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ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς φιλαυτίας παρηγμένοι ἄλογα φασὶν τὰ ζῷα ἐφεξῆς τὰ ἄλλα σύμπαντα → it is self-love which leads them to say that all the other animals without exception are non-rational
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|lshtext=<b>per</b>: prep. [[with]] acc. (by [[solecism]] [[with]] abl. PER QVO, =<br /><b>I</b> whereby, Inscr. Miseni Repert. ex a. p. Chr. n. 159; Inscr. Orell. 3300) [kindr. [[with]] Gr. [[παρά]]; Sanscr. pāra, [[ulterior]]; Lith. pèr; cf.: [[parumper]], [[paulisper]]; v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 269], denotes, [[like]] the Gr. διά, [[motion]] [[through]] a [[space]], or [[extension]] [[over]] it.<br /><b>I</b> Lit., of [[space]], [[through]], [[through]] the [[midst]] of, [[throughout]], all [[over]], all [[along]]: per amoena salicta raptare aliquem, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 40 Vahl.): [[inde]] Fert [[sese]] ([[equus]]) campi per caerula laetaque prata, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (id. v. 505 ib.): per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine [[flumen]], id. ap. id. ib. 6, 4 (id. v. 177 ib.): per membranas oculorum cernere, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142: coronam auream per [[forum]] ferre, id. Att. 14, 16, 2: iit [[hasta]] per [[tempus]] utrumque, Verg. A. 9, 418: se per munitiones deicere, Caes. B. G. 3, 26: per [[mare]] pauperiem [[fugiens]], per saxa, per ignes, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 46: per ignes, Ov. M. 8, 76: per Averna, id. ib. 14, 105: per [[caelum]], Verg. A. 4, 700: per vias fabulari, in all the streets, Plaut. Cist. 5, 1: per totam urbem, id. Ep. 2, 2, 11: qui per provincias [[atque]] [[imperium]] tuum pecunias ei credidissent, in the provinces, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6: invitati [[hospitaliter]] per domos, Liv. 1, 9: via [[secta]] per ambas (zonas), Verg. G. 1, 238; 245: nascuntur copiosissime in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, in, Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94: per illas gentes celebratur, [[throughout]], Tac. A. 12, 12: gustūs elementa per omnia quaerunt, Juv. 11, 14.— Placed [[after]] the [[noun]]: viam per, Lucr. 6, 1264: transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes, Verg. A. 5, 663; 6, 692.<br /><b>II</b> Transf.<br /> <b>A</b> Of [[time]], [[through]], [[throughout]], [[during]], for: [[quod]] des bubus per hiemem, the [[winter]] [[through]], [[during]] the [[winter]], [[Cato]], R. R. 25: nulla res per [[triennium]], [[nisi]] ad nutum istius, judicata est, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13: nulla abs te per hos [[dies]] [[epistula]] ... venerat, [[during]] these days, id. Att. 2, 8, 1: per [[decem]] [[dies]] ludi facti sunt, id. Cat. 3, 8, 20: per [[idem]] [[tempus]], [[during]], at, in the [[course]] of, id. Brut. 83, 286; Suet. Galb. 10: per noctem cernuntur sidera, [[during]] the [[night]], in the [[night]]-[[time]], Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 48: per inducias, [[during]], Liv. 38, 2: per [[multa]] bella, id. 8, 13: per ludos, id. 2, 18: per [[comitia]], Suet. Caes. 80: per somnum, id. ib. 45: per [[tempus]], [[during]], i. e. at the [[right]] [[time]], = in tempore, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 6; Ter. And. 4, 4, 44; id. Hec. 4, 3, 16.—So distr.: per singulas noctes, Suet. Caes. 1; id. Calig. 22; cf.: per haec, [[meanwhile]], id. Claud. 27: per quae, id. Tib. 52.—<br /> <b>B</b> To [[indicate]] the [[agent]], [[instrument]], or [[means]], [[through]], by, by [[means]] of: statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9: detrimenta publicis rebus per homines eloquentissimos importata, id. de Or. 1, 9, 38: [[quid]] ais? [[vulgo]] occidebantur? Per quos? et a quibus? by whom? and by whose [[command]]? id. Rosc. Am. 29, 80: quae domi gerenda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur, id. ib. 51, 149: [[quod]] nefarium [[stuprum]] non per illum [[factum]] est, id. Cat. 2, 4, 7.—Placed [[after]] its [[case]]: Exerce vocem, [[quam]] per vivis et [[colis]], Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—Esp.: per fidem decipere, fallere, etc. (= datā [[fide]]): per fidem [[deceptus]] [[sum]], [[through]] [[confidence]], i. e. in my [[host]] [[who]] [[betrayed]] me, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 69; Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 3.