κράτος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[ᾰ], Ion. and Ep. κάρτος, εος, τό, both in Hom.; Aeol. κρέτος <span class="bibl">Alc.25</span>:—<span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[strength]], [[might]], in Hom. esp. of [[bodily strength]], ἔπεφνε δόλῳ, οὔ τι κράτεΐ γε <span class="bibl">Il.7.142</span>; ἔχει ἥβης ἄνθος, ὅ τε κ. ἐστὶ μέγιστον <span class="bibl">13.484</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τὸ γὰρ αὖτε σιδήρου γε κ. ἐστίν</b> this (i.e. <b class="b3">τὸ βάψαι</b>) is what gives [[strength]] to iron, <span class="bibl">Od.9.393</span>: generally, δικαία γλῶσσ' ἔχει κ. μέγα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>80</span>; μηχανῆς ἔστω κ. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>207</span>; <b class="b3">κατὰ κράτος</b> with [[all one's might]] or [[strength]], πολιορκεῖσθαι <span class="bibl">Th.1.64</span>; πολεμεῖν <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Lg.</span>692d</span>; ἐξελέγχεσθαι <span class="bibl">D.34.20</span>, etc.: freq. in phrase <b class="b3">αἱρεῖν κατὰ κ</b>. take [[by storm]], <span class="bibl">Th.8.100</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.4.119</span>, etc.; also ἀνὰ κράτος διώκειν <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.4.23</span>; ἐλαύνειν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span>1.8.1</span>, etc.; ἀπὸ κράτους <span class="bibl">D.S.17.34</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸς ἰσχύος κράτος</b>, opp. <b class="b3">λόγῳ</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>594</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> personified, K. Βία τε <span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Pr.</span>12</span>; K. καὶ Δίκη <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ch.</span>244</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> [[power]], <b class="b3">τοῦ γὰρ κ. ἐστὶ μέγιστον</b>, of Zeus, <span class="bibl">Il.2.118</span>, etc.; τοῦ γὰρ κ. ἔστ' ἐνὶ οἴκῳ <span class="bibl">Od.1.359</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.12.214</span>; Ζηνὸς κ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.96</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>527</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">ἐκπίπτειν κράτους</b>, of Zeus, ib. <span class="bibl">948</span>; τὸ κ. τοῦ θεοῦ <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ps.</span>61(62).11</span>, etc.: pl., ὑποχείριος κράτεσιν ἀρσένων <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>393</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>485</span>; esp. of political power, [[rule]], [[sovereignty]], ὁ μαιόμενος τὸ μέγα κρέτος ὀντρέψει τάχα τὰν πόλιν Alc. l.c.; τὸ κ. περιθεῖναί τινι <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.129</span>; ἐς τὸ πλῆθος φέρειν τὸ κ. <span class="bibl">Id.3.81</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ πᾶν κ. ἔχειν</b> to be all-[[powerful]], <span class="bibl">Id.7.3</span>; ἀρχὴ καὶ κ. τυραννικόν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span> 373</span>; <b class="b3">βασιλεὺς πρῶτος ἐν κράτει Ὀδρυσῶν ἐγένετο</b> in [[real power]], <span class="bibl">Th.2.29</span>; later τὸ κ. τῶν Ῥωμαίων <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>41i2</span> (iii/iv A. D.): in pl., κράτη καὶ θρόνους <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>173</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>586</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">θρόνων κράτη</b> sovereign [[power]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>166</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> c. gen., [[power over]], τὸ Περσέων κ. ἔχοντα <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.69</span>; τὸ κ. εἶχε τῆς στρατιῆς <span class="bibl">Id.9.42</span>; πᾶν κ. ἔχων χθονός <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>425</span> (lyr.); τῶν ἄλλων δαιμόνων <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>949</span>; δὸς κ. τῶν σῶν δόμων <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>480</span>; δωμάτων ἔχειν κ. