χαλκός: Difference between revisions
κακῶς ζῆν κρεῖσσον ἢ καλῶς θανεῖν → better to live ignobly than to die nobly, better to live badly than to die well
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|Definition=Cret. καυχός <span class="title">GDI</span>5011.4 (iii B. C.), ὁ:—<span class="sense"><p> <span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">copper</b>, χ. ἐρυθρός <span class="bibl">Il.9.365</span>; with reference to its polished surface, <b class="b3">αἶθοψ, ἦνοψ, νῶροψ, φαεινός</b>, <span class="bibl">4.495</span>, <span class="bibl">16.408</span>, <span class="bibl">2.578</span>, <span class="bibl">12.151</span>; Τρῶες . . χαλκῷ μαρμαίροντες <span class="bibl">13.801</span>; πεδίον . . λάμπετο χαλκῷ <span class="bibl">20.156</span>; τῆλε δὲ χ. λάμφ' ὥς τε στεροπή <span class="bibl">10.153</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">11.65</span>, <span class="bibl">19.363</span>; σάκος . . χαλκῷ παμφαῖνον <span class="bibl">14.11</span>; and of the ornaments of a house, χαλκοῦ τε στεροπήν <span class="bibl">Od.4.72</span>; of <b class="b2">copper</b> as the first metal that men learnt to smelt and work, τῶν δ' ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δ' εἰργάζοντο, μέλας δ' οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>151</span>; <b class="b3">χ. ἐρυθρός</b> (cf. supr.) <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Ulc.</span>17</span>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Lap.</span>57</span>, <span class="bibl">Callix.1</span>; χ. ἐρυθρὸς καὶ λευκός <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Od.</span>71</span>; χ. Κύπριος <span class="bibl">Posidon.52J.</span>, Dsc.1.102, cf. <span class="bibl">Polyaen.3.10.14</span>; alloyed with tin to form <b class="b2">bronze</b>, the usual meaning of the word in Hom. (v. infr. <span class="bibl">11</span>) and freq. in later writers: σίδηρος δὲ καὶ χ. πολέμων ὄργανα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>956a</span>, etc.; χ. κεκραμένος <span class="bibl">D.Chr.28.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">II</span> in Poets freq. for <b class="b2">anything made of metal</b>, esp. of arms (hence Pi. calls it <b class="b3">πολιός</b>, the proper epith. of iron, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">P.</span>3.48</span>); of offensive arms, <b class="b3">ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, νηλέϊ χ</b>., of a spear, a sword, <span class="bibl">Il.4.540</span>, <span class="bibl">3.292</span>, al.; of a knife, <span class="bibl">1.236</span>, al.; of an axe, <span class="bibl">13.180</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.244</span>, al.; of a fish-hook, <span class="bibl">Il.16.408</span>; of defensive arms, as the plates laid on a shield, <span class="bibl">20.275</span>; <b class="b3">χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι</b>, of a warrior girding on his armour, <span class="bibl">23.130</span>; κεκορυθμένος, αἴθοπι χ. <span class="bibl">4.495</span>; ἐδύσετο νώροπα χ. <span class="bibl">2.578</span>; of both combined, <b class="b3">πλάγχθη</b> <b class="b3">δ' ἀπὸ χαλκόφι χαλκός</b> <b class="b2">the spear of bronze</b> glanced off <b class="b2">the helm of bronze</b>, <span class="bibl">11.351</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> of vessels, <b class="b2">copper, cauldron, urn</b>, <span class="bibl">18.349</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.8.426</span>; of a cinerary urn, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>758</span>; collectively of <b class="b2">bronze plate</b>, <b class="b3">χ. μυρίος</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>10.45</span>; θάλαμον... ὅθι νητὸς χρυσὸς καὶ χ. ἔκειτο <span class="bibl">Od. 2.338</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">13.19</span>,<span class="bibl">21.10</span>,<span class="bibl">62</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.226</span>; used in payment of ransom, <span class="bibl">22.50</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">340</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.38</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> of a <b class="b2">bronze mirror</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>393</span>, <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Lav.Pall.