genus: Difference between revisions

|lshtext=<b>gĕnus</b>: ĕris, n. = [[γένος]]>, [[root]] GEN, [[gigno]], [[gens]],<br /><b>I</b> [[birth]], [[descent]], [[origin]]; and concr., a [[race]], [[stock]], etc. (cf.: [[familia]], [[gens]], [[stirps]]).<br /><b>I</b> Lit.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> In gen.: bono genere gnati, [[Cato]] ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17; cf.: ii, qui nobili genere nati sunt, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 180: amplissimo genere [[natus]], Caes. B. G. 4, 12, 4: genere [[regio]] [[natus]], Cic. Rep. 1, 33: C. [[Laelius]], cum ei [[quidam]] [[malo]] genere [[natus]] diceret, indignum esse suis majoribus, at [[hercule]], inquit, tu tuis [[dignus]], id. de Or. 2, 71, 286: genere et nobilitate et [[pecunia]] sui municipii [[facile]] [[primus]], id. Rosc. Am. 6, 15: esse genere [[divino]], id. Rep. 2, 2: contempsisti L. Murenae [[genus]], extulisti tuum, id. Mur. 7, 15: hic sacra, hic [[genus]], hic majorum [[multa]] vestigia, id. Leg. 2, 1, 3; cf. id. Brut. 58, 212; id. Rep. 1, 18: [[adulescens]], cujus spei [[nihil]] [[praeter]] [[genus]] patricium deesset, Liv. 6, 34, 11: in famam generis ac familiae, Quint. 3, 11, 12; 5, 10, 24: [[genus]] Lentulorum, id. 6, 3, 67: [[Atys]], [[genus]] [[unde]] Atii duxere Latini, Verg. A. 5, 568: [[fortuna]] non mutat [[genus]], Hor. Epod. 4, 6: virginem plebei generis petiere juvenes, [[alter]] virgini genere [[par]], [[alter]], etc., Liv. 4, 9, 4: qui sibi falsum [[nomen]] imposuerit, [[genus]] parentesve finxerit, etc., Plaut. Sent. 5, 25, 11.—Plur.: summis gnati generibus, Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 20.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> In partic., [[birth]], for [[high]] or [[noble]] [[birth]] ([[mostly]] [[poet]].): cum certi [[propter]] divitias aut [[genus]] aut aliquas [[opes]] rem publicam tenent, est [[factio]], Cic. Rep. 3, 14: pol mihi [[fortuna]] [[magis]] [[nunc]] defit [[quam]] [[genus]], Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 394 Vahl.): et [[genus]] et [[virtus]], [[nisi]] cum re vilior [[alga]] est, Hor. S. 2, 5, 8; cf.: et [[genus]] et formam [[regina]] [[pecunia]] donat, id. Ep. 1, 6, 37: non, Torquate, [[genus]], non te [[facundia]], non te Restituet [[pietas]], id. C. 4, 7, 23: jactes et [[genus]] et [[nomen]] inutile, id. ib. 1, 14, 13; cf.: cui [[genus]] et [[quondam]] [[nomen]] natique fuissent, Verg. A. 5, 621: [[nunc]] jam nobis patribus vobisque plebei [[promiscuus]] [[consulatus]] patet, nec generis, ut [[ante]], sed virtutis est [[praemium]], Liv. 7, 32, 14; cf. id. 4, 4, 7.<br /><b>II</b> Transf.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Like [[gens]] and [[stirps]], a [[descendant]], [[offspring]], [[child]]; and [[collect]]., descendants, [[posterity]], [[race]] ([[poet]].): [[neve]] tu [[umquam]] in [[gremium]] extollas liberorum ex te [[genus]], Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): [[credo]] [[equidem]], [[genus]] esse deorum, Verg. A. 4, 12: Uraniae [[genus]], [[Hymen]], i. e. her [[son]], Cat. 61, 2: [[audax]] Iapeti, i. e. his [[son]] [[Prometheus]], Hor. C. 1, 3, 27: Jovis, i. e. [[Perseus]], Ov. M. 4, 609; cf. also Prop. 2, 2, 9; Hor. C. 2, 14, 18: [[genus]] Adrasti, i. e. Diomede, [[grandson]] of [[Adrastus]], Ov. F. 6, 433; so of a [[grandson]], id. M. 2, 743; cf. nepotum, Hor. C. 3, 17, 4: Tantali [[genus]], id. ib. 2, 18, 37: [[Danai]], id. ib. 2, 14, 18: Messi clarum [[genus]] [[Osci]], id. S. 1, 5, 54: ab [[alto]] Demissum [[genus]] [[Aenea]], i. e. [[Octavianus]], as the [[adopted]] [[son]] of [[Julius]] Cœsar, id. ib. 2, 5, 63: [[sive]] neglectum [[genus]] et nepotes Respicis [[auctor]], i. e. the Romans, id. C. 1, 2, 35; cf. ib. 3, 6, 18: regium [[genus]], id. ib. 2, 4, 15. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Of an [[assemblage]] of objects (persons, animals, plants, [[inanimate]] or [[abstract]] things) [[which]] are [[related]] or belong [[together]] in [[consequence]] of a [[resemblance]] in [[natural]] qualities; a [[race]], [[stock]], [[class]], [[sort]], [[species]], [[kind]] (in this signif. [[most]] freq. in all periods and kinds of [[writing]]).<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In gen.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a</b> Of [[living]] things: ne [[genus]] humanum temporis longinquitate occideret, [[propter]] hoc marem cum [[femina]] esse coniunctum, Cic. ap. Col. 12, 1 (Fragm. Cic. 1, 5 Baiter): [[quod]] ex infinita societate generis humani ita contracta res est, etc., of the [[human]] [[race]], Cic. Lael. 5, 20; cf. id. Rep. 1, 2 fin.: o deorum [[quicquid]] in [[caelo]] regit Terras et humanum [[genus]], Hor. Epod. 5, 2; for [[which]]: consulere generi hominum, Cic. Rep. 3, 12; cf.: cum omni hominum genere, id. ib. 2, 26; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7: solivagum [[genus]], Cic. Rep. 1, 25: [[potens]] vir cum [[inter]] sui corporis homines tum [[etiam]] ad plebem, [[quod]] haudquaquam [[inter]] id [[genus]] [[contemptor]] ejus habebatur, i. e. [[among]] the Plebeians, Liv. 6, 34, 5: Graium [[genus]], the Grecian [[race]], Enn. ap. Prob. ad Verg. E. 6, 31 (Ann. v. 149 Vahl.): [[virtus]] est propria Romani generis [[atque]] seminis, Cic. Phil. 4, 5, 13; cf. id. Ac. 2, 27, 86: [[Ubii]], [[paulo]] [[quam]] sunt ejusdem generis et ceteris humaniores, Caes. B. G. 4, 3, 3; cf. also: impellit alios (Aeduos) [[iracundia]] et [[temeritas]], quae [[maxime]] [[illi]] hominum generi est innata, [[race]] of men, id. ib. 7, 42, 2; so, [[like]] [[gens]], of nations, peoples, tribes: [[ferox]], Sall. Fragm. ap. Arus. Mess. s. v. [[insolens]], p. 241 Lind. (Hist. 1, 14 Gerl.); Liv. 34, 7, 6: implacidum ([[Genauni]]), Hor. C. 4, 14, 10: durum ac [[velox]] ([[Ligures]]), Flor. 2, 3, 4: omne in paludes diffugerat, id. 3, 10, 14: Graecorum, Cic. Fl. 4, 9: Numidarum, Liv. 30, 12, 18: [[genus]] omne nomenque Macedonum, id. 13, 44, 6; Nep. Reg. 2: Italici generis multi mortales, Sall. J. 47, 1: Illyriorum, Liv. 27, 32, 4; 27, 48, 10; 42, 47 fin.: Scytharum, Just. 2, 3, 16; Tac. H. 2, 4; Suet. Ner. 37; Vell. 2, 118, 1.