, as [[perbenevolus]], [[percautus]], [[percupidus]], [[perbelle]], [[perofficiose]], [[pergaudeo]]; see these articles): pervelle, [[perfacilis]], peramanter; [[sometimes]] it denotes the [[completion]] of an [[action]], e. g. perorare, peragere; [[sometimes]] it is [[repeated]]: [[perdifficilis]] et perobscura [[quaestio]], Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; so id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Brut. 43, 158; id. Cael. 20 fin.; id. Fam. 9, 20, 3 al.; [[but]] also: perexiguā et minuta, id. Tusc. 2, 13, 30: [[percautus]] et [[diligens]], id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, § 18 al.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. p. 410.—It [[frequently]] occurs in tmesi: nobis ista sunt pergrata perque jucunda, Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 205: per mihi mirum [[visum]] est, id. ib. 49, 214: per [[enim]] magni [[aestimo]], id. Att. 10, 1, 1: ibi te [[quam]] [[primum]] per videre velim, = videre pervelim, id. ib. 15, 4, 2: Platoni per fuit [[familiaris]], Gell. 2, 18, 1: per, inquit, [[magister]] [[optime]], [[exoptatus]] mihi [[nunc]] venis, id. 18, 4, 2.—Per [[quam]] (also [[perquam]]), [[very]], [[exceedingly]], [[extremely]]: per [[quam]] [[breviter]] perstrinxi, Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201: per [[quam]] modica civium merita, Plin. [[Pan]]. 60: per [[quam]] velim scire, [[very]] [[much]] [[indeed]], id. Ep. 7, 27, 1: PARENTES PER QVAM INFELICISSIMI, Inscr. Murat. 953, 2.—As one [[word]]: illorum [[mores]] [[perquam]] [[meditate]] tenes, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16: propulit [[perquam]] indignis modis, id. Rud. 3, 3, 9: erat [[perquam]] onerosum, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 13: [[perquam]] honorificum, id. ib. 3, 4, 3.—Separated by an [[intervening]] [[word]]: per pol [[quam]] paucos reperias, Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1.—Placed [[after]] the [[word]] it governs;<br /> v. [[supra]], I. fin. and II. B. | ||
| Line 10: | Line 12: | ||
{{Georges | {{Georges | ||
|georg=per (altindisch pári, [[ringsum]], griech. [[περί]]), Praep. m. Acc., bezeichnet [[nicht]] [[bloß]] [[ein]] Durchgehen [[durch]] [[oder]] [[über]] [[einen]] [[Raum]] [[oder]] [[Körper]], [[sondern]] [[auch]] die Verbreitung u. [[Ausdehnung]] [[über]] denselben, dient [[also]] I) eig., in bezug [[auf]] den [[Raum]]: 1) zur Bezeichnung [[des]] Durchgangs [[durch]] od. [[über]] [[einen]] [[Ort]]: a) [[durch]] = [[durch]]... [[hindurch]], alterum [[iter]] per provinciam nostram (erat) [[multo]] facilius, Caes.: [[sanguis]] per venas in omne [[corpus]] diffunditur et [[spiritus]] per arterias, Cic.: membranas oculorum perlucidas fecit, ut per eas cerni posset, Cic.: per os [[anima]] exhalata, Ov. – b) [[durch]] = [[über]], [[über]]... [[hin]], [[entlang]], [[über]]... [[hinweg]], coronam auream per [[forum]] ferre, Cic.: per temonem percurrere, Caes.: transire per corpora, Caes.: per [[gradus]] labi, Liv.: alqm per [[gradus]] deicere, Liv.: per patris [[corpus]] [[carpentum]] agere, Liv.: per munitiones se deicere, Caes.: [[spuma]] fluit per armos, Ov.: [[fugiens]] pauperiem per [[mare]], per saxa, Hor. – per [[manus]], [[von]] [[Hand]] zu [[Hand]], trahi, tradere, Caes.: bildl., per [[manus]] traditae religiones, [[von]] einem zum anderen, Liv. – c) = [[vor]]... [[hin]], incedunt per [[ora]] vestra magnifici, Sall.: [[nitidus]] quā [[quisque]] per [[ora]] cederet, Hor.: per [[ora]] hominum ferri, Plin. ep.: per [[ora]] hominum [[oder]] per hostium oculos traduci, Liv.: per [[ora]] civitatium traduci, Iustin.<br />'''2)''' zur Bezeichnung der durchgängigen Verbreitung und [[Ausdehnung]] [[über]] eine ganze [[Linie]] [[oder]] [[durch]] [[einen]] ganzen [[Raum]] [[oder]] einzelne Teile desselben, [[über]]... [[hin]], [[längs]]... [[hin]], [[auf]]... [[hin]], in od. [[auf]]... [[umher]], [[unter]]... [[umher]], equites per oram maritimam erant dispositi, Caes.: [[qui]] per imperii tui provincias ei credidissent, Cic.: per silvas vivit, Ov.: nascuntur in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, Plin.: invitati [[hospitaliter]] per domos (in den H. [[herum]] = [[von]] [[Haus]] zu [[Haus]]), Liv.: supplicatum per compita totā urbe est, Liv. – iactata per undas (ins [[Wasser]]), Verg.: [[ire]] per feras, [[unter]]... [[umher]], Ov.: u. so [[ire]] per umbras, Verg.<br />'''II)''' übtr.: A) in bezug [[auf]] die [[Zeit]], zur Bezeichnung der ununterbrochenen [[Fortdauer]], u. [[zwar]]: 1) zur [[Angabe]] der [[Zeit]], [[durch]] die [[hindurch]] eine [[Tätigkeit]] [[sich]] erstreckt, [[durch]]... [[hin]], [[durch]]... [[hindurch]], [[lang]], [[während]], ludi [[decem]] per [[dies]] facti sunt, Cic.: [[incendium]] per [[duas]] noctes tenuit, Liv.: [[quam]] provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus liberam per hosce annos, Cic.: Romae regnatum est per [[septem]] reges, Eutr.