ἰός: Difference between revisions
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|Definition=(A) [ῑ], ὁ, pl. [[ἰοί]], heterocl.<span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> ἰά <span class="bibl">Il.20.68</span> (Cypr., acc. to <span class="title">AB</span>1095):— [[arrow]], ἰὸν ἕηκε <span class="bibl">Il.1.48</span>; βλήμενος ἢ ἰῷ ἢ ἔγχεϊ <span class="bibl">8.514</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>461</span>; ἧκεν κομήτην ἰόν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>567</span>. (Cf. Skt. íṣ '[[arrow]]'.)</span><br /> (B) [ῑ], ὁ, <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[poison]], as of serpents, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>478</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>771</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span> 1015</span>, Plu.2.562c, etc.; [[venom]] of a mad dog, Ruf.<span class="title">Fr.</span>118; <b class="b3">ἰὸς ἀμεμφὴς μελισσῶν</b>, of honey with which snakes fed Iamos, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.47</span>: metaph., of envy, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>834</span>. (Cf. Skt. [[viṣám]] 'poison', Lat. [[vīrus]].) </span><br />(C) [ῑ], ὁ, <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[rust]] on iron, or [[verdigris]] on [[copper]] and [[bronze]], Sapph.141 (dub.), <span class="bibl">Thgn.451</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>609a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ti.</span>59c</span>, <span class="bibl">Theoc.16.17</span>; ἰ. σιδήρου Dsc.5.80; ἰ. χαλκοῦ <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Mul.</span>1.75</span>, Dsc.5.79, Gal.12.218; [[patina]] on bronze statues, ὅπως καθαρὸς ἰοῦ ἔσται ὁ ἀνδριάς <span class="title">SIG</span>284.15 (Chios, iv B.C.), cf. Plu.2.395b. (Perh. identical with ἰός B.) </span><br />(D) , ὁ, = [[υἱός]], BICS suppl. 10.34, SEG23.640 (both Cyprus, iv b.c.)<br /><br />(E) [ῐ], ἴᾰ, ἰόν, <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[one]], commonest in fem. (v. [[εἷς]]): neut. ἰῷ κίον ἤματι <span class="bibl">Il.6.422</span>: masc. dat. [[ἰῷ]], = [[ἐκείνῳ]], <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>8.8; but, = [[ἑνί]], ib.7.23; acc., <b class="b3">τόν γ' ἰὸν ἐνιαυτόν</b> the [[same]] year, <span class="title">IG</span>5(1).1390.126 (Andania, i B.C.); [[ἰός]], = [[μόνος]], acc. to Trypho ap.<span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Pron.</span>56.4</span>.</span><br />(F) Boeot. for [[ἑός]] (q.v.). | |Definition=(A) [ῑ], ὁ, pl. [[ἰοί]], heterocl.<span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> ἰά <span class="bibl">Il.20.68</span> (Cypr., acc. to <span class="title">AB</span>1095):— [[arrow]], ἰὸν ἕηκε <span class="bibl">Il.1.48</span>; βλήμενος ἢ ἰῷ ἢ ἔγχεϊ <span class="bibl">8.514</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>461</span>; ἧκεν κομήτην ἰόν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>567</span>. (Cf. Skt. íṣ '[[arrow]]'.)</span><br /> (B) [ῑ], ὁ, <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[poison]], as of serpents, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>478</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>771</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span> 1015</span>, Plu.2.562c, etc.; [[venom]] of a mad dog, Ruf.<span class="title">Fr.</span>118; <b class="b3">ἰὸς ἀμεμφὴς μελισσῶν</b>, of honey with which snakes fed Iamos, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.47</span>: metaph., of envy, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>834</span>. (Cf. Skt. [[viṣám]] 'poison', Lat. [[vīrus]].) </span><br />(C) [ῑ], ὁ, <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[rust]] on iron, or [[verdigris]] on [[copper]] and [[bronze]], Sapph.141 (dub.), <span class="bibl">Thgn.451</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>609a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ti.</span>59c</span>, <span class="bibl">Theoc.16.17</span>; ἰ. σιδήρου Dsc.5.80; ἰ. χαλκοῦ <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Mul.</span>1.75</span>, Dsc.5.79, Gal.12.218; [[patina]] on bronze statues, ὅπως καθαρὸς ἰοῦ ἔσται ὁ ἀνδριάς <span class="title">SIG</span>284.15 (Chios, iv B.C.), cf. Plu.2.395b. (Perh. identical with ἰός B.) </span><br />(D), ὁ, = [[υἱός]], BICS suppl. 10.34, SEG23.640 (both Cyprus, iv b.c.)<br /><br />(E) [ῐ], ἴᾰ, ἰόν, <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[one]], commonest in fem. (v. [[εἷς]]): neut. ἰῷ κίον ἤματι <span class="bibl">Il.6.422</span>: masc. dat. [[ἰῷ]], = [[ἐκείνῳ]], <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>8.8; but, = [[ἑνί]], ib.7.23; acc., <b class="b3">τόν γ' ἰὸν ἐνιαυτόν</b> the [[same]] year, <span class="title">IG</span>5(1).1390.126 (Andania, i B.C.); [[ἰός]], = [[μόνος]], acc. to Trypho ap.<span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Pron.</span>56.4</span>.</span><br />(F) Boeot. for [[ἑός]] (q.v.). | ||
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Revision as of 10:16, 9 January 2022
English (LSJ)
(A) [ῑ], ὁ, pl. ἰοί, heterocl.A ἰά Il.20.68 (Cypr., acc. to AB1095):— arrow, ἰὸν ἕηκε Il.1.48; βλήμενος ἢ ἰῷ ἢ ἔγχεϊ 8.514, cf. A.Pers.461; ἧκεν κομήτην ἰόν S.Tr.567. (Cf. Skt. íṣ 'arrow'.)
