ψιλός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ψιλή, ψιλόν,<br><span class="bld">I</span> of [[land]], [[bare]], <b class="b3">ψ. ἄροσις</b> [[open]] [[cornland]], Il.9.580; [[πεδίον]] μέγα τε καὶ ψ. Hdt.1.80; ὁ [[λόφος]].. δασὺς ἴδῃσί ἐστι, ἐούσης τῆς ἄλλης Λιβύης ψ. Id.4.175; ἀπὸ ψ. τῆς γῆς Pl.''Criti.'' 111d, cf. X.''An.''1.5.5, etc.: in full, [γῆ] ψ. δενδρέων Hdt.4.19,21; <b class="b3">ἄδενδρα καὶ ψ.</b>, of the Alps, Plb.3.55.9; <b class="b3">τὰ ψ.</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[χωρία]]), opp. <b class="b3">τὰ ὑλώδη</b>, X.''Cyn.''5.7; <b class="b3">τόποι ψ.</b> ib.4.6; <b class="b3">ψ. γεωργία</b> the [[tillage]] of [[land]] for [[corn]] and the like, opp. <b class="b3">γ. πεφυτευμένη</b> (the tillage of it for [[vine]]s, [[olive]]s, etc.), Arist.''Pol.''1258b18, [[Theophrastus|Thphr.]] ''[[De Causis Plantarum|CP]]'' 3.20.1; so γῆ ψ. Eup. 230, D.20.115, ''Tab.Heracl.''1.175, 2.33; ἐλαῖαι, ὧν νῦν τὰ πολλὰ ἐκκέκοπται καὶ ἡ γῆ ψ. γεγένηται Lys.7.7.<br><span class="bld">II</span> of animals, [[stripped of hair]] or [[feather]]s, [[smooth]] (cf. [[λεῖος]] 1.3), δέρμα.. ἐλάφοιο Od.13.437; σάρξ Hp.Aër.19; <b class="b3">ἡμίκραιραν ψ. ἔχων</b> with half the head [[shaved]], Ar. ''Th.''227; <b class="b3">ψ. γνάθοι</b> ib.583; τὴν ὀσφὺν κομιδῇ ψ. Pherecr.23.4 (anap.); used of dogs with a [[short]], [[smooth]] [[coat]] of [[hair]], X.''Cyn.''3.2; τὴν δίποδα ἀγέλην τῷ ψ. καὶ τῷ πτεροφυεῖ τέμνειν [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Politicus|Plt.]]'' 266e; ἄνθρωπος -ότατον κατὰ τὸ σῶμα τῶν ζῴων πάντων ἐστί Arist.''GA''745b16; so <b class="b3">ἶβις ψ. τὴν κεφαλήν</b> [[without feathers]], [[bald]] on the [[head]], Hdt.2.76; [[hairless]], of the [[foetus]] of a [[hare]], Id.3.108; <b class="b3">ψ. τὰ περὶ τὴν κεφαλήν</b>, of the [[ostrich]], [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[De Partibus Animalium|PA]]''697b18.<br><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">ψιλαὶ Περσικαί</b> Persian [[carpets]], Callix.2; such a [[carpet]] is called [[ψιλή]] alone, ''PSI''7.858.2 (iii B. C., pl.), [[LXX]] ''Jo.''7.21; <b class="b3">ψιλὴ πολύμιτος</b>, [[Babylonicum]], ''Glossaria''; [[ψιλή]] = [[aulaeum]], [[tapeta]], ibid.; cf. [[ψιλόταπις]].<br><span class="bld">2</span> generally, [[bare]], [[uncovered]], <b class="b3">ψ. ὡς ὁρᾷ νέκυν</b>, i.e. without any [[earth]] over it, S.''Ant.''426; of a [[horse]] which has thrown its [[rider]], ''AP''13.18 (Parmeno).<br><span class="bld">b</span> c. gen., [[bare of]], [[separated from]], <b class="b3">ψ. σώματος οὖσα [ἡ ψυχή]</b> Pl.''Lg.''899a; τέχναι ψ. τῶν πράξεων Id.''Plt.''258d; ψ. ὅπλων Id.''Lg.''834c; ἱππέων [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''5.3.57; θηρία μεμονωμένα καὶ ψ. τῶν Ἰνδῶν Plb.11.1.12.