—So, per se, per te, [[through]] [[himself]], by [[himself]], of [[himself]], etc.: [[homo]] per se [[cognitus]], [[sine]] ullā commendatione majorum, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: per me [[tibi]] obstiti, = [[solus]], by [[myself]], id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: [[satis]] per te [[tibi]] consulis, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 1: per se [[solus]], Liv. 1, 49.—With [[ipse]]: [[nihil]] ipsos per se [[sine]] P. Sullā facere potuisse, Cic. Sull. 24, 67: ipsum per se, suā vi, sua naturā, sua [[sponte]] laudabile, id. Fin. 2, 15, 50.—To form an adverb. [[expression]], in, by, [[through]], etc.: non dubitavi id a te per litteras petere, by [[letter]], Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2: per summum [[dedecus]] vitam amittere, in the [[most]] [[infamous]] [[manner]], [[most]] [[infamously]], id. Rosc. Am. 11, 30: per iram facere aliquid, in [[anger]], id. Tusc. 4, 37, 79: per [[commodum]], Liv. 30, 29, 3 (cf. II. A. [[supra]]): per [[commodum]] rei publicae, id. 10, 25, 17; 22, 57, 1; 31, 11, 2: per ludum et jocum, sporting and jesting, in [[sport]] and [[jest]], Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 70, § 181: per vim, [[forcibly]], Sall. J. 23, 1: per dolum, id. ib. 11, 8: per [[otium]], at [[leisure]], Liv. 4, 58, 12: ceteris copiis per [[otium]] trajectis, id. 21, 28, 4: [[cibo]] per [[otium]] [[capto]], id. 21, 55, 1: per tumultum = [[tumultuose]], id. 44, 45, 14. —<br /> <b>C</b> To [[designate]] the [[reason]], [[cause]], [[inducement]], etc., [[through]], for, by, on [[account]] of, for the [[sake]] of: per metum mussari, Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 12: qui per virtutem perit, at non interit, id. Capt. 3, 5, 32: cum [[antea]] per aetatem [[nondum]] hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1: per aetatem, Caes. B. G. 2, 16 fin.: Druso propinquanti [[quasi]] per [[officium]] obviae fuere legiones, Tac. A. 1, 24: ut [[nihil]] eum delectaret, [[quod]] aut per naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret, Cic. Mil. 16, 43: cum per valetudinem posses, venire [[tamen]] noluisti, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1: per me, per te, etc., as [[far]] as concerns me, [[you]], etc.: si per vos [[licet]], Plaut. As. prol. 12: per me vel stertas [[licet]], Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; cf.: [[sin]] hoc non [[licet]] per Cratippum, id. Off. 3, 7, 33: [[fides]] publica per [[sese]] inviolata, Sall. J. 33, 3: per me ista pedibus trahantur, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10: per me stetisse, quo [[minus]] hae fierent [[nuptiae]], Ter. And. 4, 2, 16: si per suos esset licitum, Nep. Eum. 10, 3: inspicere vitia nec per magistros nec per aetatem licebat, Macr. S. 1, 24. —Hence, in oaths, entreaties, asseverations, etc., by a [[god]], by men, or by [[inanimate]] or [[abstract]] things, by: IOVRANTO PER IOVEM, etc., Tab. Bant. lin. 15: per pol [[saepe]] peccas, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 18; cf.: si per [[plures]] deos juret, Cic. Rab. Post. 13, 36: [[quid]] est [[enim]], per deos, optabilius sapientiā? id. Off. 2, 2, 5: per deos [[atque]] homines, id. Div. 2, 55, 116: per dexteram te istam oro, id. Deiot. 3, 8; cf.: per tuam fidem Te [[obtestor]], Ter. And. 1, 5, 55: [[nunc]] te per amicitiam et per amorem [[obsecro]], id. ib. 2, 1, 26: per pietatem! Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 4: per comitatem [[edepol]], [[pater]], etc., id. ib. 2, 2, 52.—In this signif. [[often]] separated from its [[object]]: per ego [[vobis]] deos [[atque]] homines [[dies]], ut, etc., Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 1: per ego te deos oro, Ter. And. 3, 3, 6; 5, 1, 15: per ego te, fili ... [[precor]] quaesoque, etc., Liv. 23, 9, 2: per ego has lacrimas ... te Oro, Verg. A. 4, 314; 12, 56; Tib. 4, 5, 7; Ov. F. 2, 841: per vos Tyrrhena faventum Stagna deum, per ego et Trebiam cineresque Sagunti Obtestor, Sil. 12, 79 sq.; 1, 658; Stat. Th. 11, 367.—With ellips. of [[object]]: per, si [[qua]] est ... Intemerata [[fides]], oro, i. e. per eam, Verg. A. 2, 142; 10, 903: per, si [[quid]] merui de te [[bene]], perque manentem amorem, Ne, etc., Ov. M. 7, 854.—Sometimes to [[indicate]] an [[apparent]] or [[pretended]] [[cause]] or [[inducement]], under the [[show]] or [[pretext]] of, under [[color]] of: qui per tutelam aut societatem aut rem mandatam aut fiduciae rationem fraudavit quempiam, Cic. Caecin. 3, 7: naves triremes per causam exercendorum remigum ad [[fauces]] [[portus]] prodire jussit, under [[pretext]] of, Caes. B. C. 3, 24; v. [[causa]]: per speciem alienae fungendae [[vicis]] suas [[opes]] firmavit, Liv. 1, 41 fin.: per simulationem officii, Tac. H. 1, 74.