χαλεπός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ή, όν, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[difficult]] (ὃ ἂν μὴ ῥᾴδιον ᾖ ἀλλὰ διὰ πολλῶν πραγμάτων γίγνηται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>341d</span>: opp. <b class="b3">ῥᾴδιος</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1363a24</span>, in various relations): </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> in reference to the feelings, <b class="b2">hard to bear, painful, grievous</b> (so freq. in Hom.), κεραυνός <span class="bibl">Il.14.417</span>; θύελλα <span class="bibl">21.335</span>; ἄνεμοι <span class="bibl">Od.12.286</span>; πόνος <span class="bibl">23.250</span>; <b class="b3">ἄλγος, πένθος</b>, <span class="bibl">2.193</span>, <span class="bibl">6.169</span>; γῆρας <span class="bibl">Il.8.103</span>; ἄλη <span class="bibl">Od.10.464</span>; χαλεπώτερος ἄεθλος <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>800</span>; <b class="b3">ἄλλα τῶν κατεχόντων πρηγμάτων - ώτερα</b> <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.40</span>; χ. πνεῦμα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>166</span> (lyr.); δύα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span>228</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">χαλεπώτατα [πράγματα</b>] <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1273</span> (anap.); συμφορά <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>768</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">νόσος, πλάνη</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Smp.</span>4.37</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Sph.</span>245e</span> (Comp.), etc.; ἡ ἐσβολὴ αὕτη -ωτάτη τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἐγένετο <span class="bibl">Th.3.26</span>; [<b class="b3">θώρακες] δύσφοροι καὶ χ</b>., of ill-fitting cuirasses, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.10.13</span>: <b class="b3">τὸ χ. τοῦ πνεύματος</b> the [[severity]] of the wind, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span>4.5.4</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ χ</b>. [[hardships]], opp. <b class="b3">τὰ τερπνά</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.1.23</span>, etc.; τερπνῶν χαλεπῶν τε κρίσις <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 131</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Plot.5.9.14</span>: Comp., <b class="b2">more unpleasant</b>, <span class="bibl">Jul.<span class="title">Or.</span>6.202c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[hard to do]] or [[deal with]], [[difficult]], [[irksome]], -ώτατον ἔργον ἁπάντων <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>516</span> (anap.); cf. <span class="bibl">Th.3.59</span> (Sup.), etc.; <b class="b3">χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά</b> prov. ap.<span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>304e</span>, al., attributed to Solon by Sch. ad loc.; χαλεπὸν ὁ βίος <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.9.1</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Plt.</span>299e</span>: c. inf. Act. or Med., <b class="b3">χαλεπή τοι ἐγὼ μένος ἀντιφέρεσθαι</b>, = [[χαλεπόν ἐστί μοι ἀντιφέρεσθαί σοι]], <span class="bibl">Il.21.482</span>; χαλεποὶ δὲ θεοὶ φαίνεσθαι ἐναργεῖς <span class="bibl">20.131</span>; <b class="b3">χαλεπὸν δέ τ' ὀρύσσειν [τὸ μῶλυ</b>] <span class="bibl">Od.10.305</span>; χ. προϊδέσθαι καπρός <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>386</span>; χ. ἔρις ἀνθρώποις ὁμιλεῖν κρεσσόνων <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>10.72</span>; χ. προσπολεμεῖν <span class="bibl">Isoc.4.138</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.7.51</span> (Comp.); <b class="b3">χ. συγγενέσθαι, εὑρεῖν, γενέσθαι</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>330c</span>, <span class="bibl">412b</span>, <span class="bibl">502c</span>; χ. πάσχειν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Cri.</span>49b</span> (Comp.): also c. inf. Pass., χαλεπὸς διαγνωσθῆναι καὶ δειχθῆναι <span class="bibl">Antipho 2.1.1</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th. 3.94</span>, etc.; χαλεπὸν ληφθῆναι ὁ τόπος <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ph.