| |Definition=ἡ, τό, is, when thus written, <span class="sense"> <span class="bld">A</span> demonstr. Pronoun. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">B</span> in Att., definite or prepositive Article. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">C</span> in Ep., the so-called postpositive Article, = relative Pronoun, <b class="b3">ὅς, ἥ, ὅ</b>.—The nom. masc. and fem. sg. and pl., ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, have no accent in codd. and most printed books, exc. when used as the relative ; but ὁ, ἡ, οἱ<b class="b3">, αἱ</b> differ only in writing from <b class="b3">ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, αἳ</b> ; the nom. forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr.1.474 to be oxytone, and by <span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Pron.</span>8.7</span> not to be enclitic. The forms <b class="b3">τῶν, τοῖς, ταῖς</b> were barytone (i. e. <b class="b3">τὼν, τοὶς, ταὶς</b>) in Aeol. acc. to Aristarch. ap. <span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Synt.</span>51.26</span>. For οἱ<b class="b3">, αἱ</b> some dialects (not Cypr., cf. <span class="title">Inscr.Cypr.</span>135.30H., nor Cret., cf.<span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span> 5.28, nor Lesbian, cf. <span class="bibl">Alc.81</span>, <span class="bibl">Sapph.<span class="title">Supp.</span>5.1</span>) and Hom. have <b class="b3">τοί, ταί</b> (though οἱ<b class="b3">, αἱ</b> are also found in Hom.) : other Homeric forms are gen. sg. <b class="b3">τοῖο</b>, gen. and dat. dual τοῖιν <span class="bibl">Od.18.34</span>, al. : gen. pl. fem. <b class="b3">τάων [ᾱ],</b> dat. <b class="b3">τοῖσι, τῇς</b> and <b class="b3">τῇσι</b>, never <b class="b3">ταῖσι</b> or <b class="b3">ταῖς</b> in Hom.— In Dor. and all other dialects exc. Att. and Ion. the fem. forms preserve the old ᾱ instead of changing it to η, hence Dor. etc. <b class="b3">ἁ, τάν, τᾶς</b> ; the gen. pl. <b class="b3">τάων</b> contracts in many dialects to <b class="b3">τᾶν</b> ; the gen. sg. is in many places <b class="b3">τῶ</b>, acc. pl. <b class="b3">τώς</b>, but Cret., etc., <b class="b3">τόνς</b> (<span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>7.7, al.) or <b class="b3">τός</b> (ib.3.50, al.) ; in Lesbian Aeol. the acc. pl. forms are <b class="b3">τοὶς, ταὶς</b>, <span class="title">IG</span>12(2).645 <span class="title">A</span>13, <span class="title">B</span>62 ; dat. pl. <b class="b3">τοῖς, ταῖς</b> (or <b class="b3">τοὶς, ταὶς</b>, v. supr.), ib.645 <span class="title">A</span>8, ib.1.6 ; <b class="b3">ταῖσι</b> as demonstr., Sapph. 16. The Att. Poets also used the Ion. and Ep. forms <b class="b3">τοῖσι, ταῖσι</b> ; and in Trag. we find <b class="b3">τοὶ μέν... τοὶ δέ . .</b>, for <b class="b3">οἱ μέν... οἱ δέ . .</b>, not only in lyr., as <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>584</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>295</span>,<span class="bibl">298</span> ; οἱ μέν . . τοὶ δ' <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>1404</span> (anap.) ; but even in a trimeter, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>424</span>. In Att. the dual has usu. only one gender, <b class="b3">τὼ θεώ</b> (for <b class="b3">τὰ θεά</b>) <span class="bibl">And.1.113</span> sq. ; <b class="b3">τὼ πόλεε</b> Foed. ap. <span class="bibl">Th.5.23</span> ; τὼ ἡμέρα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.2.11</span> ; τὼ χεῖρε <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.3.18</span> ; τοῖν χεροῖν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>155e</span> ; τοῖν γενεσέοιν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phd.</span>71e</span> ; τοῖν πολέοιν <span class="bibl">Isoc.4.75</span> (τά <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>769</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>424</span>,<span class="bibl">484</span>, ταῖν <span class="bibl">Lys.19.17</span>, <span class="bibl">Is.5.16</span>, etc. have been corrected) ; in Arc. the form <b class="b3">τοῖς</b> functions as gen. dual fem., μεσακόθεν τοῖς κράναιυν <span class="title">Schwyzer</span>664.8 (Orchom., iv B.C.) :—in Elean and Boeot. ὁ<b class="b3">, ἡ (ἁ), τό,</b> with the addition of <b class="b3">-ί</b>, = [[ὅδε]], ἥδε, τόδε, nom.pl. masc. <b class="b3">τυΐ</b> <b class="b2">the following</b> men, <span class="title">Schwyzer</span>485.14 (Thespiae, iii B.C.), al., cf. infr. VIII. 5. (With ὁ<b class="b3">, ἁ</b>, cf. Skt. demonstr. pron. <b class="b2">sa, sā</b>, Goth. <b class="b2">sa, sō</b>, ONorse <b class="b2">sá, sú</b>, Old Lat. acc. <b class="b2">sum, sam</b> (Enn.) : —with τό [from <b class="b3">*τόδ</b>] cf. Skt. <b class="b2">tat (tad)</b>, Lat. <b class="b2">is-tud</b>, Goth. <b class="b2">pata</b>: —with <b class="b3">τοί</b> cf. Skt. <b class="b2">te</b>, Lith. <b class="b2">tĩe</b>, OE. <b class="b2">pá</b>, etc. :—with <b class="b3">τάων</b> cf. Skt. <b class="b2">tāsām</b>, Lat. <b class="b2">is-tarum</b> :— the origin of the relative <b class="b3">ὅς, ἥ, ὅ</b> (q. v.) is different.) </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">A</span> ὁ, ἡ, τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN, <b class="b2">that</b>, the oldest and in Hom. the commonest sense : freq. also in Hdt. (<span class="bibl">1.86</span>,<span class="bibl">5.35</span>,al.), and sts. in Trag. (mostly in lyr., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>1047</span>, etc.; in trimeters, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span>197</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ag.</span>7</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span> 174</span> ; <b class="b3">τῶν γάρ... τῆς γάρ . .</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span>358</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1082</span> ; seldom in Att. Prose, exc. in special phrases, v. infr. VI, VII) : </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">I</span> joined with a Subst., to call attention to it, <b class="b3">ὁ Τυδεΐδης</b> <b class="b2">he</b>—Tydeus' <b class="b2">famous</b> son, <span class="bibl">Il. 11.660</span>; <b class="b3">τὸν Χρύσην</b> <b class="b2">that venerable man</b> Chryses, I.II : and so with Appellat., <b class="b3">Νέστωρ ὁ γέρων</b> N.—<b class="b2">that</b>aged man, <span class="bibl">7.324</span> ; <b class="b3">αἰετοῦ . . τοῦ θηρητῆρος</b> the eagle, <b class="b2">that which is called</b> hunter, <span class="bibl">21.252</span>, al. ; also to define and give emphasis, <b class="b3">τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου</b> for honour, <b class="b2">namely that</b> of Priam, <span class="bibl">20.181</span> ; <b class="b3">οἴχετ' ἀνὴρ ὤριστος</b> a man is gone, <b class="b2">and he</b> the best, <span class="bibl">11.288</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">13.433</span>, al.: sts. with words between the Pron. and Noun, αὐτὰρ ὁ αὖτε Πέλοψ <span class="bibl">2.105</span> ; τὸν Ἕκτορι μῦθον ἐνίσπες <span class="bibl">11.186</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">703</span>, al. :—different from this are cases like <span class="bibl">Il.1.409</span> <b class="b3">αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ' ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιούς</b> if he would help the Trojans, but drive <b class="b2">those</b> back to the ships—<b class="b2">I mean</b> the Achaeans, where <b class="b3">Ἀχ</b>. is only added to explain <b class="b3">τούς</b>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.472</span>, <span class="bibl">4.20</span>,<span class="bibl">329</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">II</span> freq. without a Subst., <b class="b2">he, she, it</b>, ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε <span class="bibl">Il.1.12</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">III</span> placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons., <b class="b3">ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσι</b> far above the rest, <b class="b2">above those to wit</b> who, etc., <span class="bibl">Il.17.172</span> ; <b class="b3">οἷ' οὔ πώ τιν' ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν . . Ἀχαιαί</b> such as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old, <b class="b2">those women to wit</b> who... <span class="bibl">Od.2.119</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.5.332</span> ; θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε τέκτων ξέσσεν <span class="bibl">Od.21.43</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.116</span>, <span class="bibl">10.74</span> :—for the Att. usage v. infr. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">IV</span> before a Possessive Pron. its demonstr. force is sts. very manifest, <b class="b3">φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένος</b> <b class="b2">that</b> spirit of thine, <span class="bibl">Il.6.407</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">11.608</span> ; but in <span class="bibl">15.58</span>, <span class="bibl">16.40</span>, and elsewh. it is merely the Art. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">V</span> for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic, v. infr. B. init. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">VI</span> <b class="b3">ὁ μέν... ὁ δέ . .</b> without a Subst., in all cases, genders, and numbers, Hom., etc. : sts. in Opposition, where <b class="b3">ὁ μέν</b> prop. refers to <b class="b2">the former</b>, <b class="b3">ὁ δέ</b> to <b class="b2">the latter</b> ; more rarely <b class="b3">ὁ μέν</b> <b class="b2">the latter</b>, ὁ δέ <b class="b2">the former</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>359e</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.2.32</span>,34 : sts. in Partition, <b class="b2">the one... the other . .</b>, etc.—The Noun with it is regularly in gen. pl., being divided by the <b class="b3">ὁ μέν... ὁ δέ . .</b>, into parts, ἠΐθεοι καὶ παρθένοι... τῶν δ' αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατο <span class="bibl">Il.18.595</span> ; τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>338d</span>, etc. : but freq. the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition, ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενον <span class="bibl">Il.5.28</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.12.73</span>, etc.: so in Trag. and Att., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span> 22</span>, etc. ; πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἔξω ἀπορρεῖ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>255c</span> ; if the Noun be collective, it is in the gen. sg., ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενος <span class="bibl">D.42.6</span> : sts. a Noun is added in apposition with <b class="b3">ὁ μέν</b> or ὁ δέ, ὁ μὲν οὔτασ' Ἀτύμνιον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ Ἀντίλοχος... Μάρις δὲ . . <span class="bibl">Il.16.317</span>-<span class="bibl">19</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">116</span> ; τοὺς μὲν τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἠνάγκασα, τοὺς πλουσίους, τοὺς δὲ πένητας κτλ. <span class="bibl">D.18.102</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>501a</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> when a neg. accompanies <b class="b3">ὁ δέ</b>, it follows <b class="b3">δέ</b>, e.g. τὰς γοῦν Ἀθήνας οἶδα τὸν δὲ χῶρον οὔ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>24</span> ; τὸν φιλόσοφον σοφίας ἐπιθυμητὴν εἶναι, οὐ τῆς μὲν τῆς δ' οὔ, ἀλλὰ πάσης <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>475b</span> ; οὐ πάσας χρὴ τὰς δόξας τιμᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τὰς δ' οὔ· οὐδὲ πάντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν τῶν δ' οὔ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Cri.</span>47a</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">ὁ μέν τις... ὁ δέ τις . .</b> is used in Prose, when the Noun to which ὁ refers is left indefinite, ἔλεγον ὁ μέν τις τὴν σοφίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν καρτερίαν... ὁ δέ τις καὶ τὸ κάλλος <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.1.41</span> ; νόμους . . τοὺς μὲν ὀρθῶς τιθέασιν τοὺς δέ τινας οὐκ ὀρθῶς <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>339c</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phlb.</span>13c</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">4</span> on <b class="b3">τὸ μέν... τὸ δέ . .</b>, or <b class="b3">τὰ μέν... τὰ δέ . .</b>, v. infr. VIII.<span class="bibl">4</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">ὁ μέν</b> is freq. used without a corresponding ὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν ἄρ' ἐσκίδναντο... Μυρμιδόνας δ' οὐκ εἴα ἀποσκίδνασθαι <span class="bibl">Il.23.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">24.722</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.8.12</span>, etc.: also folld. by ἀλλά, ἡ μὲν γάρ μ' ἐκέλευε... ἀλλ' ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔθελον <span class="bibl">Od.7.304</span> ; by <b class="b3">ἄλλος δέ</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.6.147</span>, etc. ; τὸν μὲν... ἕτερον δέ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>843</span>, etc. ; ὁ μέν... ὃς δέ . . <span class="bibl">Thgn.205</span> (v.l. [[οὐδέ]]) : less freq. <b class="b3">ὁ δέ</b> in the latter clause without <b class="b3">ὁ μέν</b> preceding, <b class="b3">τῇ ῥα παραδραμέτην φεύγων, ὁ δ' ὄπισθε διώκων</b> (for <b class="b3">ὁ μὲν φεύγων</b>) <span class="bibl">Il.22.157</span> ; σφραγῖδε . . χρυσοῦν ἔχουσα τὸν δακτύλιον, ἡ δ' ἑτέρα ἀργυροῦν <span class="title">IG</span>22.1388.45, cf. μέν D. III ; γεωργὸς μὲν εἷς, ὁ δὲ οἰκοδόμος, ἄλλος δέ τις ὑφαντής <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> 369d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tht.</span>181d</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b3">ὁ δέ</b> following <b class="b3">μέν</b> sts. refers to the subject of the preceding clause, τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ', ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον . . βεβλήκει <span class="bibl">Il. 4.491</span> ; τὴν μὲν γενομένην αὐτοῖσι αἰτίην οὐ μάλα ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφι <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.66</span>,<span class="bibl">6.9</span>,<span class="bibl">133</span>,<span class="bibl">7.6</span> : rare in Att. Prose, ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν· ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήν <span class="bibl">Th.1.87</span> ; ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον· οἱ δ' οὐ κατεῖχον <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.2.6</span> : this is different from <b class="b3">ὁ δέ</b> in apodosi, v. infr. <span class="bibl">7</span> ; also from passages in which both clauses have a common verb, v. [[ὅ γε]] <span class="bibl">11</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">7</span> <b class="b3">ὁ δέ</b> is freq. used simply in continuing a narrative, <span class="bibl">Il.1.43</span>, etc.; also used by Hom. in apodosi after a relat., v. [[ὅδε]] <span class="bibl">111.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">8</span> the opposition may be expressed otherwise than by <b class="b3">μέν</b> and δέ, οὔθ' ὁ . . οὔθ' ὁ <span class="bibl">Il.15.417</span> ; ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>439</span> ; οὔτε τοῖς οὔτε τοῖς <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>701e</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">VII</span> the following usages prevailed in Att. Prose, </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">1</span> in dialogue, after <b class="b3">καί</b>, it was usual to say in nom. sg. masc. <b class="b3">καὶ ὅς</b> ; in the other cases the usual forms of the Art. were used (v. ὅς A. II.I and cf. Skt. <b class="b2">sas</b>, alternat. form of <b class="b2">sa</b>) ; so, in acc., καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>174a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.3.9</span>, etc.; also in Hdt., καὶ τὴν φράσαι <span class="bibl">6.61</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ὁ καὶ ὁ</b> <b class="b2">such and such</b>, τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>721b</span> : but mostly in acc., καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν <span class="bibl">Lys.1.23</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>784d</span> ; τὰ καὶ τὰ πεπονθώς <span class="bibl">D.21.141</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">9.68</span> ; τὸ καὶ τό <span class="bibl">Id.18.243</span> ; <b class="b3">ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό</b> it must then be <b class="b2">so and so</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1401a4</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1413a22</span> ; but <b class="b3">τὰ καὶ τά</b> <b class="b2">now one thing, now another</b>, of good and bad, τὸν δ' ἀγαθὸν τολμᾶν χρὴ τά τε καὶ τὰ φέρειν <span class="bibl">Thgn.398</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>5.55</span>,<span class="bibl">7.20</span>, al.; τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">O.</span> 2.53</span> ; so <b class="b3">πάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά</b>, of excess and defect, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Acut.</span>46</span> ; cf. A. VI.8. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">VIII</span> abs. usages of single cases, </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">1</span> fem. dat. <b class="b3">τῇ</b>, of Place, <b class="b2">there, on that spot, here, this way, that way</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.5.752</span>,<span class="bibl">858</span>, al.: folld. by <b class="b3">ᾗ</b>, <span class="bibl">13.52</span>, etc.: also in Prose, τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Ath.</span>2.12</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">b</span> with a notion of motion towards, <b class="b2">that way, in that direction</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.10.531</span>,<span class="bibl">11.149</span>, <span class="bibl">12.124</span> ; τῇ ἴμεν ᾗ . . <span class="bibl">15.46</span> ; δελφῖνες τῇ καὶ τῇ ἐθύνεον ἰχθυάοντες <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>210</span> :—only poet. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">c</span> of Manner, τῇ περ τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν <b class="b2">in this way, thus</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.8.510</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">d</span> repeated, <b class="b3">τῇ μέν... τῇ δέ . .</b>, <b class="b2">in one way... in another . .</b>, or <b class="b2">partly... partly . .</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>356</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>211a</span>, etc.: without μέν, τῇ μᾶλλον, τῇ δ' ἧσσον <span class="bibl">Parm.8.48</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">e</span> relat., <b class="b2">where, by which way</b>, only Ep., as <span class="bibl">Il.12.118</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.4.229</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> neut. dat. <b class="b3">τῷ</b>, <b class="b2">therefore, on this account</b>, freq. in Hom., <span class="bibl">Il.1.418</span>, <span class="bibl">2.254</span>, al. (v. infr.) : also in Trag., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>239</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>510</span> (lyr.) ; in Prose, τῷ τοι . . <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span> 179d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Sph.</span>230b</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b2">thus, so</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.373</span>, <span class="bibl">13.57</span>, etc.: it may also, esp. when <b class="b3">εἰ</b> precedes, be translated, <b class="b2">then, if this be so, on this condition</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.1.239</span>,<span class="bibl">3.224</span>,<span class="bibl">258</span>,al., <span class="bibl">Theoc.29.11</span>.—In Hom. the true form is prob. <b class="b3">τῶ</b>, as in cod. A, or <b class="b3">τώ</b>, cf. <span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Adv.</span>199.2</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> neut. acc. τό, <b class="b2">wherefore</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.3.176</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.8.332</span>, al., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>142</span>(lyr.) ; also <b class="b3">τὸ δέ</b> abs., but <b class="b2">the fact is . .</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>23a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Men.</span>97c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>109d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tht.</span> 157b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>340d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lg.</span>967a</span> ; even when the τό refers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (cf. supr. VI. <span class="bibl">6</span>), τὸ δ' ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ . . ἐπετήδευσαν <span class="bibl">Th.1.37</span> ; τὸ δὲ . . ἡμῖν μᾶλλον περιέσται <span class="bibl">Id.2.89</span> ; <b class="b3">φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι· τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦν</b> but he was not, <span class="bibl">Nic.Dam.58J.</span> </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">τὸ μέν... τὸ δέ . .</b>, <b class="b2">partly... partly . .</b>, or <b class="b2">on the one hand... on the other . .</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.7.36</span>, etc., cf.<span class="bibl">Od.2.46</span> ; more freq. <b class="b3">τὰ μέν... τὰ δέ . .</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.173</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>534</span>, etc.; also τὰ μέν τι... τὰ δέ τι . . <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.1.14</span> ; τὸ μέν τι... τὸ δέ τι . . <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Macr.</span>14</span> ; τὰ μέν... τὸ δὲ πλέον . . <span class="bibl">Th.1.90</span> : sts. without <b class="b3">τὸ μέν . .</b> in the first clause, τὸ δέ τι <span class="bibl">Id.1.107</span>,<span class="bibl">7.48</span> : rarely of Time, <b class="b3">τὰ μὲν πολλὰ... τέλος δέ</b> several <b class="b2">times . .</b> and finally, <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.85</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">5</span> of Time, sts. <b class="b2">that</b> time, sts. <b class="b2">this</b> (present) time, <b class="b3">συνμαχία κ' ἔα ἑκατὸν ϝέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοΐ</b> (where it is possible, but not necessary, to supply <b class="b3">ϝέτος</b>) <span class="title">SIG</span>9.3 (Olympia, vi B.C.): so with Preps., <b class="b3">ἐκ τοῦ</b>, Ep. <b class="b3">τοῖο</b>, from <b class="b2">that</b> time, <span class="bibl">Il.1.493</span>,<span class="bibl">15.601</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">πρὸ τοῦ</b>, sts. written <b class="b3">προτοῦ</b>, <b class="b2">before this, aforetime</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.103</span>,<span class="bibl">122</span>,<span class="bibl">5.55</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1204</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>5</span>, etc.; ἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ χρόνῳ <span class="bibl">Th.1.32</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>462</span> ; τὸ πρὸ τοῦ <span class="bibl">D.S.20.59</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">c</span> in Thess. Prose, <b class="b3">ὑππρὸ τᾶς</b> <b class="b2">yesterday</b>, <b class="b3">τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμον</b> the decree which was passed <b class="b2">yesterday</b> (lit. before <b class="b2">this</b> [day]), and to-day's, <span class="title">IG</span>9(2).517.43 (Larissa, iii B.C.). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖς</b> is freq. used in Prose with Superlatives, <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον</b> a <b class="b2">most</b> marvellous thing, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.137</span> ; <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι</b> the <b class="b2">very</b> first, <span class="bibl">Th.1.6</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖσι πρῶτος</b> (<b class="b3">πρώτοις</b> codd.) <span class="bibl">Pherecr.145.4</span> ; <b class="b3">[Ζεὺς] Ἔρωτά τε καὶ Ἀνάγκην ἐν τοῖς πρῶτα ἐγέννησεν</b> first <b class="b2">of all</b>, <span class="bibl">Aristid. <span class="title">Or.</span>43(1).16</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">37(2).2</span>: when used with fem. Nouns, <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖς</b> remained without change of gender, <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆες</b> the greatest number of ships, <span class="bibl">Th.3.17</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ἡ στάσις</b>) ib.<span class="bibl">82</span> : also with Advbs., ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα <span class="bibl">Id.8.90</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cri.</span>52a</span>, Plu.2.74e, 421d, 723e, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Brut.</span>6</span>, <span class="bibl">11</span>,al., <span class="bibl">Paus.1.16.3</span>, etc.; ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα <span class="bibl">Th.7.71</span> ; τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα μελάγγειον οὖσαν Plu.2.364c : in late Prose, also with Positives, ἐν τοῖς παράδοξον <span class="bibl">Aristid.<span class="title">Or.</span>48(24).47</span> codd.; with πάνυ, ἐν τοῖς πάνυ <span class="bibl">D.H.1.19</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">66</span> (<b class="b3">ἐν ταῖς πάνυ</b> f.l. <span class="bibl">4.14</span>,<span class="bibl">15</span>). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">B</span> ὁ, ἡ, τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, <b class="b2">the</b>, to specify individuals : rare in this signf. in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In Hom. the demonstr. force can generally be traced, v. supr. A. I, but the definite Art. must be recognized in places like <span class="bibl">Il.1.167</span>,<span class="bibl">7.412</span>, <span class="bibl">9.309</span>, <span class="bibl">12.289</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.19.372</span> : also when joined to an Adj. to make it a Subst., αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον <b class="b2">the hindmost man</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.11.178</span> ; τὸν ἄριστον <span class="bibl">17.80</span> ; τὸν δύστηνον <span class="bibl">22.59</span> ; τὸν προὔχοντα <span class="bibl">23.325</span> ; <b class="b3">τῷ πρώτῳ... τῷ δευτέρῳ . .</b>, etc., ib.<span class="bibl">265s</span>q. ; also in τῶν ἄλλων <span class="bibl">2.674</span>, al.: with Advs., τὸ πρίν <span class="bibl">24.543</span>, al.; τὸ πάρος περ <span class="bibl">17.720</span> ; τὸ πρόσθεν <span class="bibl">23.583</span> ; also <b class="b3">τὸ τρίτον</b> ib.<span class="bibl">733</span> ; τὰ πρῶτα <span class="bibl">1.6</span>,al.; <b class="b3">τὸ μὲν ἄλλο</b> for <b class="b2">the</b> rest, <span class="bibl">23.454</span> ; ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε <span class="bibl">9.559</span>.—The true Art., however, is first fully established in fifth-cent. Att., whilst the demonstr. usage disappears, exc. in a few cases, V. A. VI-VIII.—Chief usages, esp. in Att. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">I</span> not only with common Appellats., Adjs., and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also freq. where we use the Possessive Pron., τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθην <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>5</span> ; <b class="b3">τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην</b> <b class="b2">my</b> head was broken, <span class="bibl">And.1.61</span>, etc. ; <b class="b3">τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα</b> we make <b class="b2">our</b> friends, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>190</span> ; <b class="b3">τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζον</b> they began founding <b class="b2">their</b> cities, <span class="bibl">Th.1.12</span>; οὐχ ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐσίαν ποιούμενοι τοὺς παῖδας <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>372b</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">b</span> omitted with pr.nn.and freq. with Appellats. which require no specification, as <b class="b3">θεός, βασιλεύς</b>, v. [[θεός]] <span class="bibl">1.1</span>, <b class="b3">βασιλεύς</b> III ; <b class="b3">ἐμ πόλει</b> in <b class="b2">the</b> Acropolis, <span class="title">IG</span>12.4.1, al.: but added to pr. nn., when attention is to be called to the previous mention of the person, as Th. (<span class="bibl">3.70</span>) speaks first of <b class="b3">Πειθίας</b> and then refers to him repeatedly as <b class="b3">ὁ Π</b>.; cf. [[Θράσυλος]] in <span class="bibl">Id.8.104</span>, with <b class="b3">ὁ Θ</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">105</span> ; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished, <b class="b3">Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ Ζεύς</b> whoever <b class="b2">this</b> Zeus is, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Fr.</span>480</span> ; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, as <b class="b3">Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος</b>: seldom in Trag. with pr. nn., save to give pecul. emphasis, like Lat. <b class="b2">ille</b>, <b class="b3">ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>729</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>35</span>, etc. : later, however, the usage became very common (the Homeric usage of ὁ with a pr. n. is different, v. A.I). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">c</span> Aristotle says <b class="b3">Σωκράτης</b> meaning the historical Socrates, as in <span class="title">SE</span>183b7, <span class="title">PA</span>642a28, al., but <b class="b3">ὁ Σωκράτης</b> when he means the Platonic Socrates, as <span class="title">Pol.</span>1261a6, al.: so with other pr.nn., <span class="title">EN</span>1145a21, 1146a21, al. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">d</span> for <b class="b3">Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος</b>, etc., v. [[καί]] B.2. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type, οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν . . λεύσσει <span class="bibl">Il.3.109</span>; πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης <span class="bibl">D.18.242</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">b</span> freq. with abstract Nouns, ἥ τε ἐλπὶς καὶ ὁ ἔρως <span class="bibl">Th.3.45</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> of outstanding members of a class, <b class="b3">ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός</b>, v. [[γεωγράφος]], κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">4</span> with infs., which thereby become Substs., <b class="b3">τὸ εἴργειν</b> prevention, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>505b</span> ; <b class="b3">τὸ φρονεῖν</b> good sense, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1348</span>(anap.), etc.: when the subject is expressed it is put between the Art.and the inf., <b class="b3">τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι</b> <b class="b2">the</b> existence of gods, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span> 62b</span> ; <b class="b3">τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον</b> <b class="b2">the fact</b> or <b class="b2">statement</b> that no one is happy, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.86</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">5</span> in neut. before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought, <b class="b3">τὸ ἄνθρωπος</b> <b class="b2">the word</b> or <b class="b2">notion</b> man ; <b class="b3">τὸ λέγω</b> <b class="b2">the word</b> <b class="b3">λέγω</b> ; <b class="b3">τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν</b> <b class="b2">the sentiment</b> 'ne quid nimis', <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>265</span>(lyr.); <b class="b3">τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ</b> <b class="b2">the phrase</b> <b class="b3">τῇ αὐτῇ</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Men.</span>72e</span> : and so before whole clauses, <b class="b3">ἡ δόξα . . περὶ τοῦ οὕστινας δεῖ ἄρχειν</b> the opinion about <b class="b2">the question</b> 'who ought to rule', <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>431e</span> ; <b class="b3">τὸ ἐὰν μένητε παρ' ἐμοί, ἀποδώσω</b> <b class="b2">the phrase</b> 'I will give back, if . . ', <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span> 5.1.21</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>327c</span>, etc.; τοὺς τοῦ τί πρακτέον λογισμούς <span class="bibl">D.23.148</span> ; <b class="b3">τὸ ὀλίγοι</b> <b class="b2">the term</b> few, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1283b11</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">6</span> before relat. clauses, when the Art. serves to combine the whole relat. clause into one notion, <b class="b3">τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι</b> <b class="b2">the</b> harshness you speak of, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>435a</span> ; <b class="b3">τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν... καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος</b> (i.e. <b class="b3">καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινος</b>) <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Criti.</span>115b</span> ; τῶν ὅσοι ἂν . . ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσιν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>469b</span> ; ἐκ γῆς καὶ πυρὸς μείξαντες καὶ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυται <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>320d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hyp.<span class="title">Lyc.</span>2</span> ; ταύτην τε τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Metaph.</span>987a8</span> ; τὸν ὃς ἔφη <span class="bibl">Lys.23.8</span> : hence the relat., by attraction, freq. follows the case of the Art., <b class="b3">τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">τοῖς οὖσιν οἷοι ἡμεῖς καὶ ὑμεῖς</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>2.3.25</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">7</span> before Prons., </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">a</span> before the pers. Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in acc., τὸν ἐμέ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>166a</span>,<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phlb.</span>20b</span> ; <b class="b3">τὸν . . σὲ καὶ ἐμέ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">59b</span> ; τὸν αὑτόν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>258a</span> ; on <b class="b3">ὁ αὐτός</b>, v. [[αὐτός]] <span class="bibl">111</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">b</span> before the interrog. Pron. (both <b class="b3">τίς</b> and <b class="b3">ποῖος</b>), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>251</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Pax</span>696</span> ; also <b class="b3">τὰ τί</b>; because <b class="b3">οἷα</b> went before, ib.<span class="bibl">693</span>. Of <b class="b3">τίς</b> only the neut. is thus used (v.supr.): <b class="b3">ποῖος</b> is thus used not only in neut. pl., <b class="b3">τὰ ποῖα</b>; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>707</span> ; but also in the other genders, <b class="b3">ὁ ποῖος</b>; ib. <span class="bibl">1704</span> ; <b class="b3">τῆς ποίας μερίδος</b>; <span class="bibl">D.18.64</span> ; <b class="b3">τοῖς ποίοις . .</b>; <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ph.</span>227b1</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">c</span> with <b class="b3">τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος</b>, etc., the Art. either makes the Pron. into a Subst., ὁ τοιοῦτος <b class="b2">that sort of person</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.2.21</span>, etc.; or subjoins it to a Subst. which already has an Art., τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην <span class="bibl">D.41.13</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">8</span> before <b class="b3">ἅπας</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>1.69</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.64</span>, <span class="bibl">7.153</span> (s.v.l.), <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1224</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">D.18.231</span>, etc.; also <b class="b3">τὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1287b8</span>, <span class="bibl">1288a19</span> : on its usage with <b class="b3">ἕκαστος</b>, v. sub voc.; and on <b class="b3">οἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί</b>, etc., v. [[ἄλλος]] <span class="bibl">11.6</span>, πολύς <span class="bibl">11.3</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">9</span> the Art. with the Comp. is rare, if <b class="b3">ἤ</b> follows, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>313</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>796</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">II</span> elliptic expressions : </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">1</span> before the gen. of a pr.<*>., to express descent, <b class="b2">son</b> or <b class="b2">daughter</b>, <b class="b3">Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου</b> (sc. <b class="b3">υἱός</b>) <span class="bibl">Th.4.104</span> ; <b class="b3">Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διός</b> (sc. <b class="b3">θυγάτηρ</b>) <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>470</span> : also to denote other relationships, e.g. <b class="b2">brother</b>, <span class="bibl">Lys.32.24</span>, <span class="bibl">Alciphr.2.2.10</span> ; <b class="b3">ἡ Σμικυθίωνος Μελιστίχη</b> M.<b class="b2">the wife</b> of S., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ec.</span>46</span> ; <b class="b3">Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου</b> Cl. and his <b class="b2">men</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>1.2.15</span> ; <b class="b3">ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεος</b> <b class="b2">the slave</b> of A., <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Hum.</span>20</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> generally, before a gen. it indicates a wider relation, as <b class="b3">τὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν</b>, <b class="b2">the matter of</b> the ships, <b class="b2">the affair of</b> the Hermae, <span class="bibl">Th.4.23</span>,<span class="bibl">6.60</span> ; <b class="b3">τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσειν</b> to promote <b class="b2">the interests</b> of Arrhibaeus, <span class="bibl">Id.4.83</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">6.89</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τὸ τῆς τύχης</b>,=<b class="b3">ἡ τύχη</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.4.18</span> ; <b class="b3">τὰ τῆς τύχης</b> <b class="b2">accidents, chance events</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">55</span> ; <b class="b3">τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμος</b> performance of <b class="b2">the rites due to</b> the dead befits the living, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>78</span>(lyr.); <b class="b3">τὰ τῶν θεῶν</b> <b class="b2">that which is destined</b> by the gods, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>498</span>(lyr.) : hence with neut. of Possessive Pron., <b class="b3">τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν</b>, <b class="b2">what regards</b> me or thee, my or thy business or interests, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>124</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>251</span>, etc.: and with gen. of <span class="bibl">3</span> pers., τὸ τῆσδε <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>48</span>. But <b class="b3">τό τινος</b> is freq. also, <b class="b2">a man's word</b> or <b class="b2">saying</b>, as τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.86</span> ; <b class="b3">τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου</b> <b class="b2">as</b> Homer says, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>183e</span> ; also <b class="b3">τά τινος</b> so-and-so's <b class="b2">house</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>1432</span>, <span class="bibl">D.54.7</span>, <span class="bibl">Theoc.2.76</span>, <span class="bibl">Herod.5.52</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>2.49</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">3</span> very freq. with cases governed by Preps . . <b class="b3">αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆες</b> <b class="b2">the</b> ships from Zacynthus, <span class="bibl">Th.4.13</span> ; <b class="b3">οἱ ἀμφί τινα, οἱ περί τινα</b>, such an one and his followers, v. [[ἀμφί]] c.<span class="bibl">1.3</span>, <b class="b3">περί</b> c.<span class="bibl">1.2</span> ; also <b class="b3">τὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης</b> <b class="b2">the</b> Thrace-ward <b class="b2">district</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.59</span>, al.; <b class="b3">τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματος</b> <b class="b2">matters</b> on deck, <span class="bibl">Id.7.70</span> ; <b class="b3">τὰ ἀπ' Ἀλκιβιάδου</b> <b class="b2">the proposals</b> of Alcibiades, <span class="bibl">Id.8.48</span> ; <b class="b3">τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης</b> <b class="b2">the incidents</b> of fortune, <span class="bibl">Id.2.87</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">4</span> on <b class="b3">μὰ τόν, μὰ τήν</b>, etc., v. [[μά]] IV. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">5</span> in elliptical phrases, <b class="b3">ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ὁδόν</b>) <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ly.</span>203a</span> ; <b class="b3">ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ</b> (sc. <b class="b3">στολή, δέσις</b>), v. [[θάνατος]]; <b class="b3">κατὰ τὴν ἐμήν</b> (sc. <b class="b3">γνώμην</b>), v. [[ἐμός]] <span class="bibl">11.4</span> ; <b class="b3">ἡ αὔριον</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ἡμέρα</b>), v. [[αὔριον]]; <b class="b3">ἡ Λυδιστί</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ἁρμονία</b>) <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1342b32</span>, etc.: freq. with Advs., which thus take an adj. sense, as ὁ, ἡ<b class="b3">, τὸ νῦν</b>; ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦς <span class="bibl">Th.1.52</span> ; <b class="b3">οἱ τότε, οἱ ἔπειτα</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ἄνθρωποι</b>), ib.<span class="bibl">9</span>,<span class="bibl">10</span>, etc. ; but τό stands abs. with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply a Subst., as κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>266</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">[315]</span> (lyr.); ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθεν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Or.