(B) [ῑ], ὁ, A poison, as of serpents, A.Eu.478, S.Tr.771, E.Ion 1015, Plu.2.562c, etc.; venom of a mad dog, Ruf.Fr.118; ἰὸς ἀμεμφὴς μελισσῶν, of honey with which snakes fed Iamos, Pi.O.6.47: metaph., of envy, A.Ag.834. (Cf. Skt. viṣám 'poison', Lat. vīrus.)
(C) [ῑ], ὁ, A rust on iron, or verdigris on copper and bronze, Sapph.141 (dub.), Thgn.451, Pl.R.609a, Ti.59c, Theoc.16.17; ἰ. σιδήρου Dsc.5.80; ἰ. χαλκοῦ Hp.Mul.1.75, Dsc.5.79, Gal.12.218; patina on bronze statues, ὅπως καθαρὸς ἰοῦ ἔσται ὁ ἀνδριάς SIG284.15 (Chios, iv B.C.), cf. Plu.2.395b. (Perh. identical with ἰός B.)
(D), ὁ, = υἱός, BICS suppl. 10.34, SEG23.640 (both Cyprus, iv b.c.)
(E) [ῐ], ἴᾰ, ἰόν, A one, commonest in fem. (v. εἷς): neut. ἰῷ κίον ἤματι Il.6.422: masc. dat. ἰῷ, = ἐκείνῳ, Leg.Gort.8.8; but, = ἑνί, ib.7.23; acc., τόν γ' ἰὸν ἐνιαυτόν the same year, IG5(1).1390.126 (Andania, i B.C.); ἰός, = μόνος, acc. to Trypho ap.A.D.Pron.56.4.
(F) Boeot. for ἑός (q.v.).
Greek (Liddell-Scott)
ἰός: ῑ, ὁ, πληθ. ἰοί, ἀλλ’ ὡσαύτως ἑτερογεν. ἰά, Ἰλ. Υ. 68: ― βέλος, ἰὸν ἔηκε Ἰλ. Α. 48˙ βλήμενος ἢ ἰῷ ἢ ἔγχεϊ Θ. 514˙ οὕτω παρὰ Τραγ., Αἰσχύλ. Πέρσ. 461˙ ἧκεν κομήτην ἰόν, ἔρριψε πτερωτὸν βέλος, Σοφ. Τρ. 567. ΙΙ. σκωρία, ἰδίως ἡ τοῦ σιδήρου ἢ τοῦ χαλκοῦ, Λατ. ferrugo, aerugo, Θέογν. 451, Πλάτ. Πολ. 609Α, Τίμ. 59C, Θεόκρ. 16. 17. 2) δηλητήριον, οἷον τὸ τῶν ὄφεων, Αἰσχύλ. Ἀγ. 834, Εὐμ. 478, Σοφ. Τρ. 771, Εὐρ. Ἴων 1015, Πλούτ. 2. 562C, κλ.˙ ὁ Πίνδ. περὶ μέλιτος λέγει, ἰὸς ἀμεμφὴς μελισσῶν, ἀλλ’ ἀναφορικῶς πρὸς τοὺς δράκοντας τοὺς θρέψαντας τὸν Ἴαμον, Ο. 6. 79. (Αἱ δύο λέξεις παράγονται ἐκ διαφόρων ῥιζῶν˙ ἡ πρώτη αὐτῶν εἶναι = τῷ Σανσκρ. ishus (βέλος), ἡ δὲ δευτέρα = τῷ Σανσκρ. vishas, visham, Λατ. vi-rus, δηλητήριον.)
French (Bailly abrégé)
1ἰοῦ (ὁ) :
plur. irrég. ἰά;
trait, javelot.
Étymologie: cf. skr. ishus, flèche.