<br><span class="bld">c</span> [[stripped of appendages]], [[naked]], <b class="b3">ψ. [τρόπις]</b> the [[bare]] [[keel]] with the planks torn from it, Od.12.421; <b class="b3">ψ. μάχαιραι</b> swords [[alone]], [[without other arms]], etc., [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''4.5.58; <b class="b3">θάλαττα ψ.</b> [[blank]] [[sea]], Aristid.''Or.''25(43).50.<br><span class="bld">III</span> freq. in Prose, as a [[military]] term, of [[soldiers without heavy armour]], [[light troops]], such as [[archer]]s and [[slinger]]s, opp. [[ὁπλῖται]], first in Hdt.7.158, al., freq. in Th., e.g. ὁπλίζει τὸν δῆμον, πρότερον ψ. ὄντα 3.27, cf. Arr.''Tact.''3.3; ὁ ψ. [[ὅμιλος]] Th.4.125; so [[ψιλοί]] or <b class="b3">τὸ ψιλόν</b>, opp. <b class="b3">τὸ ὁπλιτικόν</b>, X.''HG''4.2.17, Arist.''Pol.''1321a7; [[ψιλός]], opp. [[ὡπλισμένος]], [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''1123: coupled with [[ἄσκευος]], Id.''OC''1029; ψιλὸς στρατεύσομαι Ar.''Th.''232; ψ. δύναμις Arist.''Pol.''1321a13; <b class="b3">αἱ κοῦφαι καὶ αἱ ψ. ἐργασίαι</b> [[work]] [[that belongs to unarmed soldiers]], ib.1321a25; ψ. χερσὶν πρὸς καθωπλισμένους Ael.''VH''6.2: but <b class="b3">ψ. ἔχων τὴν κεφαλήν</b> [[bare-headed]], [[without helmet]], X.''An.''1.8.6; <b class="b3">ψ. ἵππος</b> a [[horse]] [[without housings]], Id.''Eq.''7.5: [[unarmed]], [[defenceless]], S.''Ph.''953.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> <b class="b3">λόγος ψ.</b> [[bare]] [[language]], i.e. [[prose]], opp. to [[poetry]] which is clothed in the [[garb]] of [[metre]], Pl.''Mx.''239c, Phld.''Mus.''p.97K.; more freq. in plural, ψ. λόγοι Pl.''Lg.''669d; opp. <b class="b3">τὰ μέτρα</b>, Arist.''Rh.''1404b14,33: but in D.27.54 <b class="b3">ψ. λόγος</b> is a [[mere]] [[speech]], a [[speech]] [[unsupported]] by [[evidence]]; and in Pl.''Tht.''165a <b class="b3">ψιλοὶ λόγοι</b> are [[mere]] [[form]]s of [[argumentation]], [[dialectical]] [[abstraction]]s (so <b class="b3">ψιλῶς λέγειν</b> [[speak]] [[nakedly]], [[without alleging proofs]], Id.''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''262c, cf. ''Lg.''811e); τὰς πράξεις αὐτὰς ψιλὰς φράζοντες Arist.''Rh.Al.''1438b27.<br><span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ποίησις ψ.</b> [[mere]] [[poetry]], [[without music]], i.e. ''Epic'' poetry, opp. ''Lyric'' (ἡ ἐν ᾠδῇ), [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]'' 278c; so ἄνευ ὀργάνων ψ. λόγοι Id.''Smp.''215c, cf. Arist.''Po.''1447a29; <b class="b3">ψ. τῷ στόματι</b>, opp. <b class="b3">μετ' ὀργάνων</b>, as a kind of [[μουσική]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Politicus|Plt.]]'' 268b; λύρας φθόγγοι.. ψιλοὶ καὶ ἀμεικτότεροι τῇ φωνῇ Arist.''Pr.''922a16; <b class="b3">ἡ ψ. φωνή</b> the [[ordinary]] [[sound]] of the [[voice]], opp. [[singing]] (ἡ [[ᾠδική]]), [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus|D.H.]]''