ὀφείλω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=impf. <b class="b3">ὤφειλον</b>; Ep. ὀφέλλω (also Aeol., <span class="title">IG</span>12(2).67.7 (Mytil.), and Arc., ib.<span class="bibl">5(2).343.27</span> (Orchom. Arc., iv B. C.)), impf. <b class="b3">ὤφελλον</b> or <b class="b3">ὄφελλον</b>, v. infr. II. <span class="bibl">2</span>, <span class="bibl">3</span> (the Att. or Ion. <b class="b3">ὀφείλετ', ὄφειλον</b> in <span class="bibl">Il.11.686</span>, <span class="bibl">688</span>, <span class="bibl">698</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>174</span> is prob. due to the Copyists): fut. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> ὀφειλήσω <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.2.28</span>, <span class="bibl">D.30.7</span>, also ὀφειλέσω <span class="title">TAM</span>2.431, al.: aor. 1 ὠφείλησα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>115</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.8.5</span> (ἐπ-): pf. <b class="b3">ὠφείληκα</b>: plpf. -ήκειν D.45. 33: aor. 2 <b class="b3">ὤφελον</b> (v. infr. <span class="bibl">11.2</span>, 3):—Pass., aor. part. ὀφειληθείς <span class="bibl">Th. 3.63</span>. (Cret. ὀφήλω <span class="title">GDI</span>5015.21, written ὀπέλο <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>10.20, al., Arc. ὀφέλλω (v. supr.) and ὀφήλω <span class="title">SIG</span>306.40 (Tegea, iv B. C.): in early Att. Inscrr. written both ὀφελ <b class="b2">-IG</b> 12.91.8, al., and <b class="b3">ὀφειλ-</b> ib.109.9, al.):—[[owe]], [[have to pay]] or [[account for]], τὸ καὶ μοιχάγρι' ὀφέλλει <span class="bibl">Od.8.332</span>; <b class="b3">ὅτι μοι . . ζωάγρι' ὀφέλλεις</b> ib.<span class="bibl">462</span>; χρεῖος, τό ῥά οἱ πᾶς δῆμος ὄφελλεν <span class="bibl">21.17</span>; πολέσιν γὰρ Ἐπειοὶ χρεῖος ὄφειλον <span class="bibl">Il.11.688</span>; ζημίην ὀ. τῷ θεῷ <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.52</span>, etc.: metaph., μητέρα μοι ζώουσαν ὀφέλλετε <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 126</span>; <b class="b3">τί ὀφείλω</b><b class="b2">;</b> what <b class="b2">do I owe?</b> <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>21</span>; <b class="b3">ὀ. ἀργύριον, χρέα</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Av.</span> 115</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Nu.</span>117</span>; ὀ. ἢ θεῷ θυσίας ἢ ἀνθρώπῳ χρήματα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>331b</span>; <b class="b3">ὀ. τινὶ δρᾶν τι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">332a</span>: c. dat. only, <b class="b3">ὀ. τινί</b> [[to be debtor]] to another, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span> 1135</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lys.</span>581</span>, etc.; τρίτον δὲ χαίρειν, εἶτ' ὀ. μηδενί <span class="bibl">Philem.163</span>: abs., to [[be in debt]], <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>485</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οἱ ὀφείλοντες</b> [[debtors]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1167b21</span>, Plu.2.832a:—Pass., to [[be due]], <b class="b3">ἔνθα χρεῖός μοι ὀφέλλεται</b> (v.l. [[ὀφείλεται]]) <span class="bibl">Od.3.367</span>; χρεῖος ὀφείλετο <span class="bibl">Il.11.686</span>, <span class="bibl">698</span>; ἢν . . ὀφείληταί τί μοι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>484</span>; μισθὸς τοῖς στρατιώταις ὠφείλετο <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>1.2.11</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τὸ ὀφειλόμενον</b> [[a debt]], ib.<span class="bibl">7.7.34</span>; -όμενα ἀποδιδόντες <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.99</span>, cf. Simon. ap. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>331e</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> metaph., ὀ. μέλος τινί <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>10(11).3</span>; πολλὰ δώμασιν καλά <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>287</span>; <b class="b3">ὀ. χάριν</b>, v. [[χάρις]] <span class="bibl">1.2</span>; Ἀπόλλωνι χαριστήρια <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.2.28</span>; τὴν ψυχὴν πᾶσιν <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">VH</span>10.5</span>:—Pass., ὀφείλεταί τινι ἐκ θεῶν κλέος <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>315</span>; ὀ. τινὶ εὐεργεσία <span class="bibl">Th.1.137</span>; ἀντὶ χαρίτων ἔχθραι ὀ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.5.32</span>; τοῖς μὲν ἐχθροῖς βλάβην ὀ., τοῖς δὲ φίλοις ὠφελίαν <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">R.</span>335e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">332b</span>; <b class="b3">τοὐφειλόμενον πράσσουσα Δίκη</b> [[what is due]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span> 310</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> as a legal term, to [[be bound to render]], εὐθύνας ὤφειλον <span class="bibl">And. 1.73</span> codd. (f.l. for [[ὦφλον]]): hence, like [[ὀφλισκάνω]], [[incur]] a penalty, ζημίαν <span class="bibl">Lys.9.10</span>; διπλῆν τὴν βλάβην <span class="bibl">Id.1.32</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Andr.</span>360</span>; τὴν τοιαύτην δίκην <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>909a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">774b</span>, <span class="bibl">774d</span>, <span class="bibl">844e</span>, <span class="bibl">D.21.77</span>; ἁμαρτίαν ὀ. Μηνὶ Τυράννῳ <span class="title">IG</span>3.74.15 (ii/iii A. D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> in Pass., of persons, to [[be due]] or [[liable to]], θανάτῳ πάντες ὀφειλόμεθα <span class="bibl">Simon.122</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Wi.</span>12.20</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>3.1381; but τοιαύταις χερσὶν ὀφειλόμεθα [[our help is due]], AP9.283 (Crin.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> c. inf., to [[be bound]], to [[be obliged]] to do, <b class="b3">ὀφέλλετε ταῦτα πένεσθαι</b> [[ye are bound]], [[ye ought to]]... <span class="bibl">Il.19.200</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.41</span>,<span class="bibl">42</span>, al., <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>682</span>, <span class="bibl">712</span>, etc.; and of things, [[ought]] to be, ὁ λόγος οὐκ ἀκριβῶς ὀ. λέγεσθαι <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1104a2</span>:—Pass., δράσαντι γάρ τοι καὶ παθεῖν ὀφείλεται <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>456</span>; <b class="b3">σοὶ τοῦτ' ὀφείλεται παθεῖν</b> [[it is]] thy [[destiny]] to... <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span> 1421</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>1173</span>; ὡς πᾶσιν ἡμῖν κατθανεῖν ὀφείλεται <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>419</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">782</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Or.</span>1245</span>, <span class="bibl">Lys.25.11</span>; v. supr.