—<br /> <b>D</b> In [[composition]], it [[usually]] adds [[intensity]] to the signif., [[thoroughly]], [[perfectly]], [[completely]], [[exceedingly]], [[very]] [[much]], [[very]] ([[very]] [[often]] in [[Cicero]]'s epistolary [[style]], and in [[new]]-formed words, as [[perbenevolus]], [[percautus]], [[percupidus]], [[perbelle]], [[perofficiose]], [[pergaudeo]]; see these articles): pervelle, [[perfacilis]], peramanter; [[sometimes]] it denotes the [[completion]] of an [[action]], e. g. perorare, peragere; [[sometimes]] it is [[repeated]]: [[perdifficilis]] et perobscura [[quaestio]], Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; so id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Brut. 43, 158; id. Cael. 20 fin.; id. Fam. 9, 20, 3 al.; [[but]] also: perexiguā et minuta, id. Tusc. 2, 13, 30: [[percautus]] et [[diligens]], id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, § 18 al.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. p. 410.—It [[frequently]] occurs in tmesi: nobis ista sunt pergrata perque jucunda, Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 205: per mihi mirum [[visum]] est, id. ib. 49, 214: per [[enim]] magni [[aestimo]], id. Att. 10, 1, 1: ibi te [[quam]] [[primum]] per videre velim, = videre pervelim, id. ib. 15, 4, 2: Platoni per fuit [[familiaris]], Gell. 2, 18, 1: per, inquit, [[magister]] [[optime]], [[exoptatus]] mihi [[nunc]] venis, id. 18, 4, 2.—Per [[quam]] (also [[perquam]]), [[very]], [[exceedingly]], [[extremely]]: per [[quam]] [[breviter]] perstrinxi, Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201: per [[quam]] modica civium merita, Plin. [[Pan]]. 60: per [[quam]] velim scire, [[very]] [[much]] [[indeed]], id. Ep. 7, 27, 1: PARENTES PER QVAM INFELICISSIMI, Inscr. Murat. 953, 2.—As one [[word]]: illorum [[mores]] [[perquam]] [[meditate]] tenes, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16: propulit [[perquam]] indignis modis, id. Rud. 3, 3, 9: erat [[perquam]] onerosum, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 13: [[perquam]] honorificum, id. ib. 3, 4, 3.—Separated by an [[intervening]] [[word]]: per pol [[quam]] paucos reperias, Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1.—Placed [[after]] the [[word]] it governs;<br /> v. [[supra]], I. fin. and II. B. | |lshtext=<b>per</b>: prep. [[with]] acc. (by [[solecism]] [[with]] abl. PER QVO, =<br /><b>I</b> whereby, Inscr. Miseni Repert. ex a. p. Chr. n. 159; Inscr. Orell. 3300) [kindr. [[with]] Gr. [[παρά]]; Sanscr. pāra, [[ulterior]]; Lith. pèr; cf.: [[parumper]], [[paulisper]]; v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 269], denotes, [[like]] the Gr. διά, [[motion]] [[through]] a [[space]], or [[extension]] [[over]] it.<br /><b>I</b> Lit., of [[space]], [[through]], [[through]] the [[midst]] of, [[throughout]], all [[over]], all [[along]]: per amoena salicta raptare aliquem, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 40 Vahl.): [[inde]] Fert [[sese]] ([[equus]]) campi per caerula laetaque prata, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (id. v. 505 ib.): per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine [[flumen]], id. ap. id. ib. 6, 4 (id. v. 177 ib.): per membranas oculorum cernere, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142: coronam auream per [[forum]] ferre, id. Att. 14, 16, 2: iit [[hasta]] per [[tempus]] utrumque, Verg. A. 9, 418: se per munitiones deicere, Caes. B. G. 3, 26: per [[mare]] pauperiem [[fugiens]], per saxa, per ignes, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 46: per ignes, Ov. M. 8, 76: per Averna, id. ib. 14, 105: per [[caelum]], Verg. A. 4, 700: per vias fabulari, in all the streets, Plaut. Cist. 5, 1: per totam urbem, id. Ep. 2, 2, 11: qui per provincias [[atque]] [[imperium]] tuum pecunias ei credidissent, in the provinces, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6: invitati [[hospitaliter]] per domos, Liv. 1, 9: via [[secta]] per ambas (zonas), Verg. G. 1, 238; 245: nascuntur copiosissime in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, in, Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94: per illas gentes celebratur, [[throughout]], Tac. A. 12, 12: gustūs elementa per omnia quaerunt, Juv. 11, 14.— Placed [[after]] the [[noun]]: viam per, Lucr. 6, 1264: transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes, Verg. A. 5, 663; 6, 692.<br /><b>II</b> Transf.