</span>212a8</span>; <b class="b3">χαλεπόν [ἐστι</b>] c. inf., 'tis [[hard]], [[difficult]] to do, <span class="bibl">Od.4.651</span>; c. acc. et inf., 'tis <b class="b2">difficult for</b> one to do... <span class="bibl">Il.16.620</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.20.313</span>: c. dat. et inf., <span class="bibl">Il.21.184</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.11.156</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[dangerous]], λιμένες <span class="bibl">19.189</span>; θάλασσα <span class="bibl">Th. 4.24</span>; χ. τὰ παρόντα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>3.2.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> of ground, [[difficult]], [[rugged]], χωρία χ. καὶ πετρώδη <span class="bibl">Th.4.9</span>; ὁδός <span class="bibl">Id.5.58</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>328e</span>; χ. . . καὶ προσάντης . . ὁδός ἐστιν <span class="bibl">Anaxandr.56</span>; πρόσοδοι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.2.3</span>; <b class="b3">πορεία</b> ib.<span class="bibl">5.6.10</span>; <b class="b3">σταθμός</b> ib.<span class="bibl">4.5.3</span>; <b class="b3">χωρίον -ώτατον</b> a place [[most difficult to take]], ib.<span class="bibl">4.8.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> of persons, <b class="b2">hard to deal with, cruel, harsh, stern</b> (opp. <b class="b3">πρᾷος</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>493b</span> (Sup.), <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1126a26</span>), <b class="b3">βασιλεύς, δαίμων</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.2.232</span>, <span class="bibl">19.201</span>; χαλεποί τε καὶ ἄγριοι <span class="bibl">8.575</span>; -ώτερος [[a more bitter enemy]], <span class="bibl">Th.3.40</span>; <b class="b3">-ώτατοι</b> <b class="b2">most difficult to deal with, most dangerous</b> or [[troublesome]], ib.<span class="bibl">42</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.21</span>; -ώτεροι πάροικοι <span class="bibl">Id.3.113</span>; χαλεπόν γε θυγάτηρ κτῆμα <span class="bibl">Men.18</span>: c. dat. pers., [[cruel]] or [[harsh]] towards one, <span class="bibl">Od.17.388</span>; τοῖς ξυμπροθυμηθεῖσι τὸν ἔκπλουν <span class="bibl">Th.8.1</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, τοὺς ἀγνῶτας</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>375c</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1328a8</span> (also πρὸς τοὺς δρόμους <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyn.</span>5.17</span>); ἐπὶ νύμφαις ἀλλοτρίαις <span class="bibl">Theoc. 22.145</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> of words, χαλεπῷ ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ <span class="bibl">Il.2.245</span>, etc.; ἐρεθιζέμεν αἰεὶ μύθοισιν χ. <span class="bibl">Od.17.395</span>; <b class="b3">χ. ὀνείδεα, ὁμοκλαί</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.3.438</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.17.189</span>; φῆμις <span class="bibl">14.239</span>; μῆνις <span class="bibl">Il.5.178</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> esp. of judges, ἦν τὸ δίκαιον φυλάσσων χ. <span class="bibl">Hdt. 1.100</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Criti.</span>107d</span>, <span class="bibl">And.4.36</span>; also χ. ἀρχή <span class="bibl">Th.1.77</span>; τιμωρία <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>39c</span> (Comp.); νόμοι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hp.Mi.</span>372a</span> (Comp.), <span class="bibl">D.21.44</span>, <span class="bibl">35.50</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> [[savage]], [[fierce]], κύνες <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.8.24</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyn.</span>10.23</span>; of bees, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>624b30</span> (Comp.); [θηρία] χ. τὰς φύσεις <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Plt.</span> 274b</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">ill-tempered, testy</b>, χ. ὢν καὶ δύσκολος <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>942</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Isoc.19.26</span>; ὀργὴν χ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.131</span>; <b class="b3">χαλεπῇ τῇ χειρί</b> with a [[rough]] hand, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>1116</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> of plants, [[hurtful to the soil]], <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>8.9.3</span> (Sup.