<br />'''2)''' zur Bezeichnung der [[Zeit]], in deren [[Dauer]] [[ein]] einzelnes [[Ereignis]] fällt, [[während]], im [[Verlauf]], in, cum per ludos scorta raperentur, Liv.: per [[eos]] [[dies]] C. [[Figulus]] [[praetor]] [[Brundisium]] venit, Liv.: per diem perque noctem, Gell.: per [[illa]] [[tempora]]... [[pro]] sua [[quisque]] [[potentia]] certabant, Sall.: [[duo]] fuerunt per [[idem]] [[tempus]] dissimiles [[inter]] se, im Verlaufe derselben [[Zeit]], Cic.: per [[tempus]] ([[während]] der [[rechten]] [[Zeit]]) advenis, Plaut. u. Ter.: visa dare obscuriora per [[somnium]], Cic.: u. so per somnum, Cic.<br />'''3)''' [[bei]] Substst., die eine [[Eigenschaft]], [[Stimmung]], [[einen]] [[Zustand]] [[bezeichnen]], zur [[Angabe]], daß in und [[während]] derselben [[etwas]] geschieht = [[während]], in, [[deutsch]] [[auch]] [[oft]] = [[mit]], [[unter]], [[quod]] fecisset per iram, Cic.: per dilationes [[bellum]] geri, Liv.: insutum in [[culleum]] per [[summum]] [[dedecus]] vitam amittere, Cic.: [[sive]] [[illa]] (visa) in cogitatione informantur, [[sive]] in [[quiete]], [[sive]] per [[vinum]], [[sive]] per insaniam, Cic.: ad quos (honores) per ludum et neglegentiam pervenistis, Cic.: reddens mutua per iocum [[atque]] [[vinum]], Catull.: und so [[oft]] per [[otium]], per ludum iocumque, Liv.: per [[seria]] et ludum, Curt.: s. [[Drak]]. Liv. 4, 58, 12; 30, 29, 3. Mützell Curt. 3, 7 (17), 3.<br />'''B)''' in bezug [[auf]] [[andere]] Verhältnisse: AA) im allg., zur [[Angabe]] [[des]] Durchlaufens gewisser Zustände usw., per [[tot]] extraordinaria imperia in [[summum]] [[fastigium]] [[evectus]], Vell.: per [[multa]] [[deinde]] ac [[varia]] officia [[atque]] honores [[usque]] ad ministrationem [[totius]] imperii venit, Eutr.: per [[omnia]], [[durchweg]], in allen Stücken, Liv. u.a.<br />'''BB)''' insbes., zur [[Angabe]] der [[mittelbar]] einwirkenden [[Person]] [[oder]] [[Sache]], [[durch]] die (gleichs. hindurchgehend) [[etwas]] zustande kommt, und [[zwar]]: 1) die [[Person]] od. [[Sache]] [[als]] [[Mittel]] u. [[Werkzeug]] gedacht, [[durch]], vermittelst, a) [[als]] wirkliches [[Mittel]] u. [[Werkzeug]], statuerunt iniurias per [[vos]] ulcisci, Cic.: per indicem damnari, Cic.: per [[tres]] populos Galliae potiri, Caes. – per [[manus]] demitti, an den H., Caes.: per [[manus]] alcis servari et educi, Cic.: per indutias et spem [[pacis]] decipere alqm, Cic.: per [[scelus]] adipisci alqd, [[auf]] dem Wege [[des]] V., Cic.: per litteras, Cic. u.a.: per [[senatusconsultum]], per legem, Sall. – per me, per te, per se = [[durch]] mich usw. = [[allein]], [[für]] mich, [[selbständig]], [[ohne]] jemandes [[Zutun]], -[[Hilfe]], [[ohne]] Mitwirken anderer, isoliert u. dgl. (v. Pers.u. Dingen), Cic., Caes. u.a.; vgl. [[Held]] Caes. b. c. 1, 85, 1. Fabri Sall. Iug. 14, 4, – b) [[als]] scheinbares, vorgeschütztes, [[bei]] Pers., [[unter]] [[Angabe]], per Caecilium accusatur [[Sulla]], Cic. – c) [[bei]] Zuständen = [[unter]] dem Scheine, [[unter]] dem Vorwande, fraudare alqm per tutelam [[aut]] societatem, Cic.: alqm per fidem fallere, Cic. – 2) [[als]] leitender [[Grund]], leitende [[Ursache]], [[Veranlassung]], [[wegen]], aus, per virtutem perire, Plaut.: per avaritiam decipere, Cic.: cum [[antea]] per aetatem huius auctoritatem loci [[non]] attingere auderem, Cic.: per causam supplementi equitatusque cogendi, aus [[Ursache]] der Rekrutierung usw., [[wegen]] der usw., Caes.: per metum [[potius]] [[quam]] voluntate, Liv. – 3) [[als]] gestattendes od. hinderndes [[Element]], [[wegen]], [[halben]], halber, [[vor]] (s. Bremi Nep. Eum. 10, 3. Fabri Sall. Iug. 33, 3. Drak. Liv. 23, 18, 22), trahantur per me ([[meinethalben]], soviel an mir liegt, [[vor]] mir) pedibus omnes [[rei]], Cic.: si per me licuisset, Cic.: per te (soweit es [[auf]] dich ankäme) [[vel]] [[uti]] quaestum faceret [[vel]] [[uti]] veniret [[palam]], Ter.: per Afranium stare, [[quo]] [[minus]] etc., Caes.: his per te ([[vor]] dir) frui [[non]] [[licet]], Cic.: [[neque]] [[hoc]] per senatum efficere potuit, Nep. – [[quod]] per naturam [[fas]] esset, [[aut]] per leges liceret, Cic.: si per fata licuisset, Eutr.: cum per valetudinem posses, venire [[tamen]] noluisti, Cic.: id iis [[non]] licere per interdicta, Cic.: per valetudinem id [[bellum]] exsequi nequierat, Liv. – dah. [[bei]] [[Bitten]], Schwüren, Anrufungen u. Ausrufungen = um... [[willen]], [[oro]] te per deos, Cic.: per dextram te istam [[oro]], Cic.: per [[ego]] te deos [[oro]], Plaut.: per [[ego]] te, fili, quaecumque iura liberos iungunt parentibus, [[precor]] quaesoque, Liv. (vgl. [[über]] die [[Wortstellung]] per [[ego]] Spengel Ter. Andr. 289 u. Weißenb. Liv. 23, 9, 2). – per deos iurare, Cic. – per deos immortales! Cic.: per deos [[atque]] homines! Cic.: per deos! Cic. Vgl. Ruhnken Ter. Andr. 3, 3, 6. Drak. Liv. 29, 18, 9.