<br /> <b>A</b> Of [[time]], [[through]], [[throughout]], [[during]], for: [[quod]] des bubus per hiemem, the [[winter]] [[through]], [[during]] the [[winter]], [[Cato]], R. R. 25: nulla res per [[triennium]], [[nisi]] ad nutum istius, judicata est, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13: nulla abs te per hos [[dies]] [[epistula]] ... venerat, [[during]] these days, id. Att. 2, 8, 1: per [[decem]] [[dies]] ludi facti sunt, id. Cat. 3, 8, 20: per [[idem]] [[tempus]], [[during]], at, in the [[course]] of, id. Brut. 83, 286; Suet. Galb. 10: per noctem cernuntur sidera, [[during]] the [[night]], in the [[night]]-[[time]], Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 48: per inducias, [[during]], Liv. 38, 2: per [[multa]] bella, id. 8, 13: per ludos, id. 2, 18: per [[comitia]], Suet. Caes. 80: per somnum, id. ib. 45: per [[tempus]], [[during]], i. e. at the [[right]] [[time]], = in tempore, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 6; Ter. And. 4, 4, 44; id. Hec. 4, 3, 16.—So distr.: per singulas noctes, Suet. Caes. 1; id. Calig. 22; cf.: per haec, [[meanwhile]], id. Claud. 27: per quae, id. Tib. 52.—<br /> <b>B</b> To [[indicate]] the [[agent]], [[instrument]], or [[means]], [[through]], by, by [[means]] of: statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9: detrimenta publicis rebus per homines eloquentissimos importata, id. de Or. 1, 9, 38: [[quid]] ais? [[vulgo]] occidebantur? Per quos? et a quibus? by whom? and by whose [[command]]? id. Rosc. Am. 29, 80: quae domi gerenda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur, id. ib. 51, 149: [[quod]] nefarium [[stuprum]] non per illum [[factum]] est, id. Cat. 2, 4, 7.—Placed [[after]] its [[case]]: Exerce vocem, [[quam]] per vivis et [[colis]], Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—Esp.: per fidem decipere, fallere, etc. (= datā [[fide]]): per fidem [[deceptus]] [[sum]], [[through]] [[confidence]], i. e. in my [[host]] [[who]] [[betrayed]] me, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 69; Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 3.—So, per se, per te, [[through]] [[himself]], by [[himself]], of [[himself]], etc.: [[homo]] per se [[cognitus]], [[sine]] ullā commendatione majorum, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: per me [[tibi]] obstiti, = [[solus]], by [[myself]], id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: [[satis]] per te [[tibi]] consulis, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 1: per se [[solus]], Liv. 1, 49.—With [[ipse]]: [[nihil]] ipsos per se [[sine]] P. Sullā facere potuisse, Cic. Sull. 24, 67: ipsum per se, suā vi, sua naturā, sua [[sponte]] laudabile, id. Fin. 2, 15, 50.—To form an adverb. [[expression]], in, by, [[through]], etc.: non dubitavi id a te per litteras petere, by [[letter]], Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2: per summum [[dedecus]] vitam amittere, in the [[most]] [[infamous]] [[manner]], [[most]] [[infamously]], id. Rosc. Am. 11, 30: per iram facere aliquid, in [[anger]], id. Tusc. 4, 37, 79: per [[commodum]], Liv. 30, 29, 3 (cf. II. A. [[supra]]): per [[commodum]] rei publicae, id. 10, 25, 17; 22, 57, 1; 31, 11, 2: per ludum et jocum, sporting and jesting, in [[sport]] and [[jest]], Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 70, § 181: per vim, [[forcibly]], Sall. J. 23, 1: per dolum, id. ib. 11, 8: per [[otium]], at [[leisure]], Liv. 4, 58, 12: ceteris copiis per [[otium]] trajectis, id. 21, 28, 4: [[cibo]] per [[otium]] [[capto]], id. 21, 55, 1: per tumultum = [[tumultuose]], id. 44, 45, 14. —<br /> <b>C</b> To [[designate]] the [[reason]], [[cause]], [[inducement]], etc., [[through]], for, by, on [[account]] of, for the [[sake]] of: per metum mussari, Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 12: qui per virtutem perit, at non interit, id. Capt. 3, 5, 32: cum [[antea]] per aetatem [[nondum]] hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1: per aetatem, Caes. B. G. 2, 16 fin.: Druso propinquanti [[quasi]] per [[officium]] obviae fuere legiones, Tac. A. 1, 24: ut [[nihil]] eum delectaret, [[quod]] aut per naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret, Cic. Mil. 16, 43: cum per valetudinem posses, venire [[tamen]] noluisti, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1: per me, per te, etc., as [[far]] as concerns me, [[you]], etc.: si per vos [[licet]], Plaut. As. prol. 12: per me vel stertas [[licet]], Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; cf.: [[sin]] hoc non [[licet]] per Cratippum, id. Off. 3, 7, 33: [[fides]] publica per [[sese]] inviolata, Sall. J. 33, 3: per me ista pedibus trahantur, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10: per me stetisse, quo [[minus]] hae fierent [[nuptiae]], Ter. And. 4, 2, 16: si per suos esset licitum, Nep. Eum. 10, 3: inspicere vitia nec per magistros nec per aetatem licebat, Macr. S. 1, 24. —Hence, in oaths, entreaties, asseverations, etc., by a [[god]], by men, or by [[inanimate]] or [[abstract]] things, by: IOVRANTO PER IOVEM, etc., Tab. Bant. lin. 15: per pol [[saepe]] peccas, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 18; cf.: si per [[plures]] deos juret, Cic. Rab. Post. 13, 36: [[quid]] est [[enim]], per deos, optabilius sapientiā? id. Off. 2, 2, 5: per deos [[atque]] homines, id. Div. 2, 55, 116: per dexteram te istam oro, id. Deiot. 