2ἰοῦ (ὁ) :
1 venin;
2 rouille du fer, ou du cuivre, càd vert-de-gris.
Étymologie: p. *Ϝιός, cf. lat. virus.
English (Slater)
ῑός
1 venom met. δύο δὲ γλαυκῶπες αὐτὸν δαιμόνων βουλαῖσιν ἐθρέψαντο δράκοντες ἀμεμφεῖ ἰῷ μελισσᾶν καδόμενοι i. e. honey (O. 6.47)
Spanish
English (Strong)
perhaps from eimi (to go) or hiemi (to send); rust (as if emitted by metals); also venom (as emitted by serpents): poison, rust.
English (Thayer)
ἰοῦ, ὁ (on its very uncertain derivation see Kreussler in Passow, under the word; Curtius, § 591; (Vanicek, p. 969));
1. poison (of animals): ἰός ἀσπίδων ὑπό τά χείλη αὐτῶν, the poison of asps is under their lips, spoken of men given to reviling and calumniating and thereby injuring others, γλῶσσα) μεστή ἰοῦ θανατηφόρου, Pindar down).
2. rust: Jeremiah 12,24); Theognis, Theocritus, Plato, Theophrastus, Polybius, Lucian, others).
Greek Monotonic
ἰός: [ῑ], ὁ, πληθ. ἰοί, επίσης ἰά·
I. βέλος, σε Ομήρ. Ιλ., Τραγ.
II. 1. σκουριά, ιδίως του σιδήρου ή του χαλκού, σε Θέογν., Πλάτ.
2. δηλητήριο, λέγεται για τα φίδια, σε Τραγ.
Russian (Dvoretsky)
ἰός:
I (ῑ) ὁ (эп. pl. тж. ἰά) дротик, преимущ. стрела (χαλκήρης, πτερόεις Hom.; ἀπὸ θώμιγγος ἰοὶ προσπίτνοντες Aesch.; πτηνοῖς ἰοῖς θηροβολεῖν Soph.; εἴργειν τινὰ ἰοῖς Eur.).
II (ῑ) ὁ
1) яд (ἐχιδνης Soph.; δρακόντων Eur.; ἐνίων θηρίων Plut.; θανατηφόρος NT);
2) сок: ἰ. μελισσῶν Pind. пчелиный сок, т. е. мед.
III (ῑ) ὁ ржавчина (χαλκοῦ καὶ σιδήρου Plat.; ἰοῦ χρῶμα Arst.; χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου NT).
Frisk Etymological English
1. Meaning: one and the same
See also: s. ἴα.
2.
Grammatical information: m.
Meaning: arrow (Il.; Trümpy Fachausdrücke 67).
Other forms: pl. ἰοί, also ἰά (Υ 68; on the change of genus Schwyzer-Debrunner 37)
Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ἰο-δόκος receiving arrows (φαρέτρη Hom.), -η f. quiver (A. R.); on ἰο-χέαιρα s. v.
Origin: IE [Indo-European] [301] *isu- arrow
Etymology: From *ἰσϜ-ο- and except for the thematic vowel (Schwyzer 472) identical with Skt. íṣu-, Av. išu- arrow (Curtius 402; further lit. in Bq). Meier-Brügger, MSS 49 (19880 75-77, takes ι᾽ά as ntr. pl. from *ιhυ, and ἰός as a sec. sg. derived from it.
3.
Grammatical information: m.
Meaning: poison (Pi., trag., Plu.).
Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ἰο-βόρος poison eating (Nic., Opp.);
Derivatives: ἰώδης poisonous (Rom. empire).
Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1134] *uiso- or *uiso-, *uiHso-? fluidity, slime, poison
Etymology: Old word for poison, often replaced by euphemistic expressions (φάρμακον, Lat. venēnum, Germ. gift, French poison etc.), but still present in the languages of the margin, i. e. Indo-Iranian and Italo-Celtic: Skt. viṣá- n., Av. vīša-, Lat. vīrus n. (genus sec.) = Irisch fī, IE *u̯īso-; on the quantity cf. e. g. the cases in Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 91. Beside these thematic forms there is Av. viš- id. and, with deviating meaning, Skt. viṣ- faeces. Thus Lat. vīrus also means tough fluidity, slime, sap; cf. also Welsh gwyar blood and 4. ἰός. As IE *u̯īs(o)- is prob. partly a tabuistic substitution, one considered connection with a verb, Skt. veṣati flow out (gramm.), with a Germ. river-name as Wisura Weser, Vistula Weichsel (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforschung 4, 38ff.); however, these Old European river names of Krahe are in general pre-, i.e. non-IE. - Lit. bei Bq, WP. 1, 243f., W.-Hofmann s. vīrus.
4.
Grammatical information: m.