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>871</span>; τὸ τῆς θαλάσσης κ. <span class="bibl">Th.1.143</span>; μετὰ κράτους τῆς γῆς <span class="bibl">Id.8.24</span>; <b class="b3">ὧν ἂν ᾖ τὸ κ. τῆς γῆς</b> whoever have [[possession]] of the land, <span class="bibl">Id.4.98</span>; κ. ἔχειν ἑαυτοῦ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Plt.</span>273a</span>: pl., ἀστραπᾶν κράτη νέμων <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>201</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> of persons, [[a power]], [[an authority]], Ἀχαιῶν δίθρονον κ. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>109</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl">619</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>127</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> [[mastery]], [[victory]], freq. in Hom., <span class="bibl">Il.1.509</span>, <span class="bibl">6.387</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.21.280</span>; κ. ἄρνυσθαι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span> 838</span> (lyr.); νίκη καὶ κράτη <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>951</span>; <b class="b3">ἀέθλων κ</b>. [[victory in]]... <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span> 8(7).4</span>; νίκη καὶ κ. τῶν δρωμένων <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>85</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ἀριστείας</b> [[the meed]] of highest valour, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span>443</span>; νίκη καὶ κ. πολεμίων <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>962a</span>; κ. πολέμου καὶ νίκη <span class="bibl">D.19.130</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> Medic., in pl., [[ligaments]], <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Mul.</span> 2.167</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> = [[ταρσός]], [[back of the hand]], <span class="bibl">Poll.2.144</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> Pythag. name for [[ten]], Theol.Ar.59.—This word and its derivs. take two forms, κρατ- and καρτ-; the latter is mostly Ep., as <b class="b3">κάρτος, κάρτιστος, καρτύνω</b>, but in <b class="b3">κρατερός</b> and <b class="b3">καρτερός</b> the reverse holds, v. [[κρατερός]] fin.; <b class="b3">κρατέω, κρατύς</b> have no form <b class="b3">καρτ-.</b> (κρατ- and καρτ- from <b class="b3">kṛt</b>-, weak form of κρετ-, cf. <b class="b3">κρέτος, κρέσσων</b>.)</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: [[strength]], [[power]], [[authority]] (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 202 ff.).<br />Other forms: ep. Ion. (Dor.) also <b class="b3">κάρτος</b>, Aeol. <b class="b3">κρέτος</b><br />Compounds: Often as 1. member, e. g. <b class="b3">ἀ-κρατής</b> <b class="b2">without strength, power (over others or over oneself)</b>; oppos. <b class="b3">ἐγ-κρατής</b> <b class="b2">having power over, controlling (oneself)</b> with <b class="b3">ἐγκράτεια</b>, <b class="b3">-έω</b> etc.; <b class="b3">αὑτο-κρατής</b> [[having power over oneself]], [[independent]]; more usual <b class="b3">αὑτο-κράτωρ</b> [[with unlimited power]] (Ar., Th.); details in Debrunner FS Tɨèche (Bern 1947) 11f.; also <b class="b3">-κρέτης</b> in Aeol. and Arc. Cypr. PN, e. g. <b class="b3">Σω-κρέτης</b>.