3, 8; cf.: per tuam fidem Te [[obtestor]], Ter. And. 1, 5, 55: [[nunc]] te per amicitiam et per amorem [[obsecro]], id. ib. 2, 1, 26: per pietatem! Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 4: per comitatem [[edepol]], [[pater]], etc., id. ib. 2, 2, 52.—In this signif. [[often]] separated from its [[object]]: per ego [[vobis]] deos [[atque]] homines [[dies]], ut, etc., Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 1: per ego te deos oro, Ter. And. 3, 3, 6; 5, 1, 15: per ego te, fili ... [[precor]] quaesoque, etc., Liv. 23, 9, 2: per ego has lacrimas ... te Oro, Verg. A. 4, 314; 12, 56; Tib. 4, 5, 7; Ov. F. 2, 841: per vos Tyrrhena faventum Stagna deum, per ego et Trebiam cineresque Sagunti Obtestor, Sil. 12, 79 sq.; 1, 658; Stat. Th. 11, 367.—With ellips. of [[object]]: per, si [[qua]] est ... Intemerata [[fides]], oro, i. e. per eam, Verg. A. 2, 142; 10, 903: per, si [[quid]] merui de te [[bene]], perque manentem amorem, Ne, etc., Ov. M. 7, 854.—Sometimes to [[indicate]] an [[apparent]] or [[pretended]] [[cause]] or [[inducement]], under the [[show]] or [[pretext]] of, under [[color]] of: qui per tutelam aut societatem aut rem mandatam aut fiduciae rationem fraudavit quempiam, Cic. Caecin. 3, 7: naves triremes per causam exercendorum remigum ad [[fauces]] [[portus]] prodire jussit, under [[pretext]] of, Caes. B. C. 3, 24; v. [[causa]]: per speciem alienae fungendae [[vicis]] suas [[opes]] firmavit, Liv. 1, 41 fin.: per simulationem officii, Tac. H. 1, 74.—<br /> <b>D</b> In [[composition]], it [[usually]] adds [[intensity]] to the signif., [[thoroughly]], [[perfectly]], [[completely]], [[exceedingly]], [[very]] [[much]], [[very]] ([[very]] [[often]] in [[Cicero]]'s epistolary [[style]], and in [[new]]-formed words, as [[perbenevolus]], [[percautus]], [[percupidus]], [[perbelle]], [[perofficiose]], [[pergaudeo]]; see these articles): pervelle, [[perfacilis]], peramanter; [[sometimes]] it denotes the [[completion]] of an [[action]], e. g. perorare, peragere; [[sometimes]] it is [[repeated]]: [[perdifficilis]] et perobscura [[quaestio]], Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; so id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Brut. 43, 158; id. Cael. 20 fin.; id. Fam. 9, 20, 3 al.; [[but]] also: perexiguā et minuta, id. Tusc. 2, 13, 30: [[percautus]] et [[diligens]], id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, § 18 al.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. p. 410.—It [[frequently]] occurs in tmesi: nobis ista sunt pergrata perque jucunda, Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 205: per mihi mirum [[visum]] est, id. ib. 49, 214: per [[enim]] magni [[aestimo]], id. Att. 10, 1, 1: ibi te [[quam]] [[primum]] per videre velim, = videre pervelim, id. ib. 15, 4, 2: Platoni per fuit [[familiaris]], Gell. 2, 18, 1: per, inquit, [[magister]] [[optime]], [[exoptatus]] mihi [[nunc]] venis, id. 18, 4, 2.—Per [[quam]] (also [[perquam]]), [[very]], [[exceedingly]], [[extremely]]: per [[quam]] [[breviter]] perstrinxi, Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201: per [[quam]] modica civium merita, Plin. [[Pan]]. 60: per [[quam]] velim scire, [[very]] [[much]] [[indeed]], id. Ep. 7, 27, 1: PARENTES PER QVAM INFELICISSIMI, Inscr. Murat. 953, 2.—As one [[word]]: illorum [[mores]] [[perquam]] [[meditate]] tenes, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16: propulit [[perquam]] indignis modis, id. Rud. 3, 3, 9: erat [[perquam]] onerosum, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 13: [[perquam]] honorificum, id. ib. 3, 4, 3.—Separated by an [[intervening]] [[word]]: per pol [[quam]] paucos reperias, Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1.—Placed [[after]] the [[word]] it governs;<br /> v. [[supra]], I. fin. and II. B. | ||
