ὅσπερ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<b class="b3">ἥπερ, ὅπερ</b> (Ep. ὅπερ as masc., <span class="bibl">Il.7.114</span>, <span class="bibl">21.107</span>); gen.<b class="b3">οὗπερ</b>, Ep. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> οἷόπερ <span class="bibl">A.R.1.1325</span> ; in Ion. writers and in Poets the obl. cases are sts. borrowed from the Art., τόπερ <span class="bibl">Id.3.1098</span> ; τοῦπερ <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span> 779</span> ; τῇπερ <span class="bibl">Il.24.603</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.30</span> ; τοίπερ <span class="bibl">Od.13.130</span> ; τάπερ <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>418</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.16</span> ; τῶνπερ <span class="bibl">Il.13.638</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>974</span> ; on concord and constr. cf. ὅς <span class="bibl">B. 1.1</span>,2,4, <span class="bibl">11.1a</span>,3, IV. 4:—<b class="b2">the very man who, the very thing which</b>; freq. indistinguishable from simple <b class="b3">ὅς</b>, cf. ὅσος 111.4 : with words intervening between <b class="b3">ὅς</b> and περ, ὅς ῥ' ἔβαλέν περ <span class="bibl">Il.4.524</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">13.101</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> used after Adjs. of resemblance, ὡυτὸς ὅσπερ <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.42</span> ; ἐκ τῶν ἴσων... ὧνπερ αὐτὸς ἐξέφυ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1499</span> ; <b class="b3">ὅμοια ἔπραττον ἅπερ ἄν</b> . . <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.4.34</span> ; <b class="b3">ὅρκια τάπερ τε</b> . . <b class="b2">the same as</b>... <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.74</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> special uses of cases, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">ὅπερ</b>, [[wherefore]], <span class="bibl">D.S.13.18</span> codd. (s.v.l.); [[although]], <span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Pron.</span>103.7</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ἅπερ</b>, [[as]], [[like]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>381</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>131</span>, <span class="bibl">660</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>168</span> (anap., as v.l.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span> 175</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.1.18</span>, etc.; cf. [[καθάπερ]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">οὗπερ</b>, v. [[ὅς]] A b. <span class="bibl">1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">ᾗπερ</b>, Dor. <b class="b3">ᾇπερ</b>, [[which way]], [[where]], [[whither]], <span class="bibl">Il.6.41</span>, <span class="bibl">12.33</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.5.10</span>, etc.; Ion. τῇπερ, ἔθαψαν . . τῇπερ ἔπεσε <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.30</span> ; also, [[as]], <span class="bibl">Il.7.286</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>440</span>(lyr.), <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>364</span> ; ᾗπερ δή <span class="bibl">Il.9.310</span> ; ᾗπερ καί <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>3.8.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> in the Logic of Aristotle, <b class="b3">ὅπερ ἐστί</b>, or <b class="b3">ὅπερ</b> alone, has two senses : </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> non-technical, and unemphatic, [[what]] (a thing) [[is]], <b class="b3">ἑκάστη οὐσία τοῦθ' ὅ. ἐστίν, οὐ λέγεται μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον</b> each substance is called [[what]] it [[is]] without the difference of more or less, <span class="title">Cat.</span>3b36 ; <b class="b3">τὸ διπλάσιον τοῦθ' ὅ. ἐστίν, ἑτέρου λέγεται</b> the double is called [[what]] it [[is]] (viz. the double) of something, i.e. is relative, ib.6a39. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> expressing identity, <b class="b3">οὔτε ἡ χιὼν ὅ. λευκόν</b> snow is not [[what]] white [[is]], i.e. is not identical with white, <span class="title">Top.</span>120b23 ; <b class="b3">ὁ λευκὸς ἄνθρωπος οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ. χρῶμα</b> ib.116a27: hence, to indicate the [[precise]] or [[essential]] nature of a thing, <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἂν φαίη ὅ. κακόν τι εἶναι τὴν ἡδονήν</b> he would not say that pleasure is [[essentially]] something bad, <span class="title">EN</span>1153b6; <b class="b3">τὰ μὲν οὐσίαν σημαίνοντα ὅ. ἐκεῖνό ἢ ὅ. ἐκεῖνό τι σημαίνει</b> expressions which show the essence show [[precisely what]] the thing in question [[is]] or [[precisely]] of what kind it [[is]] (i.e. indicate either its species or its genus), <span class="title">APo.</span>83a24 ; <b class="b3">ὅ. &lt;τόδε&gt; τί ἐστι τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι</b> the essence of a thing [[is precisely]] a 'this', i.e. a fully specified particular, <span class="title">Metaph.</span>1030a3; <b class="b3">ἡ μὲν [ἐπιστήμη] ὅ. ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν</b> knowledge (that man is an animal) is apprehension that 'animal' is [[an element in the essential nature]] of man, <span class="title">APo.</span>89a35.</span>