</span>1412</span>(lyr.): rarely abs. in gen., <b class="b3">ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω</b> to go forward, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>1.3.1</span> ; τοῦ προσωτάτω δραμεῖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>731</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">C</span> as RELATIVE PRONOUN in many dialects ; both in nom. sg. masc. <b class="b3">ὅ</b>, as κλῦθί μοι, ὃ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες <span class="bibl">Od.2.262</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.300</span>, al. ; Ἔρως, ὃ κατ' ὀμμάτων στάζεις πόθον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>526</span>(lyr.); Ἄδωνις, ὃ κἠν Ἀχέροντι φιλεῖται <span class="bibl">Theoc.15.86</span> ; <b class="b3">ὃ ἐξορύξη</b> <b class="b2">he who</b> banishes him, <span class="title">Schwyzer</span>679.12,25 (Cyprus) ; and in the forms beginning with τ, esp. in Hom. (<span class="bibl">Od.4.160</span>, al.), <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.7</span>, al.: also in Ion. Poets, ἐν τῷ κάθημαι <span class="bibl">Archil.87.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Semon.7.3</span>, <span class="bibl">Anacr.86</span> (prob.), <span class="bibl">Herod.2.64</span>, al.: freq. in Trag., τῆς <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1258</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>381</span>,<span class="bibl">728</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>883</span> (anap.); τῷ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>14</span> ; τήν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>747</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>47</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>1144</span> ; τό <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>1427</span> ; <b class="b3">τῶν</b> ib. <span class="bibl">1379</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>1086</span>.—Never in Com. or Att. Prose :—Ep. gen. sg. τεῦ <span class="bibl">Il.18.192</span>(s.v.l.). </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">D</span> CRASIS OF ARTICLE : </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">a</span> Att. ὁ, ἡ, τό, with ᾰ make ᾱ, as <b class="b3">ἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιον</b>; so οἱ, αἱ, τά, as <b class="b3">ἅνδρες, τἀγαθά</b>; also <b class="b3">τοῦ, τῷ</b>, as <b class="b3">τἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ</b>: ὁ, τό, οἱ, before e gives ου<b class="b3">, οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι</b>, etc.; also <b class="b3">τοῦ</b>, as <b class="b3">τοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντος</b>; but <b class="b3">ἅτερος, θάτερον</b> ( ¯ ?~X?~X), Ion. <b class="b3">οὕτερος, τοὔτερον</b> (v. <b class="b3">ἕτερος</b>), Att. fem. <b class="b3">ἡτέρα</b>, dat. <b class="b3">θητέρᾳ</b> (v. <b class="b3">ἕτερος</b>); <b class="b3">τῷ</b> loses the iota, <b class="b3">τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι</b>: ὁ, τό, before ο gives ου, as <b class="b3">Οὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα</b>: ὁ, τό, etc., before αυ gives ᾱυ<b class="b3">, αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ</b> (freq. written <b class="b3">ἁτός</b>, etc. in Inscrr. and Pap.); so <b class="b3">τὰ αὐτά</b>=<b class="b3">ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί</b>=<b class="b3">αὑταί</b>: ἡ before <b class="b3">εὐ</b> gives <b class="b3">ηὑ</b>, as <b class="b3">ηὑλάβεια</b>: <b class="b3">τῇ</b> before ἡ gives θη, as <b class="b3">θἠμέρᾳ</b>: <b class="b3">τὸ</b> before <b class="b3">ὑ</b> gives θου, as <b class="b3">θοὔδωρ</b> for <b class="b3">τὸ ὕδωρ</b>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">b</span> other dialects : in their treatment of crasis these follow the local laws of contraction, hence, e.g., Dor. <b class="b3">ὡξ</b> from ὁ ἐξ <span class="bibl">Theoc.1.65</span>, <b class="b3">ὥλαφος</b> from <b class="b3">ὁ ἔλαφος</b> ib.<span class="bibl">135</span> ; Ion. <b class="b3">ᾡσυμνήτης</b> from <b class="b3">ὁ αἰς</b>-<span class="title">SIG</span>57.45 (Milet., v B.C.) ; <b class="b3">ὡυτή</b> from ἡ αὐτή <span class="bibl">Heraclit.60</span>, etc.</span>
| |
| |ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-02-0284.png Seite 284]] ἡ, τό, eigtl, τόσ, τή, τό, einfachstes Demonstrativ-Correlativum zu πόσ, das aber wie [[οὗτος]] u. ὅδε im nom. masc. u. fem. sing. u. plur. das charakteristische τ der Demonstrativa verloren hat (ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ sind überdies Atona); nur [[τοί]] u. ταί erhalten, an einzelnen Stellen bei Hom. durch das Metrum geschützt; τοὶ μὲν – τοὶ δέ Aesch. Spt. 277. 480; Soph. Ai. 1383; gen. τοῦ, ep. [[τοῖο]]; dat. fem. plur. bei Hom. τῇσι, τῇς; ταῖς erst H. h. Merc. 200, v. l. ταῖσδε; –<b class="b2"> der, die, das;</b> – 1) als reines Demonstrativum, bei Hom. vorherrschend im Gebrauch; – a) <b class="b2">substantivisch</b> gebraucht; ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε, denn der war gekommen, Il. 1, 12, u. so überall bet Hom., bald nachdrücklicher hinweisend auf das eben Gesagte, bald schwächer die dritte Person überh. bezeichnend und unserm »er, sie, es« entsprechend, obgleich diese Uebersetzung sich immer von der lebhaften und plastischen homerischen Darstellung entfernt, die dadurch, daß sie immer wie mit dem Finger hinweiset, die Person als unmittelbar gegenwärtig vor das Auge des Hörers hinstellt; man vgl. z. B. ὡς ἔφατ' εὐχόμενος, τοῦ δ' ἔκλυε Φοῖβος Ἆπόλλων, den hörte Apollo, mit dem uns geläufigeren schwächeren »<b class="b2">ihn</b> hörte Apollo«, und halte damit die im Gebrauche der Pronomina ebenfalls einfachere und ärmere Sprache der Kinder und des Volkes zusammen; αὐτὰρ ὁ τοῖσιν ἀφείλετο νόστιμον [[ἦμαρ]], aber <b class="b2">der</b> nahm <b class="b2">denen</b> den Tag der Rückkehr, d. i. <b class="b2">der</b> aber nahm <b class="b2">ihnen</b>. Besonders sind die Fälle, wo so zwei verschiedene Personen bezeichnet werden, zu merken, wo die spätere ausgebildetere Sprache eine näher und eine ferner stehende unterscheidet, oder die Verschiedenheit als unwesentlich verwischt; οὐδ' ἐδύναντο οὔθ' ὁ τὸν ἐξελάσαι οὔθ' ὁ τὸν ἂψ ὤσασθαι, Il. 15, 417, wo man entweder mit [[οὗτος]] u. [[ἐκεῖνος]] unterscheiden oder allgemeiner ὁ [[ἕτερος]] τὸν ἕτερον sagen würde, Hom. aber wieder hinzeigend redet, weder <b class="b2">der</b> konnte<b class="b2"> den</b> heraustreiben, noch <b class="b2">der den</b> von sich zurückstoßen; ὁ τῷ πολέμιζε, Il. 15, 539, öfter. – Sehr verschieden hiervon ist das in Plat. Legg. einigemal vorkommende τὸν καὶ τόν, VI, 784 c, τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ, IV, 721 b, [[οὔτε]] τοῖς [[οὔτε]] τοῖς, III, 701 e, was unserm <b class="b2">»der und der</b>« entspricht, worin die hinzeigende Kraft ganz abgeschwächt ist u. ein beliebiger Gegenstand ohne bestimmte Entscheidung bezeichnet wird; vielleicht kam diese Verbindung in der gewöhnlichen Sprache häufig vor, obwohl auch Pind. Ol. 2, 53 sagt ὁ μὰν [[πλοῦτος]] ἀρεταῖς δεδαιδαλμένος φέρει τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόν; vgl. Lys. 19, 59, [[καί]] μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν, u. Dem. 9, 68, wo das Gerede der Leute lautet ἔδει γὰρ τὸ καὶ τὸ ποιῆσαι καὶ τὸ μὴ ποιῆσαι. – Eben so findet sich ὁ, ἡ, τό noch bei Her., den Doriern u. den attischen Dichtern gebraucht; καὶ τούς, Her. 1, 86 (über καὶ οἵ, welches wegen καὶ ὅς mit dem Accent versehen wird, obwohl es ebenfalls dies einfache Demonstrativum ist, s. ὅς); τοῦ [[εἵνεκα]], ἵνα –, ὅτι –, deswegen, damit –, weil –, 3, 46. 8, 85; sogar τοῦ αἵματος ἐμπίνει, für τούτου, dessen Blut, 4, 64; öfter ὁ δέ, τὸν δέ u. ä.; καὶ τοῖσι οὐδεὶς ἀντέβαινε, Aesch. Prom. 234; ἀνὴρ [[γυνή]] τε χὥτι τῶν μεταίχμιον, Spt. 179; καὶ τὸν οὐκ ἐκλύσεται, Eum. 166; τῶν γὰρ οὐ δεῖται [[πόλις]], Suppl. 453; τό μοι ἔννεπε, τί σοι χρεὼν ὑπουργεῖν, <b class="b2">das</b> sage mir, Soph. Phil. 192; τῆς γὰρ πέφυκα μητρός, von der bin ich geboren, <b class="b2">die</b> ist meine Mutter, O. R. 1082, vgl. 200; u. so oft auch bei Eur. ὁ δέ, ὁ γάρ, u. mit Präpositionen, πρὸς τῷ, ἐπὶ τοῖσι, οἰκτρὰν φίλοισιν, ἐκ δὲ τῶν μάλιστ' [[ἐμοί]], Alc. 274; so einzeln auch in attischer Prosa; ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι, Thuc. 1, 6 (vgl. [[μάλιστα]] u. a. superlat.); πρὸ τοῦ, vor dem, auch [[προτοῦ]] geschrieben, wobei man gewöhnlich χρόνου ergänzt; καὶ τὸν κελεῦσαι, Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 9; καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν, Plat. Conv. 174 a; καὶ τὸν ἰέναι, 213 a; ἐν δὲ τοῖς, Euthyd. 