[[De Compositione Verborum|Comp.]]''11.<br><span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">ψ. μουσική</b> [[instrumental]] [[music]] [[unaccompanied by the voice]], opp. <b class="b3">ἡ μετὰ μελῳδίας</b>, Arist.''Pol.''1339b20; <b class="b3">ψιλῷ μέλει διαγωνίζεσθαι πρὸς ᾠδὴν καὶ κιθάραν</b>, of [[Marsyas]], Plu.2.713d, cf. Phld.''Mus.'' p.100K.; so ψ. [[κιθάρισις]] καὶ [[αὔλησις]] Pl.''Lg.''669e; <b class="b3">ψιλὸς αὐλητής</b> one who [[play]]s [[unaccompanied]] on the [[flute]] (cf. [[ψιλοκιθαριστής]]), Phryn. 145.<br><span class="bld">V</span> [[mere]], [[simple]] (cf. supr. IV. 1), <b class="b3">ἀριθμητικὴ ψιλή</b>, opp. [[geometry and the like]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Politicus|Plt.]]'' 299e; <b class="b3">ὕδωρ ψ.</b>, opp. <b class="b3">σὺν οἴνῳ</b>, Hp.''Int.''35; ψ. [[ἀναίρεσις]] = [[mere]] [[removal]], Phld.''Sign.''12; <b class="b3">ψ. ἄνδρες</b>, i.e. [[men]] [[without]] [[women]], Antip.Stoic.3.254:—[[Oedipus]] calls [[Antigone]] his <b class="b3">ψιλὸν ὄμμα</b>, as being the one [[poor]] [[eye]] [[left]] him, S.''OC''866. Adv. [[ψιλῶς]] = [[merely]], [[only]], Plu.''Per.''15; <b class="b3">ἕνεκα τοῦ ψ. εἰπεῖν</b> for the [[purpose]] of [[merely]] [[saying]], Sch. Il.''Oxy.''1086.65; ψ. [[ὀνομάζειν]] = [[call]] by the [[bare]] [[name]] (without [[epithet]]), Phld.''Vit.''p.39J.<br><span class="bld">VI</span> Gramm. of vowels, ψ. [[ἦχος]] [[without the spiritus asper]], Demetr.''Eloc.''73; ψ. [[πνεῦμα]] A.D.''Adv.''148.9, D.T.''Supp.'' 674.15; [[ψιλῶς]] [[λέγεσθαι]] A.D.''Pron.''57.3.<br><span class="bld">b</span> of the letters ε and υ [[written simply]], not as αι and οι, which represented the sounds in late Gr., μαθόντες τὰ διὰ τοῦ διφθόγγου ᾱῑ τυχὸν ἅπαντα, ἐδιδάχθημεν τὰ ἄλλα πάντα ψιλὰ γράφεσθαι Hdn.''Epim.''162, cf. ''An.Ox.''1.124: hence [[ἐψιλόν]] as name of the letter ε and [[ὐψιλόν]] as name of υ, which are first found in Anon. post ''Et.Gud.''679.6, 678.55, and Chrysoloras: <b class="b3">ἐ ψιλόν</b> is [[falsa lectio|f.l.]] in D.T.631.5: but in πᾶσα λέξις ἀπὸ τῆς κε συλλαβῆς ἀρχομένη διὰ τοῦ ε ψιλοῦ γράφεται.. πλὴν τοῦ καί, κτλ. Hdn.''Epim.''62, <b class="b3">ε ψ.</b> is not yet merely the name of the letter: for [[ὐψιλόν]] v. sub [[ὖ]], cf. Sch. Heph.p.93C.<br><span class="bld">2</span> of [[mute]] [[consonant]]s, the [[litterae tenues]], <b class="b3">π κ τ,</b> opp. <b class="b3">φ χ θ, ὅσαι γίγνονται χωρὶς τῆς τοῦ πνεύματος ἐκβολῆς</b> Arist. ''Aud.''804b10, cf. [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus|D.H.]]''[[De Compositione Verborum|Comp.]]''14, D.T.631.21; <b class="b3">ψιλῶς καλεῖν</b> [[pronounce]] [[with a littera tenuis]] for an [[aspirate]], e.g., [[ῥάπυς]] for [[ῥάφυς]], [[ἀσπάραγος]] for [[ἀσφάραγος]], Ath.9.369b, cf. Eust.81.5, Tz.''H.''11.58.