Meaning: rust on iron, verdigris on copper, bronze (Thgn., Hp., Pl., Theoc., SIG 284, 15 [Chios IVa]).
Derivatives: ἰώδης rust-coloured (Hp., Thphr.).
Origin: XX [etym. unknown]
Etymology: Given the changing meaning of IE *u̯īs(o)- (s. on 3. ἰός) our word has been identified with it (Fick 23, 242). It could be due to different uses according to occupation; note, that ἰός rust as opposed to ἰός poison was used also in prose, what may point to a stilistic differentiation.
Middle Liddell
ἰ¯ός, ὁ,
I. rust, Theogn., Plat.
II. poison, as of serpents, Trag.
1
an arrow, Il., Trag.
Frisk Etymology German
ἰός: 1.
{iós}
Meaning: ein und derselbe, der eine
See also: s. ἴα.
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2.
{īós}
Forms: pl. ἰοί, auch ἰά (Υ 68; zum Genuswechsel Schwyzer-Debrunner 37 m. Lit.)
Grammar: m.,
Meaning: Pfeil (ep. poet. seit Il.; Trümpy Fachausdrücke 67).
Composita : Als Vorderglied z. B. in ἰοδόκος Pfeile aufnehmend (φαρέτρη Hom.), -η f. Köcher (A. R. u. a.); zu ἰοχέαιρα s. bes.
Etymology : Aus *ἰσϝο- und bis auf den erweiternden Themavokal (Schwyzer 472) mit aind. íṣu-, aw. išu- Pfeil identisch (Curtius 402; weitere Lit. bei Bq).
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3.
{īós}
Grammar: m.
Meaning: Gift (Pi., Trag., auch Plu. u. a.).
Composita : Als Vorderglied z. B. in ἰοβόρος ‘(wie) Gift verzehrend’ (Nik., Opp.);
Derivative: Ableitung ἰώδης giftig (Kaiserzeit).
Etymology : Altes Wort für Gift, oft durch euphemistische Ausdrücke ersetzt (φάρμακον, lat. venēnum, germ. gift, frz. poison usw.), aber noch in den Randsprachen, d. h. Indoiranischen und Italokeltischen vorhanden: aind. vĭṣá- n., aw. vī̆ša-, lat. vīrus n. (Genus sekundär) = irisch fī, idg. *u̯ī̆so-; zum Quantitätswechsel vgl. z. B. die Fälle bei Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 91. Neben diesen thematischen Formen steht im Indoiranischen das einsilbige aw. viš- ib. und, mit abweichender Bedeutung, aind. viṣ- faeces. Ähnlich bedeutet lat. vīrus auch zähe Flüssigkeit, Schleim, Saft; vgl. noch kymr. gwyar Blut und 4. ἰός. Da idg. *u̯ī̆s(o)- seinerseits wahrscheinlich eintabuistisches Ersatzwort ist, kommt weitere Beziehung zu einem Verb, aind. veṣati zerfließen (Gramm.; mehrdeutig véṣantīr als Beiwort der Ströme RV. 1, 181, 6), wozu u. a. germ. Flußnamen wie Wisura Weser, Vistula Weichsel (zuletzt Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforschung 4, 38ff.), ernstlich in Betracht. — Lit. bei Bq, WP. 1, 243f., W.-Hofmann s. vīrus.
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4.
{īós}
Grammar: m.
Meaning: Grünspan, Rost (Thgn., Hp., Pl., Theok., Dsk., Plu., SIG 284, 15 [Chios IVa]).
Derivative: Davon ἰώδης grünspanfarbig, rostfarbig (Hp., Thphr., Kall. Hist., Dsk., Plu. u. a.).
Etymology : Angesichts der wechselnden Bedeutung von idg. *u̯ī̆s(o)- (s. zu 3. ἰός) liegt es unzweifelhaft am nächsten, mit Fick 23, 242 ιός Grünspan, Rost mit ἰός Gift zu identifizieren. Es kann sich dabei um berufsmäßige Verschiedenheiten des Sprachgebrauchs handeln; zu bemerken ist noch, daß ἰός Grünspan, Rost im Gegensatz zu ἰός Gift seit alters auch in der Prosa benutzt wurde, was auch für eine stilistische Differenzierung spricht.
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Chinese
原文音譯:„Òj 衣哦士
詞類次數:名詞(3)
原文字根:蛇的毒液
字義溯源:銹*,毒,毒氣;或源自(εἰμί)X=行走*,去)。這字有二意義,二者都有擾害的作用:
1)銹,有侵蝕的能力
2)毒,有惡毒的能力
同源字:1) (ἰός)銹 2) (κατιόω)生銹
出現次數:總共(3);羅(1);雅(2)
譯字彙編:
1) 毒氣(2) 羅3:13; 雅3:8;
2) 銹(1) 雅5:3