σθένος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=εος, τό, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[strength]], [[might]], esp. [[bodily strength]], freq. in Il., less freq. in Od.; κάρτεΐ τε σθένεΐ τε <span class="bibl">Il.17.329</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλκῆς καὶ σθένεος</b> ib. <span class="bibl">499</span>; χερσίν τε ποσίν τε καὶ σθένει <span class="bibl">20.361</span>; <b class="b3">ποδῶν χειρῶν τε σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>10.48</span>; opp. <b class="b3">φρήν</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">1.26</span>; γνῶμαι πλέον κρατοῦσιν ἢ σθένος χερῶν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 939</span>: c.inf., <b class="b3">ἐν δὲ σ. ὦρσεν ἑκάστῳ . . πολεμίζειν</b> [[strength]] to war, <span class="bibl">Il.2.451</span>; σ. ποιεῖν εὖ φερέγγυον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>87</span>; σ. ὥστε καθελεῖν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>66</span> (lyr.): less freq. of the [[force]] of things, as of a stream, <span class="bibl">Il.17.751</span>; σ. ἀελίου <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.144</span>; [ἄρουραι] σθένος ἔμαρψαν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">N.</span>6.11</span>: <b class="b3">σθένει</b> [[by force]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span> 842</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>953</span>; <b class="b3">λόγῳ τε καὶ σθένει</b> both by right and [[might]], <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">OC</span>68</span>; ὑπὸ σθένους <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>1127</span>; <b class="b3">παντὶ σθένει</b> with all [[one's might]], freq. in treaties, <span class="title">SIG</span>122.6, al., Foed. ap. <span class="bibl">Th.5.23</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>646a</span>—the only phrase in which early prose writers use the word (cf. infr. <span class="bibl">111</span>); found in <span class="bibl">LXX, <span class="title">Jb.</span>4.10</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> later, generally, [[strength]], [[might]], [[power]], moral as well as physical, ἀνάγκης <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>105</span>; τῆς ἀληθείας <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>369</span>; <b class="b3">ἀγγέλων σ</b>. their [[might]] or [[authority]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>849</span>: c. gen. obj., <b class="b3">ἀγωνίας σ</b>. [[strength]] for conflict, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>5.113</span> (s.v.l., <b class="b3">-ίαις</b> Bgk.); <b class="b3">εἰ σ. λάβοιμι</b> if I should gain [[strength]] enough, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>333</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">348</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> [[a force]] of men, <span class="bibl">Il.18.274</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπελθὼν οὐκ ἐλάσσονι σ</b>. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>438</span>: but in both places sense <span class="bibl">1.1</span> is more prob. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> metaph., [[quantity]], [[profusion]], σ. πλούτου <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span>3.2</span>; <b class="b3">ὕδατος, νιφετοῦ</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">O.</span>9.51</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span>107.11</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> periphr., like [[βίη]], ἴς, μένος, σ. Ἰδομενῆος, Ὠρίωνος, Ὠαρίωνος, etc., for Idomeneus, Orion, etc. themselves, <span class="bibl">Il.13.248</span>, <span class="bibl">18.486</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>598</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">σ. ἵππων, ἵππιον</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Sc.</span>97</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>2.12</span>, etc.:—in <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Phdr.</span>267c</span>, <b class="b3">Χαλκηδονίου σ</b>. is ironical.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: [[strength]], [[power]], [[ability]], [[might]] (almost only ep. poet. Il.).<br />Compounds: Very often as 2. member, e.g. <b class="b3">ἀ-σθενής</b> [[without strength]], [[strengthless]] (Pi., IA.) with <b class="b3">ἀσθέν-εια</b>, <b class="b3">-έω</b>. <b class="b3">-ημα</b>, <b class="b3">-όω</b>, <b class="b3">-ωσις</b>; also <b class="b3">-ικός</b> (Arist. a.o.); second. simplex <b class="b3">σθενής ἰσχυρός</b>, <b class="b3">καρτερός</b> H. Also as 1. member, e.g. <b class="b3">σθενο-βλαβής</b> [[damaging the strenght]] (Opp.; after <b class="b3">φρενο-βλαβής</b>); PN as <b class="b3">Σθενέ-λαος</b> (after <b class="b3">Μενέλαος</b>), short name <b class="b3">Σθένελος</b> (Il.).<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">σθεν-αρός</b> [[powerful]] (ep. poet. I 505, also Hp.); after <b class="b3">βριαρός</b>, <b class="b3">στιβαρός</b> a. o.; 2. <b class="b3">Σθέν-ιος</b> m., <b class="b3">-ιάς</b> f. surname of Zeus resp. of Athena in Argolis (Paus.); <b class="b3">-εια</b> n. pl. name of a Agon in Argos (Plu.), also f. sg. surn. of Athena (Lyc. 1164; after the womens' names in <b class="b3">-εια</b>). 3. Backformation <b class="b3">σθέν-ω</b> (<b class="b3">ἐπι-</b> σθένος Q. S.) [[to be strong]], to [[be able]] (only pres. a. ipf.; trag., also late epic a. prose; cf. Schwyzer 723); 4. also <b class="b3">-όω</b> [[to strengthen]] (1. Ep. Pet. 5, 10; fut.).<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: Can have an (<b class="b3">ε)νος-</b>suffix like <b class="b3">ἄφενος</b>, <b class="b3">κτῆνος</b> a. o. (Schwyzer 513, Chantraine Form. 420), which DELG doubts; further unclear. Hypothesis by Bolling AmJPh 21, 316: to Skt. <b class="b2">saghnóti</b> <b class="b2">endure, bear, be up to</b>, Av. <b class="b2">a-zg-ata-</b> [[irresistable]], so IE <b class="b2">*sgʷh-énos</b>. Diff. Sommer Lautst.65ff.: for <b class="b3">*σθᾶνος</b> (from <b class="b3">*στα-σνος</b>) with <b class="b3">-ε-</b> after <b class="b3">μένος</b>; phonetically improbable.