303 c, u. ähnl., bes. in dem von Hom. an bei allen Schriftstellern üblichen ὁ μὲν – ὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν – οἱ δέ, u. durch alle Casus, einen Gegensatz und gewöhnlich eine Eintheilung ausdrückend (der zwar – der aber),<b class="b2"> der eine</b> – <b class="b2">der andere</b>, dieser – jener; auch, bes. τὸ μὲν – τὸ δέ, durch <b class="b2">theils</b> – <b class="b2">theils</b> zu übersetzen, vgl. Od. 2, 46. 11, 443, welche Uebersetzung auch für den Fall zu wählen ist, wenn sich die Eintheilung auf ein nomen im sing. bezieht, πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἀποῤῥεῖ, Plat. Phaedr. 255 c, vgl. Legg. VIII, 838 a u. 839 b; bezieht sich die Eintheilung auf ein nomen im plur., so steht dies gew. im gen., τῶν δὲ αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας, Il. 18, 595; doch häufig findet es sich auch in gleichem Casus mit dem folgenden Pronomen, so daß die Eintheilung als eine nachträglich hinzugefügte erscheint, gleichsam die Apposition bildend zu dem voraufgeschickten Gesammtbegriff, δὴ τότ' ἀνασχομένω, ὁ μὲν ἤλασε δεξιὸν ὦμον, Ἰρος, ὁ δ' αὐχέν' ἔλασσεν, Od. 18, 95, wo noch das Hinzeigende hervorzuheben ist, <b class="b2">der hier</b> – <b class="b2">der aber</b>, wie ll. 7, 306; vgl. Hes. O. 160; Νεστορίδαι δ', ὁ μὲν οὔτασ' 'Ἀτύμνιον –, Il. 16, 517, vgl. Od. 19, 230; τὼ παῖδε φημὶ τώδε, τὴν μὲν [[ἀρτίως]] ἄνουν πεφάνθαι, τήν δ' ἀφ' οὗ τὰ πρῶτ' ἔφυ, Soph. Ant. 557, vgl. 22; ἐν τούτῳ οἱ φίλοι τῷ Κύρῳ προσῆγον οἱ μὲν Καδουσίους [[αὐτοῦ]] μένειν δεομένους, οἱ δὲ Ὑρκανίους, ὁ δέ τις Σάκας, ὁ δέ τις Γωβρύαν, manche auch, Xen. Cyr. 6, 1, 1; so mit τις auch τὰς μὲν εἶναί τινας ἡδονὰς ἀγαθάς, τὰς δέ τινας κακάς, Plat. Phil. 13 c; ἡδοναί τινές εἰσιν αἱ μὲν ἀγαθαί, αἱ δὲ κακαί, Gorg. 499 c; οἱ μὲν – τοὶ δέ steht Il. 10, 541; auch τὰ μὲν – τὰ δέ, wie τὸ μὲν – τὸ δέ, in Beziehung auf ein Adjectivum oder Verbum, <b class="b2">theils – </b><b class="b2">theils</b>, νόμοισι τὰ μὲν Κρητικοῖσι, τὰ δὲ Καρικοῖσι χρῶνται, Her. 1, 173; καὶ ταύτην τὴν ἡμέραν [[οὕτως]] ἐπορεύθησαν τὰ μέν τι μαχόμενοι, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἀναπαυόμενοι, Xen. An. 4, 1, 15; vgl. Thuc. 1, 118; Plat. Phaed. 96 d Rep. V, 458 d. – Auch verschiedene Casus des Pronomens werden so verbunden, τοὺς μὲν τιμωρεῖσθαι, τῶν δὲ ἐφίεσθαι, Thuc. 2, 42; οἱ μὲν – πρὸς δὲ τούς, Isocr. 4, 82; παρὰ μὲν τῶν μικρὰ κεκόμισμαι, τῷ δὲ καὶ προσοφείλων ἐγγέγραμμαι, Dem. 27, 63. – Aber auch ohne ein vorangegangenes ὁ μέν steht oft ὁ δέ allein, von Hom. an überall, <b class="b2">deraber</b>, um das Subject des Folgenden im Gegensatz hervorzuheben, wie auch ὁ μέν steht, ohne daß ihm gerade ὁ δέ entspricht, für welches vielmehr entweder das Wort selbst steht, auf das ὁ δέ hinweisen würde, Il. 23, 4. 24, 722, oder mit veränderter Construction [[ἀλλά]], Od. 7, 305, od. [[ἄλλος]] δέ u. ä. folgen; ὁ – ὁ allein Il. 15, 417. 22, 200. – Auffallend braucht Her. so ὁ δέ im zweiten Gliede eines Satzes, um das in dem ersten Satzgliede nur durch die Person des Verbums bezeichnete Subject bestimmter hervorzuheben (wie Hom. ὅ γε), z. B. τὴν μὲν αἰτίην οὐ [[μάλα]] ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφι, 6, 3, er zeigte die Ursache nicht an, sagte ihnen aber; so auch εἰ δὲ [[ταῦτα]] μὲν οὐ ποιήσουσι, οἱ δὲ [[πάντως]] διὰ μάχης ἐλεύσονται, 6, 9; vgl. 6, 133; auch im Nachsatze, 6, 30 (vgl. aber δέ). – Auch der ionische Gebrauch von ὁ vor dem Relativum, τόν, ὅς, Il. 19, 326, εἰ μὴ τῶν οἵ, Od. 17, 383, τῶν ὅσσοι, Il. 17, 171, [[τάων]] αἳ [[πάρος]] [[ἦσαν]], Od. 2, 119, vgl. θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε [[τέκτων]] ξέσσεν, Od. 21, 42, ἐφάμην σε περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων τῶν, ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσιν, du übertreffest an Verstand die anderen, <b class="b2">die</b> nämlich, so viel ihrer Lykien bewohnen, Il. 17, 172, findet sich bei den Attikern, wo aber gewöhnlich der relative Satz nur Umschreibung <b class="b2">e nes</b> Begriffes ist oder doch als Eins zusammengefaßt werden soll, so daß auch hier die hinzeigende Kraft abgeschwächt ist und man die Beispiele mit denen zusammenstellen kann, wo der Artikel vor einen ganzen Satz gesetzt ist, vgl. Plat. Critia. 115 b, ἔφερε τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν, τόν τε ξηρόν, καὶ τὸν [[ὅσος]] [[ξύλινος]]; Phil. 37 a steht dem τὸ δοξαζόμενον zur Seite τό γε ᾡ τὸ ἡδόμενον ἥδεται; so auch τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι, mit der von dir so genannten, Crat. 435 a; ἐκείνου ὀρέγεται τοῦ ὅ ἐστιν ἴσον, Phaed. 75 b; ἐκ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυται, Prot. 320 d, für das allerdings häufigere τῶν κεραννυμένων; auch sonst oft bei Plat.; auch Dem. 22, 64 vrbdt σώζειν τοὺς τοιούτοτς καὶ μισεῖν τοὺς οἷός περ [[οὗτος]]. – Von einzelnen Casus, die so substantivisch stehen, merke man Folgendes: Τῷ, wofür einige alte Grammatiker τῶ schreiben wollten, desw egen, τῷ νῦν Ἀτρείδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι ἧσαι ὀνειδίζων, ll. 2, 250, vgl. 1, 418; τῷ τοι, ὦ φίλε, [[μᾶλλον]] [[σκεπτέον]] ἐξ ἀρχῆς, Plat. Theaet. 179 d; auch = da nn, in dem Falle, τῷ κε τάχ' ἠμύσειε [[πόλις]] Πριάμοιο, Il. 4, 290, vgl. Od. 3, 224. 18, 375. – Τό, de sha lb, Il. 17, 404, vgl. 19, 213. 23, 547 Od. 8, 332. – Τῇ, vom Orte, als Correlativum zu πῇ, da, daselbst, <b class="b2">hier, auf diesem Wege</b>, Il. 5, 752. 858. 8, 327. 11, 499 u. bei den Folgdn; τῇ οὐδεὶς τέτακτο [[φύλακος]], Her. 1, 84. Nach dem unter 2) Bemerkten auch relativisch wo, wie man z. B. Il. 12, 118 erklärt, [[εἴσατο]] γὰρ [[νηῶν]] ἐπ' ἀριστερά, [[τῇπερ]] Ἀχαιοὶ ἐκ πεδίου νίσσοντο –· τῇ ῥ' ἵππους – διήλασεν, vgl. 21, 554. 23, 775 Od. 4, 229; ἔθαψαν αὐτὸν [[τῇπερ]] ἔπεσε, Her. 1, 30. Zuweilen auch bei Verbis der Bewegung, <b class="b2">dahin</b>, τῇ ἐνόρουσε, Il. 11, 149. 12, 124. 15, 46; auch τῇ γὰρ φίλον ἔπλετο θυμῷ, 10, 531; Hes. O. 210. Auch = <b class="b2">auf diese Weise,</b> [[τῇπερ]] τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν, so sollte es vollendet werden, Od. 8, 510; τῇ γέ μοι φαίνεται εἶναι ἀληθές, Her. 7, 139; u. relativisch, ὥςτε αὐτῷ πάντα ἀποβεβήκοι τῇπερἐκεῖνος εἶπε, 1, 86; u. indirect fragend, εἴρετο, τῇ ἔκρινάν οἱ τὴν ὄψιν, 1, 120. Wiederholt τῇ μὲν – τῇ δέ, bes. vom Orte, hier – dort, bald hier – bald dort; δελφῖνες τῇ καὶ τῇ ἰθύνεον, Hes. Sc. 210; τῇ μὲν γὰρ ἄνοδον, τῇ δὲ εὔοδον εὑρήσομεν τὸ [[ὄρος]], Xen. An. 4, 8, 10; auch = theils – theils, Plat. Theaet. 158 e Polit. 574 e Conv. 211 a; Eur. Or. 350. – Τοῦ, <b class="b2">deswegen</b>, Od. 24, 425, vgl. Il. 21, 458. – Mit Präpositionen von der Zeit, ἐκ τοῦ, seitdem, πρὸ τοῦ, vor dem, ἐν τῷ, unterdessen, Hom. u. Folgde. – Auch auf die erste Person bezieht sich bei Hom. ὁ, Il. 16, 835, ὅ [[σφιν]] [[ἀμύνω]] [[ἦμαρ]] [[ἀναγκαῖον]], der <b class="b2">hier, derich, woes</b> Andere als Relat. fassen (s. unt, 2). – Uebrigens ist die Ansicht einiger alter Grammatiker, welche ὅ, ἥ, οἵ, αἵ schreiben wollten, wo diese Formen die volle hinzeigende Kraft haben, nicht durchgedrungen, nur Il. 10, 224 ist bei Wolf u. Spitzner noch stehen geblieben σύν τε δύ' ἐρχομένω, [[καί]] τε πρὸ ὃ τοῦ ἐνόησεν, der Deutlichkeit wegen für πρὸ ὁ τοῦ ἐνόησεν, wie Bekker schreibt; Spitzner schreibt sogar οἳ δ' ἄρ' [[ἴσαν]] – Ἀχαιοί, Il. 3, 8, u. so immer, s. zu Il. 1, 9. – b) <b class="b2">adjectivisch</b>, wohin nicht Verbindungen zu ziehen sind wie ὁ δὲ [[δεύτερος]] ἔλθοι, Il. 21, 207, wo [[δεύτερος]] Prädicat ist, als der zweite, wie auch 1, 20 erklärt werden kann, παῖδα δ' ἐμοὶ λῦσαί τε φίλην τά τ' [[ἄποινα]] δέχεσθαι, das, was er in den Händen hält, als Lösegeld anzunehmen. Am einfachsten u. die ursprüngliche hinweisende Kraft am deutlichsten zeigend, wenn es steh auf einen Relativsatz bezieht, ὁ [[ξεῖνος]], τὸν πάντες ἀτίμων, <b class="b2">der</b> Fremdling, den alle beschimpften, Od. 23, 28, oder wenn das subst. nur im Verlaufe des Satzes erklärend hinzugefügt ist, αἴ κεν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ' ἅλα [[ἔλσαι]] Ἀχαιούς, ob er nicht den Troern helfen wolle, <b class="b2">die</b> aber zu den Schiffen u. an das Meer in die Enge treiben wolle, nämlich die Achäer, Il. 1, 409, vgl. 1, 472. 4, 20. 12, 196, öfter; Hes. Th. 632, wie man auch noch bei Soph. auffassen kann ὁ δ' εἶπεν – [[Ὀδυσσεύς]], Phil. 371, vgl. Ai. 767 O. R. 1171. – Aber auch sowohl bei nom. propr., als bei Appellativen hat es, wenigstens in der Mehrzahl der Fälle, eine hinzeigende, stark hervorhebende Kraft, ἂψ δ' ὁ πάϊς – ἐκλίνθη, <b class="b2">der</b> aber, nämlich der Knabe, bog sich zurüch, Il. 6, 467, u. ursprünglich ist ὁ Ιυδείδης so zu fassen, wie die eben genannten Beispiele, <b class="b2">der</b>, der Tydide, d. i. der Bohn des Tydeus, der bekannt, gepriesen ist, 11, 660; τὸν Χρύσην ἠτίμησε, <b class="b2">den</b> Chryses da, den ehrwürdigen, beschimpfte er, 1, 11; [[Νέστωρ]] ὁ [[γέρων]], 11, 637, Nestor, der bekannte, ehrwürdige Greis, wie ὁ [[γέρων]] [[Πρίαμος]] 22, 25, der alte, der Priamos; [[τοῖο]] γέροντος, 24, 164; ἃς εἰπὼν τὸ [[σκῆπτρον]] [[ἀνέσχεθε]] πᾶσι θεοῖσιν, <b class="b2">das</b> Seepter, das bekannte, 7, 412; τὰ τεύχεα καλά, von den berühmten Waffen des Achilleus, 21, 317. Manche fassen bei Hom. das Wort überall in dieser Weise auf und sprechen dem Hom. den att. Gebrauch des Artikels ganz ab, vgl. unter Anderen Plut. qu. Plat 10, 4; obwohl in Vrbdgn wie ἐμὲ τὸν δύστηνον ἐλέαιρε, Il. 22, 59, παῖδ' ὀλέσας τὸν [[ἄριστον]], 24, 242, uns wenigstens das bei lebhaftem. mündlichem Vortrage leichter erklärliche Hinzeigen sehr geschwächt erscheint, doch wird aufmerksames Beachten des Zusammenhanges oft das richtige Verständniß zeigen. Vgl. τελεύτησέν τε τὸν ὅρκον, <b class="b2">den</b> Eidschwur, den er geschworen, 14, 280, [[χαίρω]] σευ τὸν μῦθον ἀκοόσας, daß ich<b class="b2"> das, dies</b> Wort gerade von dir gehört habe, 19, 185, οἶον δὴ τὸν μῦθον ἔειπες, was sprachst du da für ein Wort, [[αἰεί]] τοι τὰ κάκ' ἐστὶ φίλα φρεσὶ μαντεύεσθαι, 1, 107, das Traurige da (?), ἐπεὶ τὰ χερείονα νικᾷ, 1, 576, ὃς ᾔδη τά τ' ἐόντα, τά τ' ἐσσόμενα, πρό τ' ἐόντα, 1, 70; aber Od. 24, 159 [[οὐδέ]] τις ἡμείων δύνατο [[γνῶναι]] τὸν ἐόντα ist = »erkennen, daß er <b class="b2">der</b> sei«.
