πικρός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ά, όν, poet. also ός, όν <span class="bibl">Od.4.406</span> :—prop. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[pointed]], [[sharp]], [[keen]], ὀϊστός <span class="bibl">Il.4.118</span>, al.; βέλεμνα <span class="bibl">22.206</span>; γλωχίς <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>681</span> : metaph., γλώσσης πικροῖς κέντροισι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>1288</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> generally, [[sharp]] to the sense: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> of taste, [[pungent]], ῥίζα <span class="bibl">Il.11.846</span>; ἅλμη <span class="bibl">Od.5.323</span>; <b class="b3">δάκρυον</b> (v.l. for [[πυκνόν]]) <span class="bibl">4.153</span>; of salt water, opp. <b class="b3">γλυκύς</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.52</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.35</span>; <b class="b3">ἁλμυρὸς καὶ π</b>. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>705a</span>; <b class="b3">πριγλία π</b>. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>82.8</span> (iii B.C.); ἀπ' ὄμφακος πικρᾶς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>970</span>; <b class="b3">ὑγρότης π</b>., opp. <b class="b3">ὀξεῖα</b>, <span class="bibl">Meno <span class="title">Iatr.</span>5.13</span>; also of smell, [[pungent]], <span class="bibl">Od.4.406</span>; πικρὸν ὀδωδώς <span class="bibl">Alciphr. 3.59</span>. (This sense prevails in the derived and compd. words.) </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> of feeling, [[sharp]], [[keen]], ὠδῖνες <span class="bibl">Il.11.271</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>41</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> of sound, [[piercing]], [[shrill]], οἰμωγά <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>189</span> (lyr.); φθόγγος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>1610</span>; <b class="b3">γόοι, ὄδυρμα</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>883</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>1227</span> (lyr.); πικροτάτη ὄψ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span>805</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> metaph., </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> of things, [[bitter]], esp. of what yields pain instead of expected pleasure, freq. in threats, <b class="b3">μὴ τάχα πικρὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ Κύπρον ἵκηαι</b> (v.l. [[ἴδηαι]]) <span class="bibl">Od.17.448</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1045</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>883</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>399</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">IA</span>955</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ba.</span>357</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyc.</span>589</span>; π. Σίγειον κατηγόμην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>355</span>; τὸ πὰρ δίκαν γλυκὺ πικροτάτα μένει τελευτά <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span>7(6).48</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>745</span> (lyr.) ; <b class="b3">τιμωρία, ἀγῶνες</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pers.</span>473</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>1239</span> ; <b class="b3">δύαι, χεῖμα</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span> 180</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ag.</span>198</span> (lyr.) ; πικρότερ' ἀχέων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span> 875</span> (lyr.); λόγοι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>481</span> ; πικροτάτου χρυσοῦ φύλαξ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hec.</span>772</span> ; τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον γλυκὺ πικρῷ μεμειγμένον <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>46c</span> ; ἔχει τι τὸ π. τῆς γεωργίας γλυκύ <span class="bibl">Men.795</span> : c. inf., μὴ λίαν πικρὸν εἰπεῖν ᾖ <span class="bibl">D.1.26</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> so of persons, prob. in <span class="bibl">Sapph.<span class="title">Supp.</span>4.1</span> (Comp.) ; γλυκὺν ὧδε φίλοις ἐχθροῖσι δὲ π. <span class="bibl">Sol.13.5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Thgn.301</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>234</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>152</span> (lyr.), etc. ; ἔς τινας <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.123</span> : abs., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>739</span>, <span class="title">Th</span>940(lyr.); <b class="b3">π. θεοῖς</b> [[hateful]] to them, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>254</span>; π. πολίταις <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>224</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Supp.</span>1222</span> ; <b class="b3">ἐμοὶ π. τέθνηκεν ἢ κείνοις γλυκύς</b> his death is [[matter of sorrow]] to me, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>966</span> ; <b class="b3">δαίμων π</b>., of [[untimely]] death (Lat. <b class="b2">acerbus)</b>, IG3.1338. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[embittered]], [[angry]], πικρὰ ὄρνις <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>423</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> [[relentless]], οὐδὲν πικρότερον τῆς ἀνάγκης <span class="bibl">Antipho 2.2.4</span> ; [[spiteful]], [[mean]], [[vindictive]], βάσκανον καὶ πικρὸν καὶ κακόηθες οὐδέν ἐστι πολίτευμα ἐμόν <span class="bibl">D.18.108</span>; π. καὶ συκοφάντης <span class="bibl">Id.25.45</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1368b21</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">EN</span>1126a19</span> : in Com. of old men, σκυθρός, π., φειδωλός <span class="bibl">Men.10</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">825</span>, <span class="bibl">843</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Georg.Fr.</span>3</span>. Adv. <b class="b3">-ρῶς</b> [[pedantically]], <span class="bibl">D.H.<span class="title">Lys.</span>6</span>; [[with rigid accuracy]], <span class="bibl">Apollon.Cit.3</span>, Plu.2.659f. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> Adv. <b class="b3">-ρῶς</b> [[harshly]], [[bitterly]], [[vindictively]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>197</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>990</span> ; π. ἐξετάσαι <span class="bibl">D.2.27</span>, <span class="bibl">18.265</span> ; <b class="b3">π. ἔχειν τισί, πρός τινας</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.10.54</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.</span>3.10</span> ; π. φέρειν τι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>610</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Andr.</span>190</span>; ἔκλαυσε π. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>26.75</span> : Comp. -ότερον <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Mon.</span>659</span>, etc.: Sup. -ότατα <span class="bibl">Plb.1.72.3</span>. [ῑ in Hom. and Ep.; ῐ freq. in Trag., as <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>473</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ag.</span>970</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>500</span>, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Hec.</span>772</span>, and in <span class="bibl">Theoc.8.74</span> : ι therefore is not long by nature as in <b class="b3">μικρός</b>.]</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">sharp, peaky, piercing, bitter, painful</b> (Il.; on the meaning Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 78 a. 273).<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">πικρό-χολος</b> [[full of bitter gall]] (Hp.), <b class="b3">γλυκύ-πικρος</b> [[sweet-bitter]] (Sapph.; Risch IF 59, 32).<br />Derivatives: 1. Abstract: <b class="b3">πικρ-ότης</b> f. <b class="b2">sharpness, bitterness etc.</b> (IA.), <b class="b3">-ία</b> f. <b class="b2">id.</b> (D., Arist., hell.). 2. plantname: <b class="b3">πικρ-άς</b>, <b class="b3">-ίς</b>, <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> (Arist., Thphr., Ps.-Dsc.); Strömberg Pfl.namen 63; <b class="b3">-άς</b> f. also [[sour bottom]] (pap. IIIa); <b class="b3">-ίδιος</b> as adj. [[somewhat bitter]] (Ath.). 3. verbs: a. <b class="b3">πικρ-αίνομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-αίνω</b>, also w. <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>, <b class="b3">παρα-</b> a.o., <b class="b2">to become bitter, to embitter; to make bitter</b> (IA.) with <b class="b3">-ασμός</b> (<b class="b3">παρα-</b>πικρός) m. [[embitterment]] (LXX, Ep. Hebr.), <b class="b3">-αντικῶς</b> adv. [[in an embittering way]] (S.E.); b. <b class="b3">πικρ-όομαι</b>, almost only with <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b2">id.</b> (Hp., Arist., Thphr.) with <b class="b3">-ωσις</b> f. (Gal.); back formation <b class="b3">ἔκπικρος</b> [[very bitter]] (Arist.; Strömberg Prefix Studies 73); c. <b class="b3">πικρ-άζομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-άζω</b>, also w. <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b2">id.</b> (S. E.). 4. substantivising <b class="b3">πίκρα</b> f. name of an antidote (Alex. Trall.). 5. PN <b class="b3">Πρίκων</b> m. (Eretria, Tanagra) with metathesis as in NGr. <b class="b3">πρικός</b> (Kretschmer Glotta 6, 304; diff. Bechtel KZ 45, 155).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [794] <b class="b2">*piḱ-ro-</b> [[motley]], [[painted]]<br />Etymology: With a Slav. word for [[motley]], e.g. ORuss. CSlav. [[pьstrъ]] formally identical: IE <b class="b2">*piḱros</b>, from a verb [[sting]], [[cut]], [[embroider]], [[paint]] in Sk. <b class="b2">piṃśáti</b> (nasalpres.) <b class="b2">carve, cut to measure, ornament</b>, Slav., e.g. OCS [[pьsati]] [[write]]; further cognates s. [[ποικίλος]]. -- With <b class="b3">πικρός</b> also some Indo-Iran. words have been identified: Pashto <b class="b2">p(u)šǝī</b> f. [[kind of rhubarb]], [[Rheum emodi]] (Morgenstierne Sarūpa-Bhāratī [Hoshiarpur 1954] 1; ), Skt. <b class="b2">śilpá-</b> [[motley]] (inverted from <b class="b2">*piślá-</b>; Tedesco Lang. 23, 383ff [?]). After Machek Zeitschr. f. Slawistik 1, 36 here also Slav. [[prikrь]] [[disgusting]], [[sour]], [[sharp]]; against this Vasmer Wb. s. <b class="b2">príkryj</b>.