<br />/ per wird [[selten]] dem regierten Worte nachgesetzt, [[wie]] Plaut. Poen. prol. 13. Verg. Aen. 6, 692. – per spätlat. m. Abl., zB. per [[multo]] tempore, Corp. inscr. Lat. 10, 3344.<br />In der [[Zusammensetzung]] ist per a) = allerwege, [[durchweg]], [[durchaus]], [[durch]] und [[durch]], [[über]] und [[über]], [[völlig]], [[gründlich]] u. dgl. – b) = [[bis]] zu [[Ende]], [[hinaus]], [[hin]]. | |georg=per (altindisch pári, [[ringsum]], griech. [[περί]]), Praep. m. Acc., bezeichnet [[nicht]] [[bloß]] [[ein]] Durchgehen [[durch]] [[oder]] [[über]] [[einen]] [[Raum]] [[oder]] [[Körper]], [[sondern]] [[auch]] die Verbreitung u. [[Ausdehnung]] [[über]] denselben, dient [[also]] I) eig., in bezug [[auf]] den [[Raum]]: 1) zur Bezeichnung [[des]] Durchgangs [[durch]] od. [[über]] [[einen]] [[Ort]]: a) [[durch]] = [[durch]]... [[hindurch]], alterum [[iter]] per provinciam nostram (erat) [[multo]] facilius, Caes.: [[sanguis]] per venas in omne [[corpus]] diffunditur et [[spiritus]] per arterias, Cic.: membranas oculorum perlucidas fecit, ut per eas cerni posset, Cic.: per os [[anima]] exhalata, Ov. – b) [[durch]] = [[über]], [[über]]... [[hin]], [[entlang]], [[über]]... [[hinweg]], coronam auream per [[forum]] ferre, Cic.: per temonem percurrere, Caes.: transire per corpora, Caes.: per [[gradus]] labi, Liv.: alqm per [[gradus]] deicere, Liv.: per patris [[corpus]] [[carpentum]] agere, Liv.: per munitiones se deicere, Caes.: [[spuma]] fluit per armos, Ov.: [[fugiens]] pauperiem per [[mare]], per saxa, Hor. – per [[manus]], [[von]] [[Hand]] zu [[Hand]], trahi, tradere, Caes.: bildl., per [[manus]] traditae religiones, [[von]] einem zum anderen, Liv. – c) = [[vor]]... [[hin]], incedunt per [[ora]] vestra magnifici, Sall.: [[nitidus]] quā [[quisque]] per [[ora]] cederet, Hor.: per [[ora]] hominum ferri, Plin. ep.: per [[ora]] hominum [[oder]] per hostium oculos traduci, Liv.: per [[ora]] civitatium traduci, Iustin.<br />'''2)''' zur Bezeichnung der durchgängigen Verbreitung und [[Ausdehnung]] [[über]] eine ganze [[Linie]] [[oder]] [[durch]] [[einen]] ganzen [[Raum]] [[oder]] einzelne Teile desselben, [[über]]... [[hin]], [[längs]]... [[hin]], [[auf]]... [[hin]], in od. [[auf]]... [[umher]], [[unter]]... [[umher]], equites per oram maritimam erant dispositi, Caes.: [[qui]] per imperii tui provincias ei credidissent, Cic.: per silvas vivit, Ov.: nascuntur in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, Plin.: invitati [[hospitaliter]] per domos (in den H. [[herum]] = [[von]] [[Haus]] zu [[Haus]]), Liv.: supplicatum per compita totā urbe est, Liv. – iactata per undas (ins [[Wasser]]), Verg.: [[ire]] per feras, [[unter]]... [[umher]], Ov.: u. so [[ire]] per umbras, Verg.<br />'''II)''' übtr.: A) in bezug [[auf]] die [[Zeit]], zur Bezeichnung der ununterbrochenen [[Fortdauer]], u. [[zwar]]: 1) zur [[Angabe]] der [[Zeit]], [[durch]] die [[hindurch]] eine [[Tätigkeit]] [[sich]] erstreckt, [[durch]]... [[hin]], [[durch]]... [[hindurch]], [[lang]], [[während]], ludi [[decem]] per [[dies]] facti sunt, Cic.: [[incendium]] per [[duas]] noctes tenuit, Liv.: [[quam]] provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus liberam per hosce annos, Cic.: Romae regnatum est per [[septem]] reges, Eutr.<br />'''2)''' zur Bezeichnung der [[Zeit]], in deren [[Dauer]] [[ein]] einzelnes [[Ereignis]] fällt, [[während]], im [[Verlauf]], in, cum per ludos scorta raperentur, Liv.: per [[eos]] [[dies]] C. [[Figulus]] [[praetor]] [[Brundisium]] venit, Liv.: per diem perque noctem, Gell.: per [[illa]] [[tempora]]... [[pro]] sua [[quisque]] [[potentia]] certabant, Sall.: [[duo]] fuerunt per [[idem]] [[tempus]] dissimiles [[inter]] se, im Verlaufe derselben [[Zeit]], Cic.: per [[tempus]] ([[während]] der [[rechten]] [[Zeit]]) advenis, Plaut. u. Ter.: visa dare obscuriora per [[somnium]], Cic.: u. so per somnum, Cic.<br />'''3)''' [[bei]] Substst., die eine [[Eigenschaft]], [[Stimmung]], [[einen]] [[Zustand]] [[bezeichnen]], zur [[Angabe]], daß in und [[während]] derselben [[etwas]] geschieht = [[während]], in, [[deutsch]] [[auch]] [[oft]] = [[mit]], [[unter]], [[quod]] fecisset per iram, Cic.: per dilationes [[bellum]] geri, Liv.: insutum in [[culleum]] per [[summum]] [[dedecus]] vitam amittere, Cic.: [[sive]] [[illa]] (visa) in cogitatione informantur, [[sive]] in [[quiete]], [[sive]] per [[vinum]], [[sive]] per insaniam, Cic.: ad quos (honores) per ludum et neglegentiam pervenistis, Cic.: reddens mutua per iocum [[atque]] [[vinum]], Catull.: und so [[oft]] per [[otium]], per ludum iocumque, Liv.: per [[seria]] et ludum, Curt.: s. [[Drak]]. Liv. 4, 58, 12; 30, 29, 3. Mützell Curt. 3, 7 (17), 3.