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|gf=<b>pĕr</b>,³ prép. acc.<br /><b>1</b> [sens local] <b> a)</b> à travers : [[per]] membranas oculorum cernere Cic. Nat. 2, 142, voir à travers les membranes qui entourent les yeux ; <b> b)</b> sur toute l’étendue de : [[per]] [[forum]] Cic. Att. 14, 16, 2, à travers le [[forum]] ; [[per]] temonem percurrere Cæs. G. 4, 33, 3, courir le long du (sur le) timon || [sans mouv<sup>t</sup>] : Cæs. C. 3, 24, 4 ; 3, 111, 1 ; Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6 ; <b> c)</b> par-dessus : [[per]] corpora transire Cæs. G. 2, 10, 2, [[passer]] par-dessus les cadavres ; [[per]] munitiones se dejicere Cæs. G. 3, 26, 5, se jeter par-dessus les retranchements ; <b> d)</b> le long de, devant : [[per]] [[ora]] vestra incedunt Sall. J. 31, 10, ils passent devant [[vos]] yeux, cf. Liv. 2, 38, 3 ; <b> e)</b> [idée de distribution] : invitati [[per]] domos Liv. 1, 9, 9, invités dans les différentes maisons || [succession] : [[per]] [[manus]] Cæs. G. 7, 25, 2, de mains en mains, cf. Cæs. G. 6, 38, 4 [fig.] [[per]] omnes [[ire]] Liv. 25, 37, 6, [[passer]] par tous, se transmettre à tous successivement<br /><b>2</b> [temporel] <b> a)</b> durant (sans discontinuité) : ludi [[per]] [[decem]] [[dies]] facti sunt Cic. Cat. 3, 20, les jeux furent célébrés pendant dix jours consécutifs || pendant : [[per]] [[triennium]] Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 136, pendant trois ans ; [[per]] hos [[dies]] Cic. Att. 2, 8, 1, pendant ces jours-ci ; [[per]] [[hospitium]] Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 109, au cours d’une hospitalité || [[per]] [[tempus]] Ter. Andr. 783, à [[propos]] ; <b> b)</b> [idée de succession] : [[per]] singulos [[dies]] Suet. Cal. 22, tous les jours, chaque jour, cf. Suet. Cæs. 1<br /><b>3</b> [idée de moyen, d’intermédiaire] par le moyen de, l’entremise de : [[sacra]] [[per]] mulieres confici solent Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 99, les sacrifices se font d’ordinaire par l’entremise des femmes, cf. Cic. Att. 12, 6 a ; [[vulgo]] occidebantur ? [[per]] quos et a quibus ? Cic. Amer. 80, c’étaient des meurtres en masse ? quels en étaient les agents et les instigateurs ? [[per]] se Cic. [[Sulla]] 67, par soi-même, par ses propres moyens, à soi seul, cf. Cic. Br. 96 ; Fin. 2, 50 || [[per]] litteras Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2, par lettre ; [[per]] vim et metum Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 147, par la violence et en inspirant la crainte ; [[per]] [[manus]] Cæs. G. 7, 47, 6, à l’aide des mains || [d’où l’idée d’intervention qui permet ou empêche de faire une chose] : [[per]] senatum agere [[aliquid]] [[non]] posse Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 61, ne pouvoir obtenir du sénat l’autorisation de faire qqch. ; [[per]] aliquem, [[per]] [[aliquid]] [[licet]], [[non]] [[licet]], qqn, qqch. permet, ne permet pas de : Cic. Ac. 2, 93 ; de Or. 2, 134 ; Mil. 14 ; [[per]] ætatem [[non]] potuisti Cic. Fam. 12, 23, 3, l’âge ne t’a pas permis de, cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 32, 2 || [[per]] me stat [[quominus]] subj. Ter. Andr. 699, j’empêche que<br /><b>4</b> [idée de manière] : [[per]] [[summum]] [[dedecus]] vitam amittere Cic. Amer. 30, mourir dans (avec) le [[plus]] grand déshonneur ; [[per]] ludum et neglegentiam Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 181, en se jouant et insouciamment ; [[per]] [[ridiculum]] Cic. Off. 1, 134, en plaisantant ; [[per]] causam Cæs. C. 3, 24, sous le prétexte de, ou [[per]] speciem Liv. 1, 41, 6 ; [[per]] mollitiam agere = [[molliter]] Sall. J. 85, 35, vivre dans la mollesse<br /><b>5</b> [idée d’occasionner] par suite de, par : [[per]] imprudentiam vestram Cic. Agr. 2, 25, par votre imprudence ; [[per]] fidem [[deceptus]] sum Pl. Most. 500, j’ai été trompé par suite de confiance, cf. Cæs. G. 1, 46, 3 ; Cic. Inv. 1, 71 ; [[depulsus]] [[per]] invidiam tribunatu Cic. de Or. 3, 11, chassé du tribunat par suite des cabales envieuses ; [[plus]] [[per]] seditionem militum [[quam]] [[bello]] amissum Liv. 29, 19, 4, il y a eu [[plus]] de pertes par suite de la révolte des soldats que par la guerre<br /><b>6</b> [dans les supplications et serments] au nom de : [[per]] deos ! Cic. Off. 2, 5, au nom des dieux ! [[per]] [[fortunas]] [[vestras]], [[per]] liberos vestros Cic. Planc. 103, au nom de [[vos]] biens, de [[vos]] enfants || [séparé de son régime] : [[per]] [[ego]] te deos [[oro]] Ter. Andr. 834, au nom des dieux je te prie, cf. Liv. 23, 9, 1. qqf. placé après son régime : [[quam]] [[per]] Pl. Pœn. 13 || ou intercalé dans une série de régimes : transtra [[per]] et remos et... Virg. En. 5, 663, cf. G. 3, 276 || [[per]] en [[compos]]. = tout à fait, complètement, jusqu’au bout, sans interruption ; [qqf.] de part en part || [qqf.] avec tmèse. | |||
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Latin > English (Lewis & Short)
per: prep. with acc. (by solecism with abl. PER QVO, =
I whereby, Inscr. Miseni Repert. ex a. p. Chr. n. 159; Inscr. Orell. 3300) [kindr. with Gr. παρά; Sanscr. pāra, ulterior; Lith. pèr; cf.: parumper, paulisper; v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 269], denotes, like the Gr. διά, motion through a space, or extension over it.