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> Adv. <b class="b3">-πῶς</b> [[hardly]], [[with difficulty]], διαγνῶναι χ. ἦν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον <span class="bibl">Il.7.424</span>; χ. δέ σ' ἔολπα τὸ ῥέξειν <span class="bibl">20.186</span>; χ. κε φύγοις κακόν <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>684</span>; χ. ὀργὰς μεταβάλλουσιν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>121</span> (anap.); χ. γνῶναι <span class="bibl">Antipho 3.2.1</span>; τὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις χ. εὑρημένα ῥᾳδίως μανθάνειν <span class="bibl">Isoc.1.18</span>, cf. 44; <b class="b3">οὐ</b> or <b class="b3">μὴ χ</b>. without <b class="b2">much ado</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.2</span>, <span class="bibl">7.81</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[hardly]], [[scarcely]], δοκέω . . χ. ἂν Ἕλληνας Πέρσῃσι μάχεσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.103</span>; χ. παρὰ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς εὑρεθήσεται <span class="bibl">Lys.29.2</span>; χ. ἂν πείσαιμι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span> 84d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">χ. ἔχει</b>, = [[χαλεπόν ἐστι]], <span class="bibl">Th.3.53</span>: c. acc. et inf., <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span> 7.4.6</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> [[painfully]], [[miserably]], -ώτερον ζῆν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>579d</span>; ἐν τοῖς -ώτατα διῆγον <span class="bibl">Th.7.71</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> of persons, [[angrily]], [[cruelly]], [[harshly]], χ. τιμωρεῖσθαι <span class="bibl">Id.3.46</span>; ἀποκρίνασθαι <span class="bibl">Id.5.42</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>203</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>60</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>269b</span>; <b class="b3">χ. φέρειν τι</b> take it [[ill]], <span class="bibl">Th.2.16</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>330a</span>, etc.; also <b class="b3">χ. ἔφερον τῷ πολέμῳ, τοῖς πράγμασιν</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.1.29</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">An.</span> 1.3.3</span>; ἐπὶ τῇ πολιορκίᾳ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">HG</span>7.4.21</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.H.3.50</span>; also χ. φέρειν τινός <span class="bibl">Th.2.62</span>; also χ. λαμβάνεσθαι τοῦ παιδός <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.121</span>.δ; χ. λαμβάνειν περί τινος <span class="bibl">Th.6.61</span>; of the laws (cf. supr. <span class="bibl">11.1c</span>), χ. προστάττειν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>925d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> freq. in the phrase <b class="b3">χ. ἔχειν</b> to be [[angry]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.4.16</span>, etc.; τινι [[with]] one, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">HG</span>1.5.16</span>; πρὸς τοὺς λόγους <span class="bibl">Isoc.3.3</span>, cf. 51; <b class="b3">χ. ἔχειν τισὶν ἐπί τινι</b> [[with]] persons for a thing, <span class="bibl">D.20.135</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Cic.</span>43</span>; χ. διακεῖσθαι πρὸς ἅπαντας <span class="bibl">Isoc.<span class="title">Ep.</span> 7.5</span>; χ. πρὸς φιλοσοφίαν διακεῖσθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>500b</span>; χ. πρὸς ἡμᾶς διετέθησαν <span class="bibl">Isoc.8.79</span>; ἐπί τινι χ. διατεθείς <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Per.</span>36</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">χ. ἔχειν</b>, also, to be [[in a bad way]], χ. ἔχω ὑπὸ τοῦ πότου <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>176a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tht.</span>142b</span>.— Beside the regul. Comp.</gram> χαλεπώτερον (<span class="bibl">Th.1.77</span>, <span class="bibl">7.50</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>94d</span>, etc.) we have <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> -ωτέρως <span class="bibl">Th.2.50</span>, <span class="bibl">8.40</span>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>6.7.1</span>: Sup. -ώτατα <span class="bibl">Th.7.71</span>, <span class="bibl">8.95</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>579d</span>, etc.</span>