<br />'''B)''' in bezug [[auf]] [[andere]] Verhältnisse: AA) im allg., zur [[Angabe]] [[des]] Durchlaufens gewisser Zustände usw., per [[tot]] extraordinaria imperia in [[summum]] [[fastigium]] [[evectus]], Vell.: per [[multa]] [[deinde]] ac [[varia]] officia [[atque]] honores [[usque]] ad ministrationem [[totius]] imperii venit, Eutr.: per [[omnia]], [[durchweg]], in allen Stücken, Liv. u.a.<br />'''BB)''' insbes., zur [[Angabe]] der [[mittelbar]] einwirkenden [[Person]] [[oder]] [[Sache]], [[durch]] die (gleichs. hindurchgehend) [[etwas]] zustande kommt, und [[zwar]]: 1) die [[Person]] od. [[Sache]] [[als]] [[Mittel]] u. [[Werkzeug]] gedacht, [[durch]], vermittelst, a) [[als]] wirkliches [[Mittel]] u. [[Werkzeug]], statuerunt iniurias per [[vos]] ulcisci, Cic.: per indicem damnari, Cic.: per [[tres]] populos Galliae potiri, Caes. – per [[manus]] demitti, an den H., Caes.: per [[manus]] alcis servari et educi, Cic.: per indutias et spem [[pacis]] decipere alqm, Cic.: per [[scelus]] adipisci alqd, [[auf]] dem Wege [[des]] V., Cic.: per litteras, Cic. u.a.: per [[senatusconsultum]], per legem, Sall. – per me, per te, per se = [[durch]] mich usw. = [[allein]], [[für]] mich, [[selbständig]], [[ohne]] jemandes [[Zutun]], -[[Hilfe]], [[ohne]] Mitwirken anderer, isoliert u. dgl. (v. Pers.u. Dingen), Cic., Caes. u.a.; vgl. [[Held]] Caes. b. c. 1, 85, 1. Fabri Sall. Iug. 14, 4, – b) [[als]] scheinbares, vorgeschütztes, [[bei]] Pers., [[unter]] [[Angabe]], per Caecilium accusatur [[Sulla]], Cic. – c) [[bei]] Zuständen = [[unter]] dem Scheine, [[unter]] dem Vorwande, fraudare alqm per tutelam [[aut]] societatem, Cic.: alqm per fidem fallere, Cic. – 2) [[als]] leitender [[Grund]], leitende [[Ursache]], [[Veranlassung]], [[wegen]], aus, per virtutem perire, Plaut.: per avaritiam decipere, Cic.: cum [[antea]] per aetatem huius auctoritatem loci [[non]] attingere auderem, Cic.: per causam supplementi equitatusque cogendi, aus [[Ursache]] der Rekrutierung usw., [[wegen]] der usw., Caes.: per metum [[potius]] [[quam]] voluntate, Liv. – 3) [[als]] gestattendes od. hinderndes [[Element]], [[wegen]], [[halben]], halber, [[vor]] (s. Bremi Nep. Eum. 10, 3. Fabri Sall. Iug. 33, 3. Drak. Liv. 23, 18, 22), trahantur per me ([[meinethalben]], soviel an mir liegt, [[vor]] mir) pedibus omnes [[rei]], Cic.: si per me licuisset, Cic.: per te (soweit es [[auf]] dich ankäme) [[vel]] [[uti]] quaestum faceret [[vel]] [[uti]] veniret [[palam]], Ter.: per Afranium stare, [[quo]] [[minus]] etc., Caes.: his per te ([[vor]] dir) frui [[non]] [[licet]], Cic.: [[neque]] [[hoc]] per senatum efficere potuit, Nep. – [[quod]] per naturam [[fas]] esset, [[aut]] per leges liceret, Cic.: si per fata licuisset, Eutr.: cum per valetudinem posses, venire [[tamen]] noluisti, Cic.: id iis [[non]] licere per interdicta, Cic.: per valetudinem id [[bellum]] exsequi nequierat, Liv. – dah. [[bei]] [[Bitten]], Schwüren, Anrufungen u. Ausrufungen = um... [[willen]], [[oro]] te per deos, Cic.: per dextram te istam [[oro]], Cic.: per [[ego]] te deos [[oro]], Plaut.: per [[ego]] te, fili, quaecumque iura liberos iungunt parentibus, [[precor]] quaesoque, Liv. (vgl. [[über]] die [[Wortstellung]] per [[ego]] Spengel Ter. Andr. 289 u. Weißenb. Liv. 23, 9, 2). – per deos iurare, Cic. – per deos immortales! Cic.: per deos [[atque]] homines! Cic.: per deos! Cic. Vgl. Ruhnken Ter. Andr. 3, 3, 6. Drak. Liv. 29, 18, 9.<br />/ per wird [[selten]] dem regierten Worte nachgesetzt, [[wie]] Plaut. Poen. prol. 13. Verg. Aen. 6, 692. – per spätlat. m. Abl., zB. per [[multo]] tempore, Corp. inscr. Lat. 10, 3344.<br />In der [[Zusammensetzung]] ist per a) = allerwege, [[durchweg]], [[durchaus]], [[durch]] und [[durch]], [[über]] und [[über]], [[völlig]], [[gründlich]] u. dgl. – b) = [[bis]] zu [[Ende]], [[hinaus]], [[hin]]. | ||
}} | |||
{{nlel | |||
|nleltext=[[κατά]] | |||
}} | |||
{{LaZh | |||
|lnztxt=*per. ''comp''. :: [[甚]]。[[全]]<br />per. ''praep''. ''acc''. :: 以。從。過。因。自中。間。 — eos dies 此日間。— potestatem 倚勢。— injuriam 不公道。— annonam caram natus 于歉年生者。— somnium 夢間。 — me licet 據吾則可。— te stetit 此事先由汝。— occultum 暗然。— vices 輪流。— tempus 合時。— valetudinem et anni tempus 隨體安隨時節。— nebulam id scire 知之不悉。— suos duces vicit 以己諸將勝之。— ludum 玩然。— se 其自己。Subveni — deos 遣諸神來救我。Dum ipse terrestri per Hispaniam itinere Italiam peteret 方其由陸從呂宋國往夷大里亞國。Statuerunt istius injuriam per vos ulcisci 預定以汝等報斯人之害。 | |||
}} | }} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:30, 12 June 2024
Latin > English
per PREP ACC :: through (space); during (time); by, by means of
Latin > English (Lewis & Short)
per: prep. with acc. (by solecism with abl. PER QVO, =
I whereby, Inscr. Miseni Repert. ex a. p. Chr. n. 159; Inscr. Orell. 3300) [kindr. with Gr. παρά; Sanscr. pāra, ulterior; Lith. pèr; cf.: parumper, paulisper; v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 269], denotes, like the Gr. διά, motion through a space, or extension over it.