<span class="bibl">1.4</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> in this signf. Ep. impf. <b class="b3">ὤφελλον</b> or <b class="b3">ὄφελλον</b> and aor. <b class="b3">ὤφελον</b> or <b class="b3">ὄφελον</b> are used of that which one has not, but [[ought to have]], done ([[ought]] being the pret. of [[owe]]), ὤφελεν ἀθανάτοισιν εὔχεσθαι <span class="bibl">Il.23.546</span>; νῦν ὄφελεν πονέεσθαι λισσόμενος <span class="bibl">10.117</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.4.472</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> these tenses are also used, folld. by pres. or aor. inf., in wishes that something were or had been in present or past, <b class="b3">ἀνδρὸς . . ὤφελλον ἀμείνονος εἶναι ἄκοιτις</b> I [[ought to]] be... [[would that]] I were . . ! <span class="bibl">Il.6.350</span>; <b class="b3">τὴν ὄφελ' ἐν νήεσσι κατακτάμεν Ἄρτεμις</b> [[would that]] Artemis had slain her !, <span class="bibl">Il.19.59</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.4.97</span>; τιμήν πέρ μοι ὄφελλεν Ὀλύμπιος ἐγγυαλίξαι <span class="bibl">Il.1.353</span>: freq. preceded by <b class="b3">εἴθε</b> (Ep. <b class="b3">αἴθε</b>) <b class="b3">, ὡς, ὡς δή</b>, which express the wish still more strongly, <b class="b3">αἴθ' ὄφελες ἄγονός τ' ἔμεναι ἄγαμός τ' ἀπολέσθαι</b> <b class="b2">O that thou hadst!</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.3.40</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.415</span>, etc.; αἴθ' ὤφελλες . . σημαίνειν <span class="bibl">14.84</span>; αἴθ' ὤφελλ' ὁ ξεῖνος . . ὀλέσθαι <span class="bibl">Od.18.401</span>; αἴθ' ἅμα πάντες . . ὠφέλετε . . ἐπὶ νηυσὶ πεφάσθαι <span class="bibl">Il.24.254</span>: with <b class="b3">ὡς, ὡς ὄφελον . . ἑλέσθαι</b> <b class="b2">O that I had . . !</b>, <span class="bibl">11.380</span>; θανέειν <span class="bibl">Od.14.274</span>; ὡς πρὶν ὤφελλον ὀλέσθαι <span class="bibl">Il.24.764</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.14.68</span>; ὡς ὤφελες αὐτόθ' ὀλέσθαι <span class="bibl">Il.3.428</span>; ὡς . . ὤφελες <span class="bibl">Od. 2.184</span>; <b class="b3">ὡς ὄφελεν</b> . . <span class="bibl">Il.3.173</span>, etc.: strengthd., <b class="b3">ὡς δὴ ἔγωγ' ὄφελον</b> . . <span class="bibl">Od.1.217</span>: also with neg., <b class="b3">μὴ ὄφελες λίσσεσθαι</b> . . [[would thou hadst]] never . . !, <span class="bibl">Il.9.698</span>; ἣ μὴ ὤφελλε γενέσθαι <span class="bibl">17.686</span>; τὼ μὴ γείνασθαι ὄφελλον <span class="bibl">Od.8.312</span>; ὡς μὴ ὤφελλε τεκέσθαι <span class="bibl">Il.22.481</span>; ὡς δὴ μὴ ὄφελον νικᾶν <span class="bibl">Od.11.548</span>.—So in Trag. and Att., <b class="b3">ὤφελον</b> . . <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1157</span>; <b class="b3">ὤφελες</b> . . <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>865</span>; <b class="b3">ὤφελε</b> . . <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>48</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.1.4</span>, etc.: also, as in Ep., <b class="b3">εἴθ' ὤφελες</b> . . <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1021</span>; <b class="b3">εἴθ' ὤφελ'</b> . . <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>41</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">εἰ γὰρ ὤφελον</b> . . <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ec.</span>380</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>432c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cri.