</span>21</span>, <span class="title">Ap</span>6.210 (Philet.); used as a burning-glass, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Ign.</span>73</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">4</span> collectively, <b class="b2">copper money</b>, <span class="title">IPE</span>12.24.15 (Olbia, iv B. C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span> 10.9</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>12.41</span>, cf. ἰσόνομος <span class="bibl">11</span>; generally, <b class="b2">money</b>, opp. <b class="b3">κύαμοι</b>, <span class="title">IG</span>14.423 ii 21 (Tauromenium), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>822.12</span> (iii A. D.), etc.; <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ σπάνις</b> Men<span class="title">Mon.</span>156; χαλκὸν ἔχων πῶς οὐδὲν ἔχεις μάθε <span class="title">AP</span> 11.167 (Pollian.). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">5</span> = [[χάλκωμα]], <b class="b2">bronze plate</b> or <b class="b2">tablet</b>, τὰν προξενίαν γράψαντας εἰς χαλκὸν ἀνθέμεν <span class="title">IG</span>9(1).682 (Corcyra, iv B. C.); <b class="b3">οὐετρανοὶ οἱ χωρὶς χαλκῶν</b>, who have not received <b class="b2">bronze copies</b> of the privileges granted on discharge, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>113.5</span> (ii A. D.), etc. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">6</span> a weight, <span class="bibl">1</span>/<span class="bibl">8</span> obol, Gal.19.752. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ ἄνθος</b>, particles thrown off by copper when cooling, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Mul.</span>1.104</span>, <span class="bibl">Ph.<span class="title">Bel.</span>102.34</span>, Dsc.5.77. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ λεπίς</b>, small pieces that scale off under the hammer, ib.78. (Perh. cf. Lith. <b class="b2">geležìs</b> 'iron'.)</span> | |Definition=Cret. καυχός <span class="title">GDI</span>5011.4 (iii B. C.), ὁ:—<span class="sense"><p> <span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">copper</b>, χ. ἐρυθρός <span class="bibl">Il.9.365</span>; with reference to its polished surface, <b class="b3">αἶθοψ, ἦνοψ, νῶροψ, φαεινός</b>, <span class="bibl">4.495</span>, <span class="bibl">16.408</span>, <span class="bibl">2.578</span>, <span class="bibl">12.151</span>; Τρῶες . . χαλκῷ μαρμαίροντες <span class="bibl">13.801</span>; πεδίον . . λάμπετο χαλκῷ <span class="bibl">20.156</span>; τῆλε δὲ χ. λάμφ' ὥς τε στεροπή <span class="bibl">10.153</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">11.65</span>, <span class="bibl">19.363</span>; σάκος . . χαλκῷ παμφαῖνον <span class="bibl">14.11</span>; and of the ornaments of a house, χαλκοῦ τε στεροπήν <span class="bibl">Od.4.72</span>; of <b class="b2">copper</b> as the first metal that men learnt to smelt and work, τῶν δ' ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δ' εἰργάζοντο, μέλας δ' οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>151</span>; <b class="b3">χ. ἐρυθρός</b> (cf. supr.) <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Ulc.</span>17</span>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Lap.</span>57</span>, <span class="bibl">Callix.1</span>; χ. ἐρυθρὸς καὶ λευκός <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Od.