πικρός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[[πικρά]], [[πικρόν]], poet. also ός, όν <span class="bibl">Od.4.406</span> :—prop. <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[pointed]], [[sharp]], [[keen]], ὀϊστός <span class="bibl">Il.4.118</span>, al.; βέλεμνα <span class="bibl">22.206</span>; γλωχίς <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>681</span> : metaph., γλώσσης πικροῖς κέντροισι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>1288</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> generally, [[sharp]] to the sense: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> of taste, [[pungent]], ῥίζα <span class="bibl">Il.11.846</span>; [[ἅλμη]] <span class="bibl">Od.5.323</span>; [[δάκρυον]] ([[varia lectio|v.l.]] for [[πυκνόν]]) <span class="bibl">4.153</span>; of salt water, opp. [[γλυκύς]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.52</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.35</span>; ἁλμυρὸς καὶ πικρός <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>705a</span>; [[πριγλία πικρά]] <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>82.8</span> (iii B.C.); ἀπ' ὄμφακος πικρᾶς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>970</span>; [[ὑγρότης]] [[πικρά]], opp. [[ὀξεῖα]], <span class="bibl">Meno <span class="title">Iatr.</span>5.13</span>; also of smell, [[pungent]], <span class="bibl">Od.4.406</span>; πικρὸν ὀδωδώς <span class="bibl">Alciphr. 3.59</span>. (This sense prevails in the derived and compd. words.) </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> of feeling, [[sharp]], [[keen]], ὠδῖνες <span class="bibl">Il.11.271</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>41</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> of sound, [[piercing]], [[shrill]], οἰμωγά <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>189</span> (lyr.); φθόγγος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>1610</span>; [[γόοι]], [[ὄδυρμα]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>883</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>1227</span> (lyr.); πικροτάτη ὄψ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span>805</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> metaph., </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> of things, [[bitter]], especially of what yields pain instead of expected pleasure, freq. in [[threat]]s, μὴ τάχα πικρὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ Κύπρον ἵκηαι ([[varia lectio|v.l.]] [[ἴδηαι]]) <span class="bibl">Od.17.448</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1045</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>883</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>399</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">IA</span>955</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ba.</span>357</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyc.</span>589</span>; π. Σίγειον κατηγόμην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>355</span>; τὸ πὰρ δίκαν γλυκὺ πικροτάτα μένει τελευτά <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span>7(6).48</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>745</span> (lyr.); [[τιμωρία]], [[ἀγῶνες]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pers.</span>473</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>1239</span>; [[δύαι]], [[χεῖμα]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span> 180</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ag.</span>198</span> (lyr.); πικρότερ' ἀχέων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span> 875</span> (lyr.); λόγοι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>481</span>; πικροτάτου χρυσοῦ φύλαξ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hec.</span>772</span>; τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον γλυκὺ πικρῷ μεμειγμένον <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>46c</span>; ἔχει τι τὸ π. τῆς γεωργίας γλυκύ <span class="bibl">Men.795</span> : c. inf., μὴ λίαν πικρὸν εἰπεῖν ᾖ <span class="bibl">D.1.26</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> so of persons, prob. in <span class="bibl">Sapph.<span class="title">Supp.</span>4.1</span> (Comp.); γλυκὺν ὧδε φίλοις ἐχθροῖσι δὲ π. <span class="bibl">Sol.13.5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Thgn.301</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>234</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>152</span> (lyr.), etc.; ἔς τινας <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.123</span> : abs., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>739</span>, <span class="title">Th</span>940(lyr.); πικρός θεοῖς = [[hateful]] to the gods, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>254</span>; πικρός πολίταις <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>224</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Supp.