I Lit., of space, through, through the midst of, throughout, all over, all along: per amoena salicta raptare aliquem, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 40 Vahl.): inde Fert sese (equus) campi per caerula laetaque prata, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (id. v. 505 ib.): per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine flumen, id. ap. id. ib. 6, 4 (id. v. 177 ib.): per membranas oculorum cernere, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142: coronam auream per forum ferre, id. Att. 14, 16, 2: iit hasta per tempus utrumque, Verg. A. 9, 418: se per munitiones deicere, Caes. B. G. 3, 26: per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 46: per ignes, Ov. M. 8, 76: per Averna, id. ib. 14, 105: per caelum, Verg. A. 4, 700: per vias fabulari, in all the streets, Plaut. Cist. 5, 1: per totam urbem, id. Ep. 2, 2, 11: qui per provincias atque imperium tuum pecunias ei credidissent, in the provinces, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6: invitati hospitaliter per domos, Liv. 1, 9: via secta per ambas (zonas), Verg. G. 1, 238; 245: nascuntur copiosissime in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, in, Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94: per illas gentes celebratur, throughout, Tac. A. 12, 12: gustūs elementa per omnia quaerunt, Juv. 11, 14.— Placed after the noun: viam per, Lucr. 6, 1264: transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes, Verg. A. 5, 663; 6, 692.
II Transf.
A Of time, through, throughout, during, for: quod des bubus per hiemem, the winter through, during the winter, Cato, R. R. 25: nulla res per triennium, nisi ad nutum istius, judicata est, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13: nulla abs te per hos dies epistula ... venerat, during these days, id. Att. 2, 8, 1: per decem dies ludi facti sunt, id. Cat. 3, 8, 20: per idem tempus, during, at, in the course of, id. Brut. 83, 286; Suet. Galb. 10: per noctem cernuntur sidera, during the night, in the night-time, Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 48: per inducias, during, Liv. 38, 2: per multa bella, id. 8, 13: per ludos, id. 2, 18: per comitia, Suet. Caes. 80: per somnum, id. ib. 45: per tempus, during, i. e. at the right time, = in tempore, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 6; Ter. And. 4, 4, 44; id. Hec. 4, 3, 16.—So distr.: per singulas noctes, Suet. Caes. 1; id. Calig. 22; cf.: per haec, meanwhile, id. Claud. 27: per quae, id. Tib. 52.—
B To indicate the agent, instrument, or means, through, by, by means of: statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9: detrimenta publicis rebus per homines eloquentissimos importata, id. de Or. 1, 9, 38: quid ais? vulgo occidebantur? Per quos? et a quibus? by whom? and by whose command? id. Rosc. Am. 29, 80: quae domi gerenda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur, id. ib. 51, 149: quod nefarium stuprum non per illum factum est, id. Cat. 2, 4, 7.—Placed after its case: Exerce vocem, quam per vivis et colis, Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—Esp.: per fidem decipere, fallere, etc. (= datā fide): per fidem deceptus sum, through confidence, i. e. in my host who betrayed me, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 69; Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 3.—So, per se, per te, through himself, by himself, of himself, etc.: homo per se cognitus, sine ullā commendatione majorum, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: per me tibi obstiti, = solus, by myself, id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: satis per te tibi consulis, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 1: per se solus, Liv. 1, 49.—With ipse: nihil ipsos per se sine P. Sullā facere potuisse, Cic. Sull. 24, 67: ipsum per se, suā vi, sua naturā, sua sponte laudabile, id. Fin. 2, 15, 50.—To form an adverb. expression, in, by, through, etc.: non dubitavi id a te per litteras petere, by letter, Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2: per summum dedecus vitam amittere, in the most infamous manner, most infamously, id. Rosc. Am. 11, 30: per iram facere aliquid, in anger, id. Tusc. 4, 37, 79: per commodum, Liv. 30, 29, 3 (cf. II. A. supra): per commodum rei publicae, id. 10, 25, 17; 22, 57, 1; 31, 11, 2: per ludum et jocum, sporting and jesting, in sport and jest, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 70, § 181: per vim, forcibly, Sall. J. 23, 1: per dolum, id. ib. 11, 8: per otium, at leisure, Liv. 4, 58, 12: ceteris copiis per otium trajectis, id. 21, 28, 4: cibo per otium capto, id. 21, 55, 1: per tumultum = tumultuose, id. 44, 45, 14. —