—In plur.: [[conventus]] is, qui ex variis generibus constaret, Caes. B. C. 2, 36, 1: [[olim]] [[isti]] fuit generi [[quondam]] [[quaestus]] [[apud]] [[saeclum]] [[prius]] ... est [[genus]] hominum, qui se primos esse omnium rerum volunt, [[class]] of men, [[profession]], Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 15 and 17: firmi et stabiles et constantes (amici), cujus generis est magna [[penuria]], Cic. Lael. 17, 62: saepius [[genus]] ejus hominis (sc. procuratoris rei publicae) erit in reliqua nobis oratione tractandum, id. Rep. 2, 29 fin.; cf.: [[genus]] aliud tyrannorum, id. ib. 1, 44: judicum [[genus]] et [[forma]], id. Phil. 5, 5, 13: istius generis asoti, id. Fin. 2, 8, 23; cf.: omnium ejus generis poëtarum [[haud]] [[dubie]] [[proximus]], Quint. 10, 1, 85: liberrimum hominum, id. 10, 12, 2, § 22: irritabile vatum, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 102: hoc omne (ambubajarum, etc.), id. S. 1, 2, 2: hominum [[virile]], muliebre, Cic. Inv. 1, 24, 35: [[equidem]] fabulam et fictam rem ducebam esse, virorum omne [[genus]] in [[aliqua]] [[insula]] conjuratione muliebri ab stirpe sublatum esse, Liv. 34, 2, 3: cedat consulari generi [[praetorium]], Cic. Planc. 6, 15: ad militare [[genus]] = ad milites, Liv. 24, 32, 2: [[alia]] [[militaris]] generis [[turba]], id. 44, 45, 13: castellani, agreste [[genus]], id. 34, 27, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.—Sing. [[with]] plur. [[predicate]]: Ministrantibus sibi omni genere turpium personarum, [[Capitol]]. Ver. 4.—In plur.: eorum hominum ... genera sunt duo, Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 1: tria auditorum, Quint. 3, 4, 6.— Repeated in the [[relative]]-[[clause]]: duo genera [[semper]] in hac civitate fuerunt ... quibus ex generibus, Cic. Sest. 45, 96.—In the acc., of [[description]] (v. Roby's Gram. 2, p. 42 sq.): [[quot]] et [[quod]] [[genus]] pastores habendi, of [[what]] [[kind]], Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1: [[quod]] [[genus]] ii sunt, etc., Auct. Her. 2, 30, 48; cf. in the foll.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(b)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Of animals, plants, etc.: [[genus]] altivolantum, the [[race]] of birds, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 84 Vahl.); cf.: [[genu]]' pennis condecoratum, id. Fragm. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 59: lanigerum, id. Fragm. ap. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Cyprio, p. 59 Müll.: squamigerum, Lucr. 1, 162; cf. piscium, Hor. C. 1, 2, 9: silvestre, Lucr. 5, 1411: omne ferarum, id. 5, 1338: [[acre]] leonum, id. 5, 862: malefici generis plurima animalia, Sall. J. 17, 6: diversum confusa [[genus]] [[panthera]] camelo, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 195: animantūm propagare [[genus]], to [[propagate]] the [[race]], Lucr. 1, 195: ad [[genus]] faciendum, Just. 2, 9 fin.: juxta [[genus]] suum, Vulg. Gen. 1, 11 saep.— Plur.: quae [[vero]] et [[quam]] [[varia]] genera bestiarum vel cicurum vel ferarum! Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99: piscium genera, Quint. 5, 10, 21.—In the acc., of [[description]]: [[porticus]] avibus omne [[genus]] oppletae, Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 11: pascuntur omne [[genus]] objecto frumento, id. ib. 3, 6: boves et id [[genus]] pecua, App. M. 2, p. 115, 4; id. Flor. p. 37. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> Of inanim. and abstr. things, [[kind]], [[sort]], [[description]], [[class]], [[order]], [[character]]: [[genus]] ullum materiaï, Lucr. 2, 304: cum is (sol) [[quoque]] efficiat, ut omnia floreant et in suo quaeque genere pubescant, Cic. N. D. 2, 15, 41: naves omni genere armorum ornatissimae, Caes. B. G. 3, 14, 2: cibi [[genus]], id. ib. 4, 1, 9: cum omni genere [[commeatus]], Liv. 30, 36, 2: frugum, id. 38, 15, 9: hoc sphaerae [[genus]], Cic. Rep. 1, 14: hoc [[triplex]] rerum publicarum [[genus]], id. ib. 2, 23: [[regale]] civitatis, id. ib.; cf.: totum regiae civitatis, id. ib. 2, 29: novum imperii, id. ib. 2, 32: ipsum istud [[genus]] orationis [[exspecto]], id. ib. 1, 24 fin.; cf.: [[dulce]] orationis, id. Or. 13, 42: [[qua]] re esset hoc [[bellum]] genere ipso necessarium, id. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; cf.: [[genus]] hoc erat pugnae, quo, etc., Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 4: [[potestas]] annua (consulum) genere ipso ac jure [[regia]], Cic. Rep. 2, 32: [[genus]] vitae ... [[genus]] aetatis, id. Off. 1, 32, 117: optimum emendandi, Quint. 10, 4, 2: dicendi, Cic. Off. 1, 1, 3; Quint. 8, 3, 56; 12, 10, 69: [[simplex]] rectumque loquendi, id. 9, 3, 3: [[omnis]] generis tormenta, Liv. 32, 16, 10: [[praeda]] [[ingens]] [[omnis]] generis, id. 27, 5, 9; so, [[omnis]] generis, [[with]] [[tela]], id. 38, 26, 4; [[with]] naves, id. 34, 8, 5; [[with]] [[eloquentia]], id. 39, 40, 7, etc.—Repeated in the [[relative]]-[[clause]]: erat haec ([[ratio]]) ex [[eodem]] genere, [[quod]] ego [[maxime]] [[genus]] ex sociorum litteris reperire cupiebam, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 74, § 183.—In plur.: [[Caesar]] haec genera munitionis instituit, Caes. B. G. 7, 72, 1: disserere de generibus et de rationibus civitatum, Cic. Rep. 2, 11; cf. id. ib. 1, 26; 28: genera juris institutorum, [[morum]] consuetudinumque describere, id. ib. 3, 10: genera furandi, id. Verr. 2, 2, 7, § 18.—In the acc., of [[description]]: omne, hoc, id, [[quod]] [[genus]], for [[omnis]], ejus, hujus, cujus generis, of [[every]], of this, of [[which]] [[kind]]: sub urbe hortum omne [[genus]], coronamenta omne [[genus]], [[Cato]], R. R. 8, 2; Varr. R. R. 1, 29, 1: omne [[genus]] simulacra feruntur, Lucr. 4, 735: si hoc [[genus]] rebus non proficitur, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 23; id. L. L. 9, § 110 Müll.; Lucr. 6, 917 and Hor. S. 2, 6, 44: in id [[genus]] verbis, Varr. L. L. 10, § 79; 8, 7, 108, § 17: in id [[genus]] libris, Gell. 3, 8, 1: scis me [[ante]] orationes aut aliquid id [[genus]] solitum scribere, Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3: vitanda sunt [[illa]], quae propinqua videntur: [[quod]] [[genus]], fidentiae contrarium est [[diffidentia]], etc., for [[example]], id. Inv. 2, 54, 165; so ib. 2, 52, 157; 2, 54, 162; 2, 57, 172; Lucr. 4, 271; 6, 1058: lege jus est id [[quod]] populi jussu sanctum est, [[quod]] [[genus]]: ut in jus eas cum voceris, Auct. Her. 2, 13, 19; cf. ib. sqq.