| |
| |btext=ἡ, τό ; <i>gén.</i> [[τοῦ]], τῆς, [[τοῦ]] ; <i>dat.</i> [[τῷ]], [[τῇ]], [[τῷ]] ; <i>acc.</i> [[τόν]], [[τήν]], τό;<br /><i>plur. nom.</i> [[οἱ]], [[αἱ]], [[τά]] ; <i>gén.</i> [[τῶν]] <i>pour les trois genres ; dat.</i> τοῖς, ταῖς, τοῖς ; <i>acc.</i> [[τούς]], τάς, [[τά]];<br /><i>duel nom.-acc.</i> [[τώ]], [[τά]], [[τώ]], <i>att.</i> [[τώ]] <i>pour les trois genres ; gén.-dat.</i> τοῖν, ταῖν, τοῖν, <i>att.</i> τοῖν <i>pour les trois genres</i>;<br /><i>(primitiv.) pronom démonstratif (en ce sens accentué</i> ὅ, ἥ, τό ; <i>plur.</i> [[οἵ]], [[αἵ]], [[τά]]<i>), (postér. chez les Att.)</i> article;<br />• <b>A.</b> <i>pronom démonstratif dans Homère et les Tragiques, qqf en prose att.</i><br /><b>1</b> <i>devant un subst.</i> τελεύτησεν [[δέ]] τὸν ὅρκον IL après qu’elle eut achevé de prononcer ce serment ; <i>en un sens emphatique</i> : τὸν Χρύσην ἠτίμησε IL ce vénérable Chrysès, il l’a outragé ; [[Νέστωρ]] ὁ [[γέρων]] IL Nestor, ce vénérable vieillard;<br /><b>2</b> <i>sans substantif, comme</i> [[ὅδε]], [[οὗτος]], [[ἐκεῖνος]] : Κύρος δίδωσι Κλεάρχῳ μυρίους δαρεικούς· ὁ δὲ [[λαβών]], <i>etc.</i> XÉN Cyrus offre à Cléarque dix mille dariques ; celui-ci les ayant prises, <i>etc.</i> ; καὶ τὸν [[οὐκ]] ἐκλύσεται ESCHL et celui-ci il ne le lâchera pas;<br /><b>3</b> <i>après le subst. devant un ou plusieurs mots qui déterminent ce subst.</i> : Τρώεσσιν ἀνάξειν τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου IL devoir régner sur les Troyens avec la puissance <i>litt.</i> celle de Priam ; ἄντυγες [[αἱ]] περὶ δίφρον IL les cercles qui entourent le char <i>litt.</i> ceux autour du char;<br /><b>4</b> <i>dev. le pron. possess.</i> : τὸ σὸν [[μένος]] IL ta force, <i>litt.</i> cette force qui est tienne;<br /><b>5</b> <i>dev. le pronom démonstr.</i> ὁγε : ᾗ ῥ’ ὅγ’ ὁ [[λυσσώδης]] ἡγεμονεύει [[Ἕκτωρ]] IL là où commande celui-ci, je veux dire le furieux Hector;<br /><b>6</b> <i>dev. un adv. au sens d’un adj.</i> : [[κάρτιστος]] [[ἀνδρῶν]] [[τῶν]] [[τότε]] IL le plus brave d’entre ceux des mortels qui vivaient alors;<br /><b>7</b> <i>joint à</i> [[μέν]] <i>et</i> [[δέ]] <i>sans adjonction d’un subst.</i> ὅ [[μέν]]…, ὅ [[δέ]], celui-ci…, celui-là, [[οἵ]] [[μέν]]…, [[οἵ]] [[δέ]], ceux-ci…, ceux-là : [[οἵ]] μὲν αὐτῶν ἐτόξευον, [[οἵ]] δ’ ἐσφενδόνων XÉN les uns lançaient des flèches, les autres lançaient des pierres au moyen de frondes ; ἡ στρατιὰ ἣ μὲν πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἐχώρουν, ἣ δὲ πρὸς τὸ [[σταύρωμα]] THC l’armée s’avançait en partie vers la ville, en partie vers la palissade ; <i>joint seul. à</i> δὲ (ὃ δὲ, οἳ δὲ, <i>etc.) sans que</i> ὁ μὲν <i>précède, au sens de</i> « mais lui, mais eux » : [[λύκος]] ἀμνὸν ἐδίωκεν · ὃ δὲ [[εἰς]] ναὸν κατέφυγε ÉS un loup poursuivait un agneau, mais celui-ci se réfugia dans un temple ; <i>précédé de</i> [[καί]] καὶ [[ὅς]], καὶ ἥ, καὶ [[οἵ]], <i>ou dans la propos. inf.</i> καὶ [[τόν]], καὶ [[τήν]], <i>etc.</i> : καὶ τὸν κελεῦσαι [[δοῦναι]] XÉN et celui-ci commanda de donner (la coupe) ; <i>particul. dans les locut.</i> τὸν καὶ [[τόν]], tel et tel τὸ καὶ τό, τὰ καὶ [[τά]], ceci et cela ; <i>abs. au sens adv.</i> • [[τοῦ]], c’est pourquoi, à cause de cela ; • [[τῷ]], c’est pourquoi, aussi ; <i>acc.</i> • τό, à cause de cela ; • τὸ μὲν…, τὸ [[δέ]], <i>propr.</i> en ce qui regarde l’un…, en ce qui regarde l’autre ; <i>adv.</i> d’une part…, d’autre part ; une fois…, alors ; • τὰ μὲν…, τὰ [[δέ]], <i>m. sign. ; avec idée de temps</i> τὸ μὲν (τὰ μὲν)… τὸ [[δέ]] (τὰ [[δέ]]) HDT tantôt…, tantôt ; <i>avec idée de lieu</i> τὸ μὲν [[τῇ]], τὸ δὲ [[τῇ]] XÉN ; <i>avec idée de mouvement vers un but</i> là, là-bas ; • [[τῇ]] μὲν…, [[τῇ]] [[δέ]], d’une part…, d’autre part ; <i>avec des prépos.</i> • [[ἐκ]] [[τοῦ]], <i>épq.</i> • [[ἐκ]] [[τοῖο]], à partir de là, désormais, après cela, depuis, à partir de ce moment ; • πρὸ [[τοῦ]] <i>ou</i> [[προτοῦ]], auparavant, autrefois, anciennement;<br />• <b>B.</b> <i>article : comme article</i>, ὁ, ἡ, τό <i>s’emploie pour désigner soit un objet isolé</i> : [[ὅτε]] [[ἐκ]] τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἡττηθεὶς [[τῇ]] μάχῃ ἀπεχώρει XÉN en revenant de la Grèce où il (Xerxès) avait été vaincu dans la (célèbre) bataille (de Salamine) ; τοῖς τρισὶ δακτύλοις XÉN (les échansons perses présentent la coupe en la tenant) avec les trois doigts (que chacun sait) ; <i>soit une espèce ou une catégorie spéciale</i> : [[οἱ]] ἄνθρωποι, les hommes ; [[οἱ]] θεοί, les dieux ; [[οἱ]] ἀθάνατοι, les immortels ; ὁ [[ἄνθρωπος]], l’homme en général ; ὁ [[σοφός]], le sage, <i>càd</i> tout homme sage ; [[δεῖ]] τὸν στρατιώτην φοβεῖσθαι [[μᾶλλον]] τὸν ἄρχοντα ἢ τοὺς πολεμίους XÉN le soldat doit craindre son général plus que l’ennemi;<br />◊ <i>L’article se place</i>;<br /><b>I.</b> <i>devant un mot auquel il se rapporte immédiatement, particul.</i><br /><b>1</b> <i>devant un subst.</i> ὁ [[ἄνθρωπος]], l’homme ; ἡ [[ἡμέρα]], le jour ; τὸ [[γένος]], la race ; ὁ [[Κῦρος]], Cyrus ; ἡ [[Ἑλλάς]], la Grèce ; ἡ Ἀττική, l’Attique ; ὁ [[Νεῖλος]], le Nil ; ὁ Ὀλυμπός, l’Olympe;<br /><b>2</b> <i>devant tout mot (nom ou verbe) employé en un sens absolu</i> : [[ἐγώ]] εἰμι ὁ [[ὑμᾶς]] σῷζων XÉN (le chien dit aux brebis) je suis celui qui vous garde, c’est moi qui vous garde;<br /><b>3</b> <i>au même sens devant une propos. entière</i> : [[ὅτι]] μὲν δὴ [[δεῖ]] βοηθεῖν πάντες ἐγνώκαμεν, καὶ βοηθήσομεν, τὸ δὲ [[ὅπως]], [[τοῦτο]] λέγε DÉM qu’il faille porter secours, nous le savons tous et nous porterons secours, mais comment ? dis-le;<br /><b>II.</b> <i>devant un substantif ou un pronom au gén.</i><br /><b>1</b> <i>avec un n. propre</i> : [[Ἡρακλῆς]] ὁ [[Διός]], Hèraklès, le fils de Zeus;<br /><b>2</b> <i>l’article au neutre dev. un gén. marque le fait d’avoir rapport à, de concerner, d’appartenir à</i> : τὰ τῆς πόλεως, ce qui concerne l’État, les affaires de l’État ; τὰ [[τῶν]] Ἑλλήνων, ce qui concerne les Grecs, leurs affaires, leur puissance, <i>etc. ; en ce sens avec un pron. possessif</i> : τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν, ce qui me (ou te) concerne, ce qui m’ (ou t’)appartient, <i>d’où</i> ma personne, ta personne;<br /><b>III.</b> <i>devant un subst. au dat.</i> : [[οἱ]] [[Μαραθῶνι]] καὶ Σαλαμῖνι DÉM les hommes de Marathon et de Salamine ; τὰ φύσει ATT ce qui est de la nature;<br /><b>IV.</b> <i>devant un mot invariable (préposition, adverbe, etc.</i>);<br /><b>1</b> <i>prépos.</i> : [[οἱ]] [[ἐν]] πόλει, ceux qui se trouvent dans la ville ; [[οἱ]] [[σύν]] τινι, ceux qui sont de la suite de qqn, ses proches, ses partisans ; [[οἱ]] [[ἀμφί]] τινα, [[οἱ]] [[περί]] τινα, les compagnons, partisans, disciples, amis de qqn, <i>et postér.</i> la personne elle-même (v. [[ἀμφί]], [[περί]]) ; <i>particul. avec l’article au neutre</i> : τὸ παρ’ ἐλπίδα THC ce qui arrive contre l’attente, l’imprévu ; τὸ καθ’ ἡμέραν THC les besoins quotidiens ; τὰ παρ’ [[ἐμοί]] XÉN les avantages que l’on trouve auprès de moi;<br /><b>2</b> <i>adv.</i> : [[οἱ]] [[νῦν]], ceux qui vivent maintenant ; [[οἱ]] [[πάλαι]], les hommes d’autrefois ; <i>avec un subst. après l’article et l’adverbe</i> : [[οἱ]] [[τότε]] ἄνθρωποι, les hommes d’alors ; ἡ [[ἄνω]] [[πόλις]], la haute ville ; <i>qqf avec omission du subst.</i> ἡ [[αὔριον]] ([[ἡμέρα]]) le jour du lendemain ; <i>de même</i> τὸ [[πρίν]], le temps d’auparavant, auparavant ; τὸ πρῶτον, en premier lieu, d’abord ; <i>au gén.</i> : [[ἐκ]] [[τοῦ]] [[παραχρῆμα]], ἀπὸ [[τοῦ]] [[παραχρῆμα]], aussitôt, sur-le-champ ; τὰ [[νῦν]], maintenant ; τὰ λοιπά, à l’avenir (v. [[λοιπός]]).<br />'''Étymologie:''' cf. <i>skr.</i> masc. sa, fém. sâ, neutre tad = grec τό pour *τόδ, <i>lat.</i> –tud dans istud.
| |