<br />Derivatives: Beside <b class="b3">κράτος</b>, <b class="b3">κρέτος</b> there are several adjectives: 1. <b class="b3">κρατύς</b> [[strong]], [[powerful]] (Hom.; only <b class="b3">κρατὺς Ἀργεϊφόντης</b>, verse-end) with <b class="b3">κρατύνω</b>, ep. also <b class="b3">καρτ-</b> <b class="b2">strengthen, conso;idate, rule</b> (Il.) with <b class="b3">κρατυσμός</b> [[strenghtening]], <b class="b3">κρατυντήριος</b> <b class="b2">id.</b>, <b class="b3">-τικός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (medic.), <b class="b3">κρατύντωρ</b> [[controller]] (PMag. Leid.). - 2. <b class="b3">κρατερός</b> (Il., A. Pr. 168, anap.), <b class="b3">καρτερός</b> (Il.) <b class="b2">id.</b> (IA.); also as 1. member, e.g. <b class="b3">κρατερό-φρων</b> (Il.). <b class="b3">καρτερέω</b>, also with prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, [[be steadfast]], [[hold out]], [[overcome onseself]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">καρτερία</b> (Pl., X.), <b class="b3">-ρησις</b> (Pl.) [[holding on]], [[firmness]], <b class="b3">-ρικός</b> (Att.); <b class="b3">καρτερόω</b> [[strengthen]] (Aq., Herm.). - 3. <b class="b3">κραταιός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Il.), also as plant-name (Ps.-Dsc.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 82); rarely as 1. member, e.g. <b class="b3">κραταιό-φρων</b> (PMag.). With <b class="b3">κραταιότης</b> = <b class="b3">κράτος</b> (LXX), <b class="b3">κραταιόω</b> [[strengthen]] (LXX, NT ) with <b class="b3">κραταίωμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ωσις</b> (LXX). Fem. <b class="b3">κραταιίς</b> (Od.; Schwyzer 385). - 4. Primary comparison: comp. <b class="b3">κρείττων</b>, (Atticising) <b class="b3">κρείσσων</b> with sec. <b class="b3">-ει-</b> for <b class="b3">κρέσσων</b> (Ion., Pi.); Dor. <b class="b3">κάρρων</b>, Cret. <b class="b3">κάρτων</b>; denomin. <b class="b3">κρειττόομαι</b> [[have excrescences]], with <b class="b3">κρείττωσις</b> (Thphr.). sup. <b class="b3">κράτιστος</b>, ep. <b class="b3">κάρτ-</b>, (Il.), with <b class="b3">-τεύω</b> [[be the best]], [[surpass]] (Pi., Att.); -(<b class="b3">ε)ία</b> as title, [[highness]] (pap.). -- 5. Adv. <b class="b3">κάρτα</b> [[in a high degree]], [[very]] (Ion. and trag.). - 6. As 1. member often <b class="b3">κραται-</b> (<b class="b3">καρται-</b>), e.g. <b class="b3">κραται-γύαλος</b> <b class="b2">with strong breast-pieces</b> (T 361). Further <b class="b3">Κρατι-</b>, <b class="b3">Καρτι-</b> in PN, e.g. <b class="b3">Κρατί-δημος</b>, <b class="b3">Καρτί-νικος</b>; also <b class="b3">Κρατ(ο</b>)-, <b class="b3">Κρατε-</b> a. o. (Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 256). Hypocoristic short-names <b class="b3">Κρατῖνος</b> (Schwyzer 491, Chantraine Formation 205), <b class="b3">Κρατύλος</b>, <b class="b3">Κράτυλλος</b> (Leumann Glotta 32, 217 a. 225 A. 1), <b class="b3">Κρατιεύς</b> (Boßhardt Die Nom. auf <b class="b3">-ευς</b> 126). On <b class="b3">Κρεσφόντης</b> s. v. - 7. Verb: <b class="b3">κρατέω</b> (Il.), Aeol. <b class="b3">κρετέω</b>, aor. <b class="b3">κρατῆσαι</b> (posthom.), <b class="b3">κρέτησαι</b> (Sapph.), often with prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">περι-</b>, [[controll]], [[possess]], [[rule]], [[conquer]]; with (<b class="b3">ἐπι-</b> etc.) <b class="b3">κράτησις</b> [[power]], [[rule]] (Th., LXX), (<b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>) <b