I Lit., of space, through, through the midst of, throughout, all over, all along: per amoena salicta raptare aliquem, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 40 Vahl.): inde Fert sese (equus) campi per caerula laetaque prata, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (id. v. 505 ib.): per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine flumen, id. ap. id. ib. 6, 4 (id. v. 177 ib.): per membranas oculorum cernere, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142: coronam auream per forum ferre, id. Att. 14, 16, 2: iit hasta per tempus utrumque, Verg. A. 9, 418: se per munitiones deicere, Caes. B. G. 3, 26: per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 46: per ignes, Ov. M. 8, 76: per Averna, id. ib. 14, 105: per caelum, Verg. A. 4, 700: per vias fabulari, in all the streets, Plaut. Cist. 5, 1: per totam urbem, id. Ep. 2, 2, 11: qui per provincias atque imperium tuum pecunias ei credidissent, in the provinces, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6: invitati hospitaliter per domos, Liv. 1, 9: via secta per ambas (zonas), Verg. G. 1, 238; 245: nascuntur copiosissime in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, in, Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94: per illas gentes celebratur, throughout, Tac. A. 12, 12: gustūs elementa per omnia quaerunt, Juv. 11, 14.— Placed after the noun: viam per, Lucr. 6, 1264: transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes, Verg. A. 5, 663; 6, 692.
II Transf.
A Of time, through, throughout, during, for: quod des bubus per hiemem, the winter through, during the winter, Cato, R. R. 25: nulla res per triennium, nisi ad nutum istius, judicata est, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13: nulla abs te per hos dies epistula ... venerat, during these days, id. Att. 2, 8, 1: per decem dies ludi facti sunt, id. Cat. 3, 8, 20: per idem tempus, during, at, in the course of, id. Brut. 83, 286; Suet. Galb. 10: per noctem cernuntur sidera, during the night, in the night-time, Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 48: per inducias, during, Liv. 38, 2: per multa bella, id. 8, 13: per ludos, id. 2, 18: per comitia, Suet. Caes. 80: per somnum, id. ib. 45: per tempus, during, i. e. at the right time, = in tempore, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 6; Ter. And. 4, 4, 44; id. Hec. 4, 3, 16.—So distr.: per singulas noctes, Suet. Caes. 1; id. Calig. 22; cf.: per haec, meanwhile, id. Claud. 27: per quae, id. Tib. 52.—
B To indicate the agent, instrument, or means, through, by, by means of: statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9: detrimenta publicis rebus per homines eloquentissimos importata, id. de Or. 1, 9, 38: quid ais? vulgo occidebantur? Per quos? et a quibus? by whom? and by whose command? id. Rosc. Am. 29, 80: quae domi gerenda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur, id. ib. 51, 149: quod nefarium stuprum non per illum factum est, id. Cat. 2, 4, 7.—Placed after its case: Exerce vocem, quam per vivis et colis, Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—Esp.: per fidem decipere, fallere, etc. (= datā fide): per fidem deceptus sum, through confidence, i. e. in my host who betrayed me, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 69; Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 3.—So, per se, per te, through himself, by himself, of himself, etc.: homo per se cognitus, sine ullā commendatione majorum, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: per me tibi obstiti, = solus, by myself, id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: satis per te tibi consulis, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 1: per se solus, Liv. 1, 49.—With ipse: nihil ipsos per se sine P. Sullā facere potuisse, Cic. Sull. 24, 67: ipsum per se, suā vi, sua naturā, sua sponte laudabile, id. Fin. 2, 15, 50.—To form an adverb. expression, in, by, through, etc.: non dubitavi id a te per litteras petere, by letter, Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2: per summum dedecus vitam amittere, in the most infamous manner, most infamously, id. Rosc. Am. 11, 30: per iram facere aliquid, in anger, id. Tusc. 4, 37, 79: per commodum, Liv. 30, 29, 3 (cf. II. A. supra): per commodum rei publicae, id. 10, 25, 17; 22, 57, 1; 31, 11, 2: per ludum et jocum, sporting and jesting, in sport and jest, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 70, § 181: per vim, forcibly, Sall. J. 23, 1: per dolum, id. ib. 11, 8: per otium, at leisure, Liv. 4, 58, 12: ceteris copiis per otium trajectis, id. 21, 28, 4: cibo per otium capto, id. 21, 55, 1: per tumultum = tumultuose, id. 44, 45, 14. —