C To designate the reason, cause, inducement, etc., through, for, by, on account of, for the sake of: per metum mussari, Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 12: qui per virtutem perit, at non interit, id. Capt. 3, 5, 32: cum antea per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1: per aetatem, Caes. B. G. 2, 16 fin.: Druso propinquanti quasi per officium obviae fuere legiones, Tac. A. 1, 24: ut nihil eum delectaret, quod aut per naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret, Cic. Mil. 16, 43: cum per valetudinem posses, venire tamen noluisti, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1: per me, per te, etc., as far as concerns me, you, etc.: si per vos licet, Plaut. As. prol. 12: per me vel stertas licet, Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; cf.: sin hoc non licet per Cratippum, id. Off. 3, 7, 33: fides publica per sese inviolata, Sall. J. 33, 3: per me ista pedibus trahantur, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10: per me stetisse, quo minus hae fierent nuptiae, Ter. And. 4, 2, 16: si per suos esset licitum, Nep. Eum. 10, 3: inspicere vitia nec per magistros nec per aetatem licebat, Macr. S. 1, 24. —Hence, in oaths, entreaties, asseverations, etc., by a god, by men, or by inanimate or abstract things, by: IOVRANTO PER IOVEM, etc., Tab. Bant. lin. 15: per pol saepe peccas, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 18; cf.: si per plures deos juret, Cic. Rab. Post. 13, 36: quid est enim, per deos, optabilius sapientiā? id. Off. 2, 2, 5: per deos atque homines, id. Div. 2, 55, 116: per dexteram te istam oro, id. Deiot. 3, 8; cf.: per tuam fidem Te obtestor, Ter. And. 1, 5, 55: nunc te per amicitiam et per amorem obsecro, id. ib. 2, 1, 26: per pietatem! Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 4: per comitatem edepol, pater, etc., id. ib. 2, 2, 52.—In this signif. often separated from its object: per ego vobis deos atque homines dies, ut, etc., Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 1: per ego te deos oro, Ter. And. 3, 3, 6; 5, 1, 15: per ego te, fili ... precor quaesoque, etc., Liv. 23, 9, 2: per ego has lacrimas ... te Oro, Verg. A. 4, 314; 12, 56; Tib. 4, 5, 7; Ov. F. 2, 841: per vos Tyrrhena faventum Stagna deum, per ego et Trebiam cineresque Sagunti Obtestor, Sil. 12, 79 sq.; 1, 658; Stat. Th. 11, 367.—With ellips. of object: per, si qua est ... Intemerata fides, oro, i. e. per eam, Verg. A. 2, 142; 10, 903: per, si quid merui de te bene, perque manentem amorem, Ne, etc., Ov. M. 7, 854.—Sometimes to indicate an apparent or pretended cause or inducement, under the show or pretext of, under color of: qui per tutelam aut societatem aut rem mandatam aut fiduciae rationem fraudavit quempiam, Cic. Caecin. 3, 7: naves triremes per causam exercendorum remigum ad fauces portus prodire jussit, under pretext of, Caes. B. C. 3, 24; v. causa: per speciem alienae fungendae vicis suas opes firmavit, Liv. 1, 41 fin.: per simulationem officii, Tac. H. 1, 74.—
D In composition, it usually adds intensity to the signif., thoroughly, perfectly, completely, exceedingly, very much, very (very often in Cicero's epistolary style, and in new-formed words, as perbenevolus, percautus, percupidus, perbelle, perofficiose, pergaudeo; see these articles): pervelle, perfacilis, peramanter; sometimes it denotes the completion of an action, e. g. perorare, peragere; sometimes it is repeated: perdifficilis et perobscura quaestio, Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; so id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Brut. 43, 158; id. Cael. 20 fin.; id. Fam. 9, 20, 3 al.; but also: perexiguā et minuta, id. Tusc. 2, 13, 30: percautus et diligens, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, § 18 al.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. p. 410.—It frequently occurs in tmesi: nobis ista sunt pergrata perque jucunda, Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 205: per mihi mirum visum est, id. ib. 49, 214: per enim magni aestimo, id. Att. 10, 1, 1: ibi te quam primum per videre velim, = videre pervelim, id. ib. 15, 4, 2: Platoni per fuit familiaris, Gell. 2, 18, 1: per, inquit, magister optime, exoptatus mihi nunc venis, id. 18, 4, 2.—Per quam (also perquam), very, exceedingly, extremely: per quam breviter perstrinxi, Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201: per quam modica civium merita, Plin. Pan. 60: per quam velim scire, very much indeed, id. Ep. 7, 27, 1: PARENTES PER QVAM INFELICISSIMI, Inscr. Murat. 953, 2.—As one word: illorum mores perquam meditate tenes, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16: propulit perquam indignis modis, id. Rud. 3, 3, 9: erat perquam onerosum, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 13: perquam honorificum, id. ib. 3, 4, 3.—Separated by an intervening word: per pol quam paucos reperias, Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1.—Placed after the word it governs;
v. supra, I. fin. and II. B.
Latin > French (Gaffiot 2016)
pĕr,³ prép. acc.