</span>71</span>; χ. Κύπριος <span class="bibl">Posidon.52J.</span>, Dsc.1.102, cf. <span class="bibl">Polyaen.3.10.14</span>; alloyed with tin to form <b class="b2">bronze</b>, the usual meaning of the word in Hom. (v. infr. <span class="bibl">11</span>) and freq. in later writers: σίδηρος δὲ καὶ χ. πολέμων ὄργανα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>956a</span>, etc.; χ. κεκραμένος <span class="bibl">D.Chr.28.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">II</span> in Poets freq. for <b class="b2">anything made of metal</b>, esp. of arms (hence Pi. calls it <b class="b3">πολιός</b>, the proper epith. of iron, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">P.</span>3.48</span>); of offensive arms, <b class="b3">ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, νηλέϊ χ</b>., of a spear, a sword, <span class="bibl">Il.4.540</span>, <span class="bibl">3.292</span>, al.; of a knife, <span class="bibl">1.236</span>, al.; of an axe, <span class="bibl">13.180</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.244</span>, al.; of a fish-hook, <span class="bibl">Il.16.408</span>; of defensive arms, as the plates laid on a shield, <span class="bibl">20.275</span>; <b class="b3">χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι</b>, of a warrior girding on his armour, <span class="bibl">23.130</span>; κεκορυθμένος, αἴθοπι χ. <span class="bibl">4.495</span>; ἐδύσετο νώροπα χ. <span class="bibl">2.578</span>; of both combined, <b class="b3">πλάγχθη</b> <b class="b3">δ' ἀπὸ χαλκόφι χαλκός</b> <b class="b2">the spear of bronze</b> glanced off <b class="b2">the helm of bronze</b>, <span class="bibl">11.351</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> of vessels, <b class="b2">copper, cauldron, urn</b>, <span class="bibl">18.349</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.8.426</span>; of a cinerary urn, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>758</span>; collectively of <b class="b2">bronze plate</b>, <b class="b3">χ. μυρίος</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>10.45</span>; θάλαμον... ὅθι νητὸς χρυσὸς καὶ χ. ἔκειτο <span class="bibl">Od. 2.338</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">13.19</span>,<span class="bibl">21.10</span>,<span class="bibl">62</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.226</span>; used in payment of ransom, <span class="bibl">22.50</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">340</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.38</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> of a <b class="b2">bronze mirror</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>393</span>, <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Lav.Pall.</span>21</span>, <span class="title">Ap</span>6.210 (Philet.); used as a burning-glass, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Ign.</span>73</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">4</span> collectively, <b class="b2">copper money</b>, <span class="title">IPE</span>12.24.15 (Olbia, iv B. C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span> 10.9</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>12.41</span>, cf. ἰσόνομος <span class="bibl">11</span>; generally, <b class="b2">money</b>, opp. <b class="b3">κύαμοι</b>, <span class="title">IG</span>14.423 ii 21 (Tauromenium), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>822.12</span> (iii A. D.), etc.; <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ σπάνις</b> Men<span class="title">Mon.</span>156; χαλκὸν ἔχων πῶς οὐδὲν ἔχεις μάθε <span class="title">AP</span> 11.167 (Pollian.). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">5</span> = [[χάλκωμα]], <b class="b2">bronze plate</b> or <b class="b2">tablet</b>, τὰν προξενίαν γράψαντας εἰς χαλκὸν ἀνθέμεν <span class="title">IG</span>9(1).682 (Corcyra, iv B. C.); <b class="b3">οὐετρανοὶ οἱ χωρὶς χαλκῶν</b>, who have not received <b class="b2">bronze copies</b> of the privileges granted on discharge, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>113.5</span> (ii A. D.), etc. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">6</span> a weight, <span class="bibl">1</span>/<span class="bibl">8</span> obol, Gal.19.752. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ ἄνθος</b>, particles thrown off by copper when cooling, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Mul.</span>1.104</span>, <span class="bibl">Ph.<span class="title">Bel.</span>102.34</span>, Dsc.5.77. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">χαλκοῦ λεπίς</b>, small pieces that scale off under the hammer, ib.78. (Perh. cf. Lith. <b class="b2">geležìs</b> 'iron'.)</span> | ||
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|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-02-1331.png Seite 1331]] ὁ, Erz, Metall, bes. Kupfer, als das erste Metall, das man schmelzen und bearbeiten lernte, vgl. Schol. Ap. Rh. 1, 430 u. Hes. O. 150, τοῖς δ' ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δ' ἐργάζοντο, [[μέλας]] δ' οὐκ ἔσκε [[σίδηρος]]; als nachher auch das Eisen geschmiedet wurde, übertrugen die Dichter das Wort auch auf Eisen; Hom. bezeichnet es noch als [[ἐρυθρός]], Il. 9, 365, u. nennt es neben Eisen, [[χαλκός]] τε [[χρυσός]] τε πολυκμητός τε [[σίδηρος]] 6, 48. 11, 133, vgl. Od. 21, 10. 61, wo aus Kupfer gearbeitete Gefäße u. Geräthe zu verstehen sind; ἄλλοι μὲν χαλκῷ, ἄλλοι δ' αἴθωνι σιδήρῳ Il. 7, 473; Panzer u. Harnisch sind bei Hom. aus [[χαλκός]], εἰλυμένοι αἴθοπι χαλκῷ 18, 512, ἐν δ' αὐτὸς ἐδύσετο νώροπα χαλκόν 2, 578, κεκορυθμένος αἴθοπι χαλκῷ 4, 495, u. öfter; eben so das Schwert, dah. oft νηλέϊ χαλκῷ; das Beil, 23, 118; auch Verzierung, ἅρματα ποικίλα χαλκῷ, 4, 226 u. öfter; Kessel, ἀμφὶ πυρὶ χαλκὸν ἰήνατε, θέρμετε δ' [[ὕδωρ]] Od. 8, 426; Pind. nennt es [[πολιός]], P. 3, 48, also wohl Eisen, u. öfter; Aesch. verbindet χαλκόν, [[σίδηρον]], ἄργυρον, χρυσόν τε, Prom. 500; aber χαλκοῦ βαφάς geht auf Stählung des Eisens, Ag. 598; ἐν βραχεῖ χαλκῷ, von einem kupfernen Gefäße, Soph. El. 748; Plat. verbindet χαλκὸς καὶ [[σίδηρος]], Legg. III, 678 c; χαλκὸς καὶ [[σίδηρος]] πολέμων ὄργανα XII, 956 a. – Eine Kupfermünze, der achte Theil des Obols, u. übh. Kupfergeld, Sp. oft. – Später unterschied man verschiedene Arten und Mischungen des Kupfers; χαλκὸς [[μέλας]] Philostr.; das gemeine Kupfer auch χ. [[Κύπριος]], weil die Griechen in ältester Zeit ihr Kupfer aus Kypros erhielten; davon das lat. cuprum, unser Kupfer; χαλκὸς [[λευκός]], weißes Kupfer, eine Art Prinzmetall, χ. [[ἐρυθρός]], Messing, Ath. V, 205; χ. κεκραμένος, gemischtes Kupfer, Bronze. – Man leitet das Wort von [[χαλάω]] ab, weil man die Dehnbarkeit des Metalls am Kupfer zuerst in bes. hohem Grade wahrnahm. | |||
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Revision as of 19:27, 2 August 2017
English (LSJ)
Cret. καυχός GDI5011.4 (iii B. C.), ὁ:—
A copper, χ. ἐρυθρός Il.9.365; with reference to its polished surface, αἶθοψ, ἦνοψ, νῶροψ, φαεινός, 4.495, 16.408, 2.578, 12.151; Τρῶες . . χαλκῷ μαρμαίροντες 13.801; πεδίον . . λάμπετο χαλκῷ 20.156; τῆλε δὲ χ. λάμφ' ὥς τε στεροπή 10.153, cf. 11.65, 19.363; σάκος . . χαλκῷ παμφαῖνον 14.11; and of the ornaments of a house, χαλκοῦ τε στεροπήν Od.4.72; of copper as the first metal that men learnt to smelt and work, τῶν δ' ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δ' εἰργάζοντο, μέλας δ' οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος Hes.Op.151; χ. ἐρυθρός (cf. supr.) Hp.Ulc.17, Thphr.Lap.57, Callix.1; χ. ἐρυθρὸς καὶ λευκός Thphr.Od.71; χ. Κύπριος Posidon.52J., Dsc.1.102, cf. Polyaen.3.10.14; alloyed with tin to form bronze, the usual meaning of the