— In gen.: i. q. res or aliquid: ut in omni genere hujus populi ([[Graeci]]) consuetudinem videretur [[imitatus]], in all respects, in [[everything]], Cic. Rep. 2, 20; cf.: innumerabiles res sunt, in quibus te [[quotidie]] in omni genere desiderem, id. Q. Fr. 2, 2 fin.: incredibile est, [[quam]] me in omni genere delectarit, id. Att. 16, 5, 2: medici [[assiduitas]] et tota [[domus]] in omni genere [[diligens]], id. ib. 12, 33, 2; 7, 1, 2: qui in [[aliquo]] genere aut [[inconcinnus]] aut [[multus]] est, is [[ineptus]] dicitur, in [[any]] [[respect]] [[whatever]], id. de Or. 2, 4, 17: [[qua]] de re et de hoc genere toto pauca cognosce, id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 4.—Adverb.: in [[genus]], in [[general]], [[generally]]: sermones in [[genus]] communes, Gell. 4, 1 fin.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In partic.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a</b> In philos. lang., opp. partes, and comprising [[them]] [[within]] itself, a [[general]] [[term]], [[logical]] [[genus]]: [[genus]] est id, [[quod]] sui similes communione quadam, specie [[autem]] differentes, duas aut [[plures]] complectitur partes, Cic. de Or. 1, 42, 189; cf.: [[genus]] est, [[quod]] [[plures]] partes amplectitur, ut [[animal]]; [[pars]] est, quae subest generi, ut [[equus]]. Sed [[saepe]] [[eadem]] res alii [[genus]], alii [[pars]] est: nam [[homo]] [[animalis]] [[pars]] est, Thebani aut Trojani [[genus]], id. de Inv. 1, 22, 32: [[genus]] est, [[quod]] partes aliquas amplectitur, ut [[cupiditas]]; [[pars]] est, quae subest generi, ut cupiditati [[amor]], [[avaritia]], id. ib. 1, 28, 42; cf. also: [[genus]] est [[notio]] ad [[plures]] differentias pertinens, id. Top. 7, 31: nec [[vero]] [[sine]] philosophorum [[disciplina]] [[genus]] et speciem cujusque rei cernere [[neque]] eam definiendo explicare nec tribuere in partes possumus, etc., id. Or. 4, 16; cf. ib. 33, 117: formae dicendi specie dispares, genere laudabiles, id. de Or. 3, 9, 34: perturbationes sunt genere quatuor, partibus [[plures]], id. Tusc. 3, 11, 24; cf. ib. 5, 25, 71: et conjuncta quaeremus, et genera et partes generibus subjectas, et similitudines, etc., id. de Or. 2, 39, 166; opp. [[species]] and [[pars]], Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 3.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> In gram., [[gender]]: transversi sunt (ordines) qui ab [[recto]] casu obliqui declinantur, ut [[albus]], albi, [[albo]]; directi sunt, qui ab [[recto]] casu in rectos declinantur, ut [[albus]], [[alba]], [[album]]. Transversorum ordinum partes appellantur [[casus]], directorum genera: utrisque [[inter]] se implicatis [[forma]], Varr. L. L. 10, § 22 Müll.: [[quod]] ad verborum temporalium rationem attinet, cum partes sint quatuor: temporum, personarum, generum, divisionum, etc., ib. 9, § 95: in nominibus tria genera, Quint. 1, 4, 23: barbarismum fieri per numeros aut genera, id. 1, 5, 16; 9, 3, 6: in verbis [[quoque]] [[quis]] est [[adeo]] [[imperitus]], ut ignoret genera et qualitates, etc., id. 1, 4, 27.<br /><b>gĕnus</b>: ūs, v. [[genu]].