C To designate the reason, cause, inducement, etc., through, for, by, on account of, for the sake of: per metum mussari, Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 12: qui per virtutem perit, at non interit, id. Capt. 3, 5, 32: cum antea per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1: per aetatem, Caes. B. G. 2, 16 fin.: Druso propinquanti quasi per officium obviae fuere legiones, Tac. A. 1, 24: ut nihil eum delectaret, quod aut per naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret, Cic. Mil. 16, 43: cum per valetudinem posses, venire tamen noluisti, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1: per me, per te, etc., as far as concerns me, you, etc.: si per vos licet, Plaut. As. prol. 12: per me vel stertas licet, Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; cf.: sin hoc non licet per Cratippum, id. Off. 3, 7, 33: fides publica per sese inviolata, Sall. J. 33, 3: per me ista pedibus trahantur, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10: per me stetisse, quo minus hae fierent nuptiae, Ter. And. 4, 2, 16: si per suos esset licitum, Nep. Eum. 10, 3: inspicere vitia nec per magistros nec per aetatem licebat, Macr. S. 1, 24. —Hence, in oaths, entreaties, asseverations, etc., by a god, by men, or by inanimate or abstract things, by: IOVRANTO PER IOVEM, etc., Tab. Bant. lin. 15: per pol saepe peccas, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 18; cf.: si per plures deos juret, Cic. Rab. Post. 13, 36: quid est enim, per deos, optabilius sapientiā? id. Off. 2, 2, 5: per deos atque homines, id. Div. 2, 55, 116: per dexteram te istam oro, id. Deiot. 3, 8; cf.: per tuam fidem Te obtestor, Ter. And. 1, 5, 55: nunc te per amicitiam et per amorem obsecro, id. ib. 2, 1, 26: per pietatem! Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 4: per comitatem edepol, pater, etc., id. ib. 2, 2, 52.—In this signif. often separated from its object: per ego vobis deos atque homines dies, ut, etc., Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 1: per ego te deos oro, Ter. And. 3, 3, 6; 5, 1, 15: per ego te, fili ... precor quaesoque, etc., Liv. 23, 9, 2: per ego has lacrimas ... te Oro, Verg. A. 4, 314; 12, 56; Tib. 4, 5, 7; Ov. F. 2, 841: per vos Tyrrhena faventum Stagna deum, per ego et Trebiam cineresque Sagunti Obtestor, Sil. 12, 79 sq.; 1, 658; Stat. Th. 11, 367.—With ellips. of object: per, si qua est ... Intemerata fides, oro, i. e. per eam, Verg. A. 2, 142; 10, 903: per, si quid merui de te bene, perque manentem amorem, Ne, etc., Ov. M. 7, 854.—Sometimes to indicate an apparent or pretended cause or inducement, under the show or pretext of, under color of: qui per tutelam aut societatem aut rem mandatam aut fiduciae rationem fraudavit quempiam, Cic. Caecin. 3, 7: naves triremes per causam exercendorum remigum ad fauces portus prodire jussit, under pretext of, Caes. B. C. 3, 24; v. causa: per speciem alienae fungendae vicis suas opes firmavit, Liv. 1, 41 fin.: per simulationem officii, Tac. H. 1, 74.—
D In composition, it usually adds intensity to the signif., thoroughly, perfectly, completely, exceedingly, very much, very (very often in Cicero's epistolary style, and in new-formed words, as perbenevolus, percautus, percupidus, perbelle, perofficiose, pergaudeo; see these articles): pervelle, perfacilis, peramanter; sometimes it denotes the completion of an action, e. g. perorare, peragere; sometimes it is repeated: perdifficilis et perobscura quaestio, Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; so id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Brut. 43, 158; id. Cael. 20 fin.; id. Fam. 9, 20, 3 al.; but also: perexiguā et minuta, id. Tusc. 2, 13, 30: percautus et diligens, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, § 18 al.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. p. 410.—It frequently occurs in tmesi: nobis ista sunt pergrata perque jucunda, Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 205: per mihi mirum visum est, id. ib. 49, 214: per enim magni aestimo, id. Att. 10, 1, 1: ibi te quam primum per videre velim, = videre pervelim, id. ib. 15, 4, 2: Platoni per fuit familiaris, Gell. 2, 18, 1: per, inquit, magister optime, exoptatus mihi nunc venis, id. 18, 4, 2.—Per quam (also perquam), very, exceedingly, extremely: per quam breviter perstrinxi, Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201: per quam modica civium merita, Plin. Pan. 60: per quam velim scire, very much indeed, id. Ep. 7, 27, 1: PARENTES PER QVAM INFELICISSIMI, Inscr. Murat. 953, 2.—As one word: illorum mores perquam meditate tenes, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16: propulit perquam indignis modis, id. Rud. 3, 3, 9: erat perquam onerosum, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 13: perquam honorificum, id. ib. 3, 4, 3.—Separated by an intervening word: per pol quam paucos reperias, Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1.—Placed after the word it governs;
v. supra, I. fin. and II. B.
Latin > French (Gaffiot 2016)
pĕr,³ prép. acc.
1 [sens local] a) à travers : per membranas oculorum cernere Cic. Nat. 2, 142, voir à travers les membranes qui entourent les yeux ; b) sur toute l’étendue de : per forum Cic. Att. 14, 16, 2, à travers le forum ; per temonem percurrere Cæs. G. 4, 33, 3, courir le long du (sur le) timon