word in Hom. (v. infr. 11) and freq. in later writers: σίδηρος δὲ καὶ χ. πολέμων ὄργανα Pl.Lg.956a, etc.; χ. κεκραμένος D.Chr.28.3. II in Poets freq. for anything made of metal, esp. of arms (hence Pi. calls it πολιός, the proper epith. of iron, P.3.48); of offensive arms, ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, νηλέϊ χ., of a spear, a sword, Il.4.540, 3.292, al.; of a knife, 1.236, al.; of an axe, 13.180, Od.5.244, al.; of a fish-hook, Il.16.408; of defensive arms, as the plates laid on a shield, 20.275; χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι, of a warrior girding on his armour, 23.130; κεκορυθμένος, αἴθοπι χ. 4.495; ἐδύσετο νώροπα χ. 2.578; of both combined, πλάγχθη δ' ἀπὸ χαλκόφι χαλκός the spear of bronze glanced off the helm of bronze, 11.351. 2 of vessels, copper, cauldron, urn, 18.349, Od.8.426; of a cinerary urn, S.El.758; collectively of bronze plate, χ. μυρίος, Pi.N.10.45; θάλαμον... ὅθι νητὸς χρυσὸς καὶ χ. ἔκειτο Od. 2.338, cf.13.19,21.10,62, Il.2.226; used in payment of ransom, 22.50, cf. 340, Od.5.38. 3 of a bronze mirror, A.Fr.393, Call.Lav.Pall.21, Ap6.210 (Philet.); used as a burning-glass, Thphr.Ign.73. 4 collectively, copper money, IPE12.24.15 (Olbia, iv B. C.), Ev.Matt. 10.9, Ev.Marc.12.41, cf. ἰσόνομος 11; generally, money, opp. κύαμοι, IG14.423 ii 21 (Tauromenium), cf. BGU822.12 (iii A. D.), etc.; χαλκοῦ σπάνις MenMon.156; χαλκὸν ἔχων πῶς οὐδὲν ἔχεις μάθε AP 11.167 (Pollian.). 5 = χάλκωμα, bronze plate or tablet, τὰν προξενίαν γράψαντας εἰς χαλκὸν ἀνθέμεν IG9(1).682 (Corcyra, iv B. C.); οὐετρανοὶ οἱ χωρὶς χαλκῶν, who have not received bronze copies of the privileges granted on discharge, BGU113.5 (ii A. D.), etc. 6 a weight, 1/8 obol, Gal.19.752. III χαλκοῦ ἄνθος, particles thrown off by copper when cooling, Hp.Mul.1.104, Ph.Bel.102.34, Dsc.5.77. b χαλκοῦ λεπίς, small pieces that scale off under the hammer, ib.78. (Perh. cf. Lith. geležìs 'iron'.)
German (Pape)
[Seite 1331] ὁ, Erz, Metall, bes. Kupfer, als das erste Metall, das man schmelzen und bearbeiten lernte, vgl. Schol. Ap. Rh. 1, 430 u. Hes. O. 150, τοῖς δ' ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δ' ἐργάζοντο, μέλας δ' οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος; als nachher auch das Eisen geschmiedet wurde, übertrugen die Dichter das Wort auch auf Eisen; Hom. bezeichnet es noch als ἐρυθρός, Il. 9, 365, u. nennt es neben Eisen, χαλκός τε χρυσός τε πολυκμητός τε σίδηρος 6, 48. 11, 133, vgl. Od. 21, 10. 61, wo aus Kupfer gearbeitete Gefäße u. Geräthe zu verstehen sind; ἄλλοι μὲν χαλκῷ, ἄλλοι δ' αἴθωνι σιδήρῳ Il. 7, 473; Panzer u. Harnisch sind bei Hom. aus χαλκός, εἰλυμένοι αἴθοπι χαλκῷ 18, 512, ἐν δ' αὐτὸς ἐδύσετο νώροπα χαλκόν 2, 578, κεκορυθμένος αἴθοπι χαλκῷ 4, 495, u. öfter; eben so das Schwert, dah. oft νηλέϊ χαλκῷ; das Beil, 23, 118; auch Verzierung, ἅρματα ποικίλα χαλκῷ, 4, 226 u. öfter; Kessel, ἀμφὶ πυρὶ χαλκὸν ἰήνατε, θέρμετε δ' ὕδωρ Od. 8, 426; Pind. nennt es πολιός, P. 3, 48, also wohl Eisen, u. öfter; Aesch. verbindet χαλκόν, σίδηρον, ἄργυρον, χρυσόν τε, Prom. 500; aber χαλκοῦ βαφάς geht auf Stählung des Eisens, Ag. 598; ἐν βραχεῖ χαλκῷ, von einem kupfernen Gefäße, Soph. El. 748; Plat. verbindet χαλκὸς καὶ σίδηρος, Legg. III, 678 c; χαλκὸς καὶ σίδηρος πολέμων ὄργανα XII, 956 a. – Eine Kupfermünze, der achte Theil des Obols, u. übh. Kupfergeld, Sp. oft. – Später unterschied man verschiedene Arten und Mischungen des Kupfers; χαλκὸς μέλας Philostr.; das gemeine Kupfer auch χ. Κύπριος, weil die Griechen in ältester Zeit ihr Kupfer aus Kypros erhielten; davon das lat. cuprum, unser Kupfer; χαλκὸς λευκός, weißes Kupfer, eine Art Prinzmetall, χ. ἐρυθρός, Messing, Ath. V, 205; χ. κεκραμένος, gemischtes Kupfer, Bronze. – Man leitet das Wort von χαλάω ab, weil man die Dehnbarkeit des Metalls am Kupfer zuerst in bes. hohem Grade wahrnahm.