</span>44d</span>; <b class="b3">ὡς ὤφελες</b> . . <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>955</span>: with neg., μήποτ' ὤφελον <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>969</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>880</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl">D.18.288</span>; <b class="b3">ὡς μήποτ' ὤφελον</b> . . <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>286</span>; ὡς μηδὲ νῦν ὤφελον <span class="bibl">D.21.78</span>: without augm. in Hdt., <b class="b3">εἶδον . . τὸ μὴ ἰδεῖν ὄφελον</b> (v.l. [[ὤ-]]) <span class="bibl">1.111</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">3.65</span>: sts. in Trag. (lyr. and anap.), <b class="b3">εἴθ' ὄφελε</b> . . <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>915</span>; <b class="b3">ὄφελε</b> . . <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span> 1192</span>; <b class="b3">μήποτ' ὄφελον</b> . . <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>1413</span>. (In this signf. <b class="b3">ὤφειλον</b> is used in late Ep., ὡς μὴ ὤφειλες ἱκέσθαι <span class="bibl">Q.S.5.194</span>, but <b class="b3">ὤφελλον</b> shd. be read in <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>174</span> and <b class="b3">ὤφελε</b> in <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>1291</span>.) </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> with ind., ὤφελε μηδ' ἐγένοντο θοαὶ νέες <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Epigr.</span>19.1</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Q.S.10.378</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">ὄφελον</b> (Adv. acc. to <span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Adv.</span>142.9</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">EM</span>643.48</span>) in this signf.: c. acc. et inf., ὤμοι ἐγών, ὄφελόν με . . ὀλέσθαι <span class="bibl">Orph.<span class="title">A.</span>1159</span>: even with <span class="bibl">2</span> pers. of Verb, ὄφελον ἐβασιλεύσατε <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>4.8</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">2 Ep.Cor.</span>11.1</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Gal.</span>5.12</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Apoc.</span>3.15</span>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Jb.</span>14.13</span>, <span class="bibl">Ath.4.156a</span>; ὄφελον δυνήσῃ <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Sol.</span>1</span> (as a solecism): with <span class="bibl">3</span> pers., <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">Epict.</span>2.18.15</span>, <span class="bibl">D.Chr.38.47</span>: with <span class="bibl">1</span> pers. pl., ὄφελον ἀπεθάνομεν <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ex.</span>16.3</span>; <b class="b3">ὤφελον</b> (sic) εἰ ἐδυνάμεθα πέτασθαι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PGiss.</span>17.10</span> (ii A. D.): c. inf., <b class="b3">ὄφελομ μὲν ἡ θεὸς . . στερῆσαι</b> . . <span class="title">OGI</span>315.16 (Pessinus, ii B. C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> impers. <b class="b3">ὀφείλει</b>, [[it behoves]], c. acc. et inf., <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>2.6</span>; <b class="b3">ὄφελλέ με μήτε . . εἰσοράαν κτλ</b>. <span class="bibl">A.R.3.678</span>: so pers. in part., abs., <b class="b3">αἱ ὀφείλουσαι ἱερουργίαι τῶν θεῶν</b> the [[due]] services of the gods, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PTeb.</span>294.24</span> (ii A. D.); κατὰ τὸν ὀφείλοντα καιρόν <span class="bibl">Sor.1.79</span>. (<b class="b3">ὦφλον, ὤφληκα</b>, aor. and pf. of <b class="b3">ὀφλισκάνω</b>, were prob. orig. aor. and pf. of <b class="b3">ὀφείλω</b>: <b class="b3">ὄφελον</b> in signf. II. <span class="bibl">3c</span> may be orig. neut. part. of <b class="b3">ὤφελε</b> (signf. <span class="bibl">111</span>) with omission of <b class="b3">ἐστί</b>.)</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to owe, to have to pay, to be obliged, to be due</b> (IA., also Il.)