1 [sens local] a) à travers : per membranas oculorum cernere Cic. Nat. 2, 142, voir à travers les membranes qui entourent les yeux ; b) sur toute l’étendue de : per forum Cic. Att. 14, 16, 2, à travers le forum ; per temonem percurrere Cæs. G. 4, 33, 3, courir le long du (sur le) timon || [sans mouvt] : Cæs. C. 3, 24, 4 ; 3, 111, 1 ; Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6 ; c) par-dessus : per corpora transire Cæs. G. 2, 10, 2, passer par-dessus les cadavres ; per munitiones se dejicere Cæs. G. 3, 26, 5, se jeter par-dessus les retranchements ; d) le long de, devant : per ora vestra incedunt Sall. J. 31, 10, ils passent devant vos yeux, cf. Liv. 2, 38, 3 ; e) [idée de distribution] : invitati per domos Liv. 1, 9, 9, invités dans les différentes maisons || [succession] : per manus Cæs. G. 7, 25, 2, de mains en mains, cf. Cæs. G. 6, 38, 4 [fig.] per omnes ire Liv. 25, 37, 6, passer par tous, se transmettre à tous successivement
2 [temporel] a) durant (sans discontinuité) : ludi per decem dies facti sunt Cic. Cat. 3, 20, les jeux furent célébrés pendant dix jours consécutifs || pendant : per triennium Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 136, pendant trois ans ; per hos dies Cic. Att. 2, 8, 1, pendant ces jours-ci ; per hospitium Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 109, au cours d’une hospitalité || per tempus Ter. Andr. 783, à propos ; b) [idée de succession] : per singulos dies Suet. Cal. 22, tous les jours, chaque jour, cf. Suet. Cæs. 1
3 [idée de moyen, d’intermédiaire] par le moyen de, l’entremise de : sacra per mulieres confici solent Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 99, les sacrifices se font d’ordinaire par l’entremise des femmes, cf. Cic. Att. 12, 6 a ; vulgo occidebantur ? per quos et a quibus ? Cic. Amer. 80, c’étaient des meurtres en masse ? quels en étaient les agents et les instigateurs ? per se Cic. Sulla 67, par soi-même, par ses propres moyens, à soi seul, cf. Cic. Br. 96 ; Fin. 2, 50 || per litteras Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2, par lettre ; per vim et metum Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 147, par la violence et en inspirant la crainte ; per manus Cæs. G. 7, 47, 6, à l’aide des mains || [d’où l’idée d’intervention qui permet ou empêche de faire une chose] : per senatum agere aliquid non posse Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 61, ne pouvoir obtenir du sénat l’autorisation de faire qqch. ; per aliquem, per aliquid licet, non licet, qqn, qqch. permet, ne permet pas de : Cic. Ac. 2, 93 ; de Or. 2, 134 ; Mil. 14 ; per ætatem non potuisti Cic. Fam. 12, 23, 3, l’âge ne t’a pas permis de, cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 32, 2 || per me stat quominus subj. Ter. Andr. 699, j’empêche que
4 [idée de manière] : per summum dedecus vitam amittere Cic. Amer. 30, mourir dans (avec) le plus grand déshonneur ; per ludum et neglegentiam Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 181, en se jouant et insouciamment ; per ridiculum Cic. Off. 1, 134, en plaisantant ; per causam Cæs. C. 3, 24, sous le prétexte de, ou per speciem Liv. 1, 41, 6 ; per mollitiam agere = molliter Sall. J. 85, 35, vivre dans la mollesse
5 [idée d’occasionner] par suite de, par : per imprudentiam vestram Cic. Agr. 2, 25, par votre imprudence ; per fidem deceptus sum Pl. Most. 500, j’ai été trompé par suite de confiance, cf. Cæs. G. 1, 46, 3 ; Cic. Inv. 1, 71 ; depulsus per invidiam tribunatu Cic. de Or. 3, 11, chassé du tribunat par suite des cabales envieuses ; plus per seditionem militum quam bello amissum Liv. 29, 19, 4, il y a eu plus de pertes par suite de la révolte des soldats que par la guerre
6 [dans les supplications et serments] au nom de : per deos ! Cic. Off. 2, 5, au nom des dieux ! per fortunas vestras, per liberos vestros Cic. Planc. 103, au nom de vos biens, de vos enfants || [séparé de son régime] : per ego te deos oro Ter. Andr. 834, au nom des dieux je te prie, cf. Liv. 23, 9, 1. qqf. placé après son régime : quam per Pl. Pœn. 13 || ou intercalé dans une série de régimes : transtra per et remos et... Virg. En. 5, 663, cf. G. 3, 276 || per en compos. = tout à fait, complètement, jusqu’au bout, sans interruption ; [qqf.] de part en part || [qqf.] avec tmèse.
Latin > German (Georges)
per (altindisch pári, ringsum, griech. περί), Praep. m. Acc., bezeichnet nicht bloß ein Durchgehen durch oder über einen Raum oder Körper, sondern auch die Verbreitung u. Ausdehnung über denselben, dient also I) eig., in bezug auf den Raum: 1) zur Bezeichnung des Durchgangs durch od. über einen Ort: a) durch = durch... hindurch, alterum iter per provinciam nostram (erat) multo facilius, Caes.: sanguis per venas in omne corpus diffunditur et spiritus per arterias, Cic.: membranas oculorum perlucidas fecit, ut per eas cerni posset, Cic.: per os anima exhalata, Ov. – b) durch = über, über... hin, entlang, über... hinweg, coronam auream per forum ferre, Cic.: per temonem percurrere, Caes.: transire per corpora, Caes.: per gradus labi, Liv.: alqm per gradus deicere, Liv.: per patris corpus carpentum agere, Liv.: per munitiones se deicere, Caes.: spuma fluit per armos, Ov.: fugiens pauperiem per mare, per saxa, Hor. – per manus, von Hand zu Hand, trahi, tradere, Caes.: bildl., per manus traditae religiones, von einem zum anderen, Liv. – c) = vor... hin, incedunt per ora vestra magnifici, Sall.: nitidus quā quisque per ora cederet, Hor.: per ora hominum ferri, Plin. ep.: per ora hominum oder per hostium oculos traduci, Liv.: per ora civitatium traduci, Iustin.
2) zur Bezeichnung der durchgängigen Verbreitung und Ausdehnung über eine ganze Linie oder durch einen ganzen Raum oder einzelne Teile desselben, über... hin, längs... hin, auf... hin, in od. auf... umher, unter... umher, equites per oram maritimam erant dispositi, Caes.: qui per imperii tui provincias ei credidissent, Cic.: per silvas vivit, Ov.: nascuntur in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, Plin.: invitati hospitaliter per domos (in den H. herum = von Haus zu Haus), Liv.: supplicatum per compita totā urbe est, Liv. – iactata per undas (ins Wasser), Verg.: ire per feras, unter... umher, Ov.: u. so ire per umbras, Verg.