class="b3">κρατητικός</b> [[controlling]] (late), (<b class="b3">δια-)κράτημα</b> [[support]], [[grip]] (medic.); <b class="b3">κρατητής</b> [[possessor]] (Procl.); <b class="b3">κρατῆρας τοὺς κρατοῦντας</b> H. for <b class="b3">κρατητῆρας</b> (Lewy KZ 59, 182). But <b class="b3">ἐγκρατέω</b> from <b class="b3">ἐγ-κρατής</b>, <b class="b3">ναυ-κρατέω</b>, <b class="b3">-τία</b> from <b class="b3">ναυ-κρατής</b> etc.; s. above. <b class="b3">καρταίνειν κρατεῖν</b> H. -- 8. On <b class="b3">κρατευταί</b> s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [??] <b class="b2">*kret-</b> [[strength]] [Pok. wrongly 531 <b class="b2">*kar-</b>!!]<br />Etymology: With the full grade in Aeol. <b class="b3">κρέτος</b> interchanges regularly the zero grade in <b class="b3">κρατύς</b>, <b class="b3">κάρτα</b> (on <b class="b3">ρα</b> : <b class="b3">αρ</b> Schwyzer 342). Through analogy arose both <b class="b3">κράτος</b>, <b class="b3">κάρτος</b> and the compp. <b class="b3">κάρρων</b> < <b class="b3">*κάρσ(σ)ων</b> < <b class="b3">*κάρτι̯ων</b> and <b class="b3">κάρτων</b> beside the old fullgrade <b class="b3">κρέσσων</b> < <b class="b3">*κρέτι̯ων</b>; details in Seiler Steigerungsformen 53 ff. A zero grade of the <b class="b3">σ-</b>stem in <b class="b3">κρέτος</b> is supposed in <b class="b3">Κρεσ-φόντης</b> ( < <b class="b3">*Κρετσ-</b>; Kretschmer Glotta 24, 237, Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5, 26). - The relation of the forms is not always clear. The adjective <b class="b3">κρατερός</b>, <b class="b3">καρτερός</b> may conrain a alternating <b class="b3">ρ-</b>stem (Benveniste Origines 17, Leumann Hom. Wörter 115), if it is not an analogical innovation to <b class="b3">κράτος</b>, <b class="b3">κρατέω</b> (e.g. Schwyzer 482). The form <b class="b3">Κρατι-</b>, <b class="b3">Καρτι-</b>, which appears only in PN, will not be old (like e.g. in <b class="b3">κυδι-άνειρα</b> : <b class="b3">κῦδος</b>), but rest on analogy (after <b class="b3">Ἀλκι-</b>, <b class="b3">Καλλι-</b> a. o.; Frisk Nom. 70). On <b class="b3">κάρτα</b> cf. e.g. <b class="b3">τάχα</b>, <b class="b3">ἅμα</b>. The 1. member <b class="b3">κραται-</b> may have been built after <b class="b3">παλαι-</b> a. o.; and <b class="b3">κραταιός</b> after <b class="b3">παλαιός</b>? (cf. Schwyzer 448). Diff. Risch 117: <b class="b3">κραταιός</b> back formation to <b class="b3">κραταιή</b> for <b class="b3">*κράταια</b>, fem. to <b class="b3">κρατύς</b> (<b class="b3">Πλαταιαί</b> : <b class="b3">πλατύς</b>). Also <b class="b3">κρατέω</b> is discussed. Against the obvious explanation as denominative of <b class="b3">κράτος</b> (Schwyzer 724; <b class="b3">κρατῆσαι</b> only posthom.) see Leumann Hom. Wörter 113ff.; he assumes in <b class="b3">κρατέω</b> a backformation to <b class="b3">ἐπικρατέω</b> from <b class="b3">ἐπι-κρατής</b> (Hom. only adv. <b class="b3">ἐπικρατέως</b>). Again diff. Specht KZ 62, 35 ff. - An exact agreement to <b class="b3">κράτος</b> etc. is not found. Close are Skt. <b class="b2">krátu-</b> m. [[power]], [[mind]], [[will]], Av. <b class="b2">xratu-</b> m. <b class="b2">id.</b>. The objections that the Indo-Ir. word indicates primarily spiritual qualities ar refuted by OE [[cræft]] [[Kraft]], [[physical strength]], [[power]], also <b class="b2">insight, craft etc.</b>. The Germanic word for [[hard]], Got. [[hardus]] etc., which is usually adduced, differs in vowel (IE <b class="b2">*kortú-</b> against <b class="b2">*kr̥tú-</b> to <b class="b2">*kret-</b>). - Cf. Mayrhofer KEWA s. <b class="b2">krátuh</b>.