κράτος: Difference between revisions

|etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: [[strength]], [[power]], [[authority]] (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 202 ff.).<br />Other forms: ep. Ion. (Dor.) also [[κάρτος]], Aeol. [[κρέτος]]<br />Compounds: Often as 1. member, e. g. <b class="b3">ἀ-κρατής</b> <b class="b2">without strength, power (over others or over oneself)</b>; oppos. <b class="b3">ἐγ-κρατής</b> <b class="b2">having power over, controlling (oneself)</b> with [[ἐγκράτεια]], <b class="b3">-έω</b> etc.; <b class="b3">αὑτο-κρατής</b> [[having power over oneself]], [[independent]]; more usual <b class="b3">αὑτο-κράτωρ</b> [[with unlimited power]] (Ar., Th.); details in Debrunner FS Tɨèche (Bern 1947) 11f.; also <b class="b3">-κρέτης</b> in Aeol. and Arc. Cypr. PN, e. g. <b class="b3">Σω-κρέτης</b>.<br />Derivatives: Beside [[κράτος]], [[κρέτος]] there are several adjectives: 1. [[κρατύς]] [[strong]], [[powerful]] (Hom.; only <b class="b3">κρατὺς Ἀργεϊφόντης</b>, verse-end) with [[κρατύνω]], ep. also <b class="b3">καρτ-</b> <b class="b2">strengthen, conso;idate, rule</b> (Il.) with [[κρατυσμός]] [[strenghtening]], [[κρατυντήριος]] <b class="b2">id.</b>, <b class="b3">-τικός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (medic.), [[κρατύντωρ]] [[controller]] (PMag. Leid.). - 2. [[κρατερός]] (Il., A. Pr. 168, anap.), [[καρτερός]] (Il.) <b class="b2">id.</b> (IA.); also as 1. member, e.g. <b class="b3">κρατερό-φρων</b> (Il.). [[καρτερέω]], also with prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, [[be steadfast]], [[hold out]], [[overcome onseself]] (IA.) with [[καρτερία]] (Pl., X.), <b class="b3">-ρησις</b> (Pl.) [[holding on]], [[firmness]], <b class="b3">-ρικός</b> (Att.); [[καρτερόω]] [[strengthen]] (Aq., Herm.). - 3. [[κραταιός]] <b class="b2">id.</b> (Il.), also as plant-name (Ps.-Dsc.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 82); rarely as 1. member, e.g. <b class="b3">κραταιό-φρων</b> (PMag.). With [[κραταιότης]] = [[κράτος]] (LXX), [[κραταιόω]] [[strengthen]] (LXX, NT ) with [[κραταίωμα]], <b class="b3">-ωσις</b> (LXX). Fem. [[κραταιίς]] (Od.; Schwyzer 385). - 4. Primary comparison: comp. [[κρείττων]], (Atticising) [[κρείσσων]] with sec. <b class="b3">-ει-</b> for [[κρέσσων]] (Ion., Pi.); Dor. [[κάρρων]], Cret. [[κάρτων]]; denomin. [[κρειττόομαι]] [[have excrescences]], with [[κρείττωσις]] (Thphr.). sup. [[κράτιστος]], ep. <b class="b3">κάρτ-</b>, (Il.), with <b class="b3">-τεύω</b> [[be the best]], [[surpass]] (Pi., Att.); -(<b class="b3">ε)ία</b> as title, [[highness]] (pap.). -- 5. Adv. [[κάρτα]] [[in a high degree]], [[very]] (Ion. and trag.). - 6. As 1. member often <b class="b3">κραται-</b> (<b class="b3">καρται-</b>), e.g. <b class="b3">κραται-γύαλος</b> <b class="b2">with strong breast-pieces</b> (T 361). Further <b class="b3">Κρατι-</b>, <b class="b3">Καρτι-</b> in PN, e.g. <b class="b3">Κρατί-δημος</b>, <b class="b3">Καρτί-νικος</b>; also <b class="b3">Κρατ(ο</b>)-, <b class="b3">Κρατε-</b> a. o. (Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 256). Hypocoristic short-names [[Κρατῖνος]] (Schwyzer 491, Chantraine Formation 205), [[Κρατύλος]], [[Κράτυλλος]] (Leumann Glotta 32, 217 a. 225 A. 1), [[Κρατιεύς]] (Boßhardt Die Nom. auf <b class="b3">-ευς</b> 126). On [[Κρεσφόντης]] s. v. - 7. Verb: [[κρατέω]] (Il.), Aeol. [[κρετέω]], aor. [[κρατῆσαι]] (posthom.), [[κρέτησαι]] (Sapph.), often with prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">περι-</b>, [[controll]], [[possess]], [[rule]], [[conquer]]; with (<b class="b3">ἐπι-</b> etc.) [[κράτησις]] [[power]], [[rule]] (Th., LXX), (<b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>) [[κρατητικός]] [[controlling]] (late), (<b class="b3">δια-)κράτημα</b> [[support]], [[grip]] (medic.); [[κρατητής]] [[possessor]] (Procl.); <b class="b3">κρατῆρας τοὺς κρατοῦντας</b> H. for [[κρατητῆρας]] (Lewy KZ 59, 182). But [[ἐγκρατέω]] from <b class="b3">ἐγ-κρατής</b>, <b class="b3">ναυ-κρατέω</b>, <b class="b3">-τία</b> from <b class="b3">ναυ-κρατής</b> etc.; s. above. <b class="b3">καρταίνειν κρατεῖν</b> H. -- 8. On [[κρατευταί]] s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [??] <b class="b2">*kret-</b> [[strength]] [Pok. wrongly 531 <b class="b2">*kar-</b>!!]<br />Etymology: With the full grade in Aeol. [[κρέτος]] interchanges regularly the zero grade in [[κρατύς]], [[κάρτα]] (on [[ρα]] : [[αρ]] Schwyzer 342). Through analogy arose both [[κράτος]], [[κάρτος]] and the compp. [[κάρρων]] < <b class="b3">*κάρσ(σ)ων</b> < <b class="b3">*κάρτι̯ων</b> and [[κάρτων]] beside the old fullgrade [[κρέσσων]] < <b class="b3">*κρέτι̯ων</b>; details in Seiler Steigerungsformen 53 ff. A zero grade of the <b class="b3">σ-</b>stem in [[κρέτος]] is supposed in <b class="b3">Κρεσ-φόντης</b> ( < <b class="b3">*Κρετσ-</b>; Kretschmer Glotta 24, 237, Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5, 26). - The relation of the forms is not always clear. The adjective [[κρατερός]], [[καρτερός]] may conrain a alternating <b class="b3">ρ-</b>stem (Benveniste Origines 17, Leumann Hom. Wörter 115), if it is not an analogical innovation to [[κράτος]], [[κρατέω]] (e.g. Schwyzer 482). The form <b class="b3">Κρατι-</b>, <b class="b3">Καρτι-</b>, which appears only in PN, will not be old (like e.g. in <b class="b3">κυδι-άνειρα</b> : [[κῦδος]]), but rest on analogy (after <b class="b3">Ἀλκι-</b>, <b class="b3">Καλλι-</b> a. o.; Frisk Nom. 70). On [[κάρτα]] cf. e.g. [[τάχα]], [[ἅμα]]. The 1. member <b class="b3">κραται-</b> may have been built after <b class="b3">παλαι-</b> a. o.; and [[κραταιός]] after [[παλαιός]]? (cf. Schwyzer 448). Diff. Risch 117: [[κραταιός]] back formation to [[κραταιή]] for <b class="b3">*κράταια</b>, fem. to [[κρατύς]] ([[Πλαταιαί]] : [[πλατύς]]). Also [[κρατέω]] is discussed. Against the obvious explanation as denominative of [[κράτος]] (Schwyzer 724; [[κρατῆσαι]] only posthom.) see Leumann Hom. Wörter 113ff.; he assumes in [[κρατέω]] a backformation to [[ἐπικρατέω]] from <b class="b3">ἐπι-κρατής</b> (Hom. only adv. [[ἐπικρατέως]]). Again diff. Specht KZ 62, 35 ff. - An exact agreement to [[κράτος]] etc. is not found. Close are Skt. <b class="b2">krátu-</b> m. [[power]], [[mind]], [[will]], Av. <b class="b2">xratu-</b> m. <b class="b2">id.</b>. The objections that the Indo-Ir. word indicates primarily spiritual qualities ar refuted by OE [[cræft]] [[Kraft]], [[physical strength]], [[power]], also <b class="b2">insight, craft etc.</b>. The Germanic word for [[hard]], Got. [[hardus]] etc., which is usually adduced, differs in vowel (IE <b class="b2">*kortú-</b> against <b class="b2">*kr̥tú-</b> to <b class="b2">*kret-</b>). - Cf. Mayrhofer KEWA s. <b class="b2">krátuh</b>.