<br />Other forms: <b class="b3">ὀφέλλω</b> (Aeol., Arc., also Hom.), <b class="b3">ὀφήλω</b> (Cret., Arc., Arg.), aor. 1. <b class="b3">ὀφειλ-ῆσαι</b>, pass. <b class="b3">-ηθῆναι</b>, fut. <b class="b3">-ήσω</b> (hell. also <b class="b3">-έσω</b>), perf. <b class="b3">ὠφείληκα</b> (Att.), aor. 2. <b class="b3">ὤφελον</b>, <b class="b3">ὄφελον</b> (Il., Att.). Beside it <b class="b3">ὀφρλισκάνω</b>, fut. <b class="b3">ὀφλ-ήσω</b>, aor. 1. <b class="b3">-ῆσαι</b>, perf. <b class="b3">ὤφληκα</b> (Att.), ptc. dat. pl. <b class="b3">Ϝοφληκόσι</b>, 3. pl. [<b class="b3">Ϝο]φλέασι</b> (Arc.), aor. 2. <b class="b3">ὀφλεῖν</b> (IA.), also wit <b class="b3">ἐπ-</b>, <b class="b3">προσ-</b>, <b class="b2">to be guilty, to incur a punishment, to be sentenced</b>.<br />Dialectal forms: On Myc. [[opero]] etc. Lejeune Rev. ét. anc. 58, 19f. w. n. 58, BSL 52, 197 n. 5.<br />Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">προσ-</b>.<br />Derivatives: A. From pres. <b class="b3">ὀφείλω</b> : <b class="b3">ὀφειλ-έτης</b> m., <b class="b3">-έτις</b> f. [[debtor]] (S., Pl.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 62 a. 241 f.) with <b class="b3">-έσιον</b> n. [[small debt]] (Eust.), <b class="b3">-ημα</b> n. (Th., Pl., Arist.; <b class="b3">ὀφήλωμα</b> [Cret.] after <b class="b3">ἀνάλωμα</b>), <b class="b3">-ησις</b> f. (pap. IIIa) [[debt]], [[indebted sum]]; <b class="b3">-ή</b> f. [[debt]], [[leasing]] (pap., NT). B. From the aorist <b class="b3">ὀφλεῖν</b> : <b class="b3">ὄφλ-ημα</b> n. (D., Arist., pap.), <b class="b3">-ησις</b> f. (LXX) [[penalty]], [[fine]]; <b class="b3">-ητής</b> m. [[debtor]] (gloss.), <b class="b3">ὀφλοί ὀφειλέται</b>, <b class="b3">ὀφειλαί</b> H.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [not in Pok.] <b class="b2">*h₃bʰel-</b> [[owe]], [[be obliged]]<br />Etymology: The system <b class="b3">ὀφλεῖν</b> : <b class="b3">ὀφλισκ-άνω</b> : <b class="b3">ὀφλήσω</b> : <b class="b3">ὤφληκα</b> agrees with (except for the enlarging <b class="b3">-άνω</b>; Schwyzer 700) the group <b class="b3">εὑρεῖν</b> : <b class="b3">εὑρίσκω</b>, <b class="b3">εὑρήσω</b>, <b class="b3">εὕρηκα</b>; to this came the aorist <b class="b3">ὀφλῆσαι</b> (Lys. a. late); also [<b class="b3">Ϝο]φλέ-ασι</b> has the same enlarged zero grade without second. <b class="b3">κ</b>. Beside this system built on a zero grade themat. aorist stands another, based on the full grade aorist <b class="b3">ὤφελον</b>, to which came the nasal present <b class="b3">*ὀφέλ-νω</b> ( > <b class="b3">ὀφείλω</b>, <b class="b3">ὀφέλλω</b>, <b class="b3">ὀφήλω</b>) like <b class="b3">ἔτεμον</b> : <b class="b3">τέμνω</b>. As the formation of the present <b class="b3">ὀφείλω</b> became unclear through the phonetic development, it could become the basis of another system. Also semantically the formal pairs went different ways. -- An old problem provides <b class="b3">Ϝο-</b> which appears only in an Arc. inscription. While some, e.g. Brugmann IF 29, 241 (cf. on <b class="b3">οἴγνυμι</b>), want to see in it a prefix (to Lat. <b class="b2">au-</b>, <b class="b2">vē-</b>, Skt. <b class="b2">áva</b> <b class="b2">away (from)</b>; diff. Vollgraff Mél. Bq 2, 339), others are inclined, e.g. Solmsen KZ 34, 450f., Fraenkel Phil. 97, 162, to see <b class="b3">Ϝο-</b> as reversed writing for <b class="b3">ὀ-</b> (further in Schwyzer 226 n. 1). -- Further quite isolated and dark; an attempt to connect <b class="b3">ὀφείλω</b> etc. with <b class="b3">ὀφέλλω</b> [[augment]] in v. Windekens Ling.Posn. 8, 35 ff. -- On the explanation of the individual forms Schwyzer 709 and 746 w. n. 9 (partly diff.), also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 314 (w. lit.) a. 394;