II) übtr.: A) in bezug auf die Zeit, zur Bezeichnung der ununterbrochenen Fortdauer, u. zwar: 1) zur Angabe der Zeit, durch die hindurch eine Tätigkeit sich erstreckt, durch... hin, durch... hindurch, lang, während, ludi decem per dies facti sunt, Cic.: incendium per duas noctes tenuit, Liv.: quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus liberam per hosce annos, Cic.: Romae regnatum est per septem reges, Eutr.
2) zur Bezeichnung der Zeit, in deren Dauer ein einzelnes Ereignis fällt, während, im Verlauf, in, cum per ludos scorta raperentur, Liv.: per eos dies C. Figulus praetor Brundisium venit, Liv.: per diem perque noctem, Gell.: per illa tempora... pro sua quisque potentia certabant, Sall.: duo fuerunt per idem tempus dissimiles inter se, im Verlaufe derselben Zeit, Cic.: per tempus (während der rechten Zeit) advenis, Plaut. u. Ter.: visa dare obscuriora per somnium, Cic.: u. so per somnum, Cic.
3) bei Substst., die eine Eigenschaft, Stimmung, einen Zustand bezeichnen, zur Angabe, daß in und während derselben etwas geschieht = während, in, deutsch auch oft = mit, unter, quod fecisset per iram, Cic.: per dilationes bellum geri, Liv.: insutum in culleum per summum dedecus vitam amittere, Cic.: sive illa (visa) in cogitatione informantur, sive in quiete, sive per vinum, sive per insaniam, Cic.: ad quos (honores) per ludum et neglegentiam pervenistis, Cic.: reddens mutua per iocum atque vinum, Catull.: und so oft per otium, per ludum iocumque, Liv.: per seria et ludum, Curt.: s. Drak. Liv. 4, 58, 12; 30, 29, 3. Mützell Curt. 3, 7 (17), 3.
B) in bezug auf andere Verhältnisse: AA) im allg., zur Angabe des Durchlaufens gewisser Zustände usw., per tot extraordinaria imperia in summum fastigium evectus, Vell.: per multa deinde ac varia officia atque honores usque ad ministrationem totius imperii venit, Eutr.: per omnia, durchweg, in allen Stücken, Liv. u.a.
BB) insbes., zur Angabe der mittelbar einwirkenden Person oder Sache, durch die (gleichs. hindurchgehend) etwas zustande kommt, und zwar: 1) die Person od. Sache als Mittel u. Werkzeug gedacht, durch, vermittelst, a) als wirkliches Mittel u. Werkzeug, statuerunt iniurias per vos ulcisci, Cic.: per indicem damnari, Cic.: per tres populos Galliae potiri, Caes. – per manus demitti, an den H., Caes.: per manus alcis servari et educi, Cic.: per indutias et spem pacis decipere alqm, Cic.: per scelus adipisci alqd, auf dem Wege des V., Cic.: per litteras, Cic. u.a.: per senatusconsultum, per legem, Sall. – per me, per te, per se = durch mich usw. = allein, für mich, selbständig, ohne jemandes Zutun, -Hilfe, ohne Mitwirken anderer, isoliert u. dgl. (v. Pers.u. Dingen), Cic., Caes. u.a.; vgl. Held Caes. b. c. 1, 85, 1. Fabri Sall. Iug. 14, 4, – b) als scheinbares, vorgeschütztes, bei Pers., unter Angabe, per Caecilium accusatur Sulla, Cic. – c) bei Zuständen = unter dem Scheine, unter dem Vorwande, fraudare alqm per tutelam aut societatem, Cic.: alqm per fidem fallere, Cic. – 2) als leitender Grund, leitende Ursache, Veranlassung, wegen, aus, per virtutem perire, Plaut.: per avaritiam decipere, Cic.: cum antea per aetatem huius auctoritatem loci non attingere auderem, Cic.: per causam supplementi equitatusque cogendi, aus Ursache der Rekrutierung usw., wegen der usw., Caes.: per metum potius quam voluntate, Liv. – 3) als gestattendes od. hinderndes Element, wegen, halben, halber, vor (s. Bremi Nep. Eum. 10, 3. Fabri Sall. Iug. 33, 3. Drak. Liv. 23, 18, 22), trahantur per me (meinethalben, soviel an mir liegt, vor mir) pedibus omnes rei, Cic.: si per me licuisset, Cic.: per te (soweit es auf dich ankäme) vel uti quaestum faceret vel uti veniret palam, Ter.: per Afranium stare, quo minus etc., Caes.: his per te (vor dir) frui non licet, Cic.: neque hoc per senatum efficere potuit, Nep. – quod per naturam fas esset, aut per leges liceret, Cic.: si per fata licuisset, Eutr.: cum per valetudinem posses, venire tamen noluisti, Cic.: id iis non licere per interdicta, Cic.: per valetudinem id bellum exsequi nequierat, Liv. – dah. bei Bitten, Schwüren, Anrufungen u. Ausrufungen = um... willen, oro te per deos, Cic.: per dextram te istam oro, Cic.: per ego te deos oro, Plaut.: per ego te, fili, quaecumque iura liberos iungunt parentibus, precor quaesoque, Liv. (vgl. über die Wortstellung per ego Spengel Ter. Andr. 289 u. Weißenb. Liv. 23, 9, 2). – per deos iurare, Cic. – per deos immortales! Cic.: per deos atque homines! Cic.: per deos! Cic. Vgl. Ruhnken Ter. Andr. 3, 3, 6. Drak. Liv. 29, 18, 9.
/ per wird selten dem regierten Worte nachgesetzt, wie Plaut. Poen. prol. 13. Verg. Aen. 6, 692. – per spätlat. m. Abl., zB. per multo tempore, Corp. inscr. Lat. 10, 3344.
In der Zusammensetzung ist per a) = allerwege, durchweg, durchaus, durch und durch, über und über, völlig, gründlich u. dgl. – b) = bis zu Ende, hinaus, hin.