</span>1222</span>; [[ἐμοὶ πικρὸς τέθνηκεν ἢ κείνοις γλυκύς]] = his [[death]] is [[matter]] of [[sorrow]] to me, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>966</span>; [[δαίμων πικράς]], of [[untimely]] [[death]] (Lat. [[acerbus)]], IG3.1338. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[embittered]], [[angry]], πικρὰ ὄρνις <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>423</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> [[relentless]], οὐδὲν πικρότερον τῆς ἀνάγκης <span class="bibl">Antipho 2.2.4</span>; [[spiteful]], [[mean]], [[vindictive]], βάσκανον καὶ πικρὸν καὶ κακόηθες οὐδέν ἐστι πολίτευμα ἐμόν <span class="bibl">D.18.108</span>; πικρός καὶ συκοφάντης <span class="bibl">Id.25.45</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1368b21</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">EN</span>1126a19</span> : in Com. of [[old]] [[men]], [[σκυθρός]], [[πικρός]], [[φειδωλός]] <span class="bibl">Men.10</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">825</span>, <span class="bibl">843</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Georg.Fr.</span>3</span>. Adv. [[πικρῶς]] = [[pedantically]], <span class="bibl">D.H.<span class="title">Lys.</span>6</span>; [[with rigid accuracy]], <span class="bibl">Apollon.Cit.3</span>, Plu.2.659f. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> Adv. [[πικρῶς]] = [[harshly]], [[bitterly]], [[vindictively]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>197</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>990</span>; πικρῶς ἐξετάσαι <span class="bibl">D.2.27</span>, <span class="bibl">18.265</span>; πικρῶς ἔχειν τισί, πρός τινας, <span class="bibl">Id.10.54</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.</span>3.10</span>; [[πικρῶς]] [[φέρειν]] τι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>610</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Andr.</span>190</span>; [[ἔκλαυσε πικρῶς]] = he cried bitterly, he cried with bitter tears <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>26.75</span> : Comp. [[πικρότερον]] <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Mon.</span>659</span>, etc.: Sup. [[πικρότατα]] <span class="bibl">Plb.1.72.3</span>. [ῑ in Hom. and Ep.; ῐ freq. in Trag., as <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>473</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ag.</span>970</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>500</span>, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Hec.</span>772</span>, and in <span class="bibl">Theoc.8.74</span> : ι therefore is not long by nature as in [[μικρός]].]</span>

|ftr='''πικρός''': {pikrós}<br />'''Meaning''': [[scharf]], [[spitz]], [[stechend]], [[bitter]], [[schmerzhaft]] (seit Il.; zur Bed. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 78 u. 273).<br />'''Composita''' : Kompp., z.B. [[πικρόχολος]] [[voll bitterer Galle]] (Hp. u.a.), [[γλυκύπικρος]] [[süßbitter]] (Sapph.; Risch IF 59, 32).<br />'''Derivative''': Davon 1. Abstrakta: [[πικρότης]] f. [[Schärfe]], [[Bitterkeit]] (ion. att.), -ία f. ib. (D., Arist., hell. u. sp.). 2. Pflanzennamen: [[πικράς]], -ίς, -ίδιον (Arist., Thphr., Ps.-Dsk. u.a.); Strömberg Pfl.namen 63; -άς f. auch [[saurer Boden]] (Pap. III^a); -ίδιος als Adj. [[etwas bitter]] (Ath.). 3. Verba: a. πικραίνομαι, -αίνω, auch m. ἐκ-, ἐν-, παρα- u.a., [[bitter werden]], [[erbittern]]; [[bittermachen]] (ion. att.) mit -ασμός (παρα-~) m. [[Erbitterung]] (LXX, ''Ep''. ''Hebr''.), -αντικῶς Adv. [[in erbitternder Weise]] (S.E.); b. πικρόομαι, fast nur mit ἐκ-, ib. (Hp., Arist., Thphr. u.a.) mit -ωσις f. (Gal.); Rückbildung [[ἔκπικρος]] [[sehr bitter]] (Arist.; Strömberg Prefix Studies 73); c. πικράζομαι, -άζω, auch m. ἐκ-, ib. (S. E. u.a.). 4. Substantivierung [[πίκρα]] f. Ben. eines Gegengifts (Alex. Trall.). 5. PN Πρίκων m. (Eretria, Tanagra) mit Metathese wie in ngr. πρικός (Kretschmer Glotta 6, 304; anders Bechtel KZ 45, 155).<br />'''Etymology''' : Mit einem slav. Wort für [[bunt]], z.B. aruss. kslav. ''pьstrъ'' formal identisch: idg. *''piḱros'', von einem Verb [[stechen]], [[schneiden]], [[sticken]], [[malen]] in aind. ''piṃśáti'' (Nasalpräs.) [[aushauen]], [[zurechtschneiden]], [[schmücken]], slav., z.B. aksl. ''pьsati'' [[schreiben]]; weitere Verwandte s. [[ποικίλος]]. — Mit [[πικρός]] sind auch ein paar indoiran. Wörter identifiziert worden: pashto ''p''(''u'')''šəī'' f. [[Art Rhabarber]], [[Rheum emodi]] (Morgenstierne Sarūpa-Bhāratī [Hoshiarpur 1954] 1; zweifelnd), aind. ''śilpá''- [[bunt]] (aus *''piślá''- umgestellt; Tedesco Lang. 23, 383ff [?]). Nach Machek Zeitschr. f. Slawistik 1, 36 hierher noch slav. ''prikrь'' [[widerlich]], [[herb]], [[scharf]]; dagegen Vasmer Wb. s. ''príkryj''.<br />'''Page''' 2,535-536