per: Difference between revisions

|lshtext=<b>per</b>: prep. [[with]] acc. (by [[solecism]] [[with]] abl. PER QVO, =<br /><b>I</b> whereby, Inscr. Miseni Repert. ex a. p. Chr. n. 159; Inscr. Orell. 3300) [kindr. [[with]] Gr. [[παρά]]>; Sanscr. pāra, [[ulterior]]; Lith. pèr; cf.: [[parumper]], [[paulisper]]; v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 269], denotes, [[like]] the Gr. διά, [[motion]] [[through]] a [[space]], or [[extension]] [[over]] it.<br /><b>I</b> Lit., of [[space]], [[through]], [[through]] the [[midst]] of, [[throughout]], all [[over]], all [[along]]: per amoena salicta raptare aliquem, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 40 Vahl.): [[inde]] Fert [[sese]] ([[equus]]) campi per caerula laetaque prata, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (id. v. 505 ib.): per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine [[flumen]], id. ap. id. ib. 6, 4 (id. v. 177 ib.): per membranas oculorum cernere, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142: coronam auream per [[forum]] ferre, id. Att. 14, 16, 2: iit [[hasta]] per [[tempus]] utrumque, Verg. A. 9, 418: se per munitiones deicere, Caes. B. G. 3, 26: per [[mare]] pauperiem [[fugiens]], per saxa, per ignes, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 46: per ignes, Ov. M. 8, 76: per Averna, id. ib. 14, 105: per [[caelum]], Verg. A. 4, 700: per vias fabulari, in all the streets, Plaut. Cist. 5, 1: per totam urbem, id. Ep. 2, 2, 11: qui per provincias [[atque]] [[imperium]] tuum pecunias ei credidissent, in the provinces, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6: invitati [[hospitaliter]] per domos, Liv. 1, 9: via [[secta]] per ambas (zonas), Verg. G. 1, 238; 245: nascuntur copiosissime in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, in, Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94: per illas gentes celebratur, [[throughout]], Tac. A. 12, 12: gustūs elementa per omnia quaerunt, Juv. 11, 14.— Placed [[after]] the [[noun]]: viam per, Lucr. 6, 1264: transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes, Verg. A. 5, 663; 6, 692.<br /><b>II</b> Transf.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Of [[time]], [[through]], [[throughout]], [[during]], for: [[quod]] des bubus per hiemem, the [[winter]] [[through]], [[during]] the [[winter]], [[Cato]], R. R. 25: nulla res per [[triennium]], [[nisi]] ad nutum istius, judicata est, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13: nulla abs te per hos [[dies]] [[epistula]] ... venerat, [[during]] these days, id. Att. 2, 8, 1: per [[decem]] [[dies]] ludi facti sunt, id. Cat. 3, 8, 20: per [[idem]] [[tempus]], [[during]], at, in the [[course]] of, id. Brut. 83, 286; Suet. Galb. 10: per noctem cernuntur sidera, [[during]] the [[night]], in the [[night]]-[[time]], Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 48: per inducias, [[during]], Liv. 38, 2: per [[multa]] bella, id. 8, 13: per ludos, id. 2, 18: per [[comitia]], Suet. Caes. 80: per somnum, id. ib. 45: per [[tempus]], [[during]], i. e. at the [[right]] [[time]], = in tempore, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 6; Ter. And. 4, 4, 44; id. Hec. 4, 3, 16.—So distr.: per singulas noctes, Suet. Caes. 1; id. Calig. 22; cf.: per haec, [[meanwhile]], id. Claud. 27: per quae, id. Tib. 52.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> To [[indicate]] the [[agent]], [[instrument]], or [[means]], [[through]], by, by [[means]] of: statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9: detrimenta publicis rebus per homines eloquentissimos importata, id. de Or. 1, 9, 38: [[quid]] ais? [[vulgo]] occidebantur? Per quos? et a quibus? by whom? and by whose [[command]]? id. Rosc. Am. 29, 80: quae domi gerenda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur, id. ib. 51, 149: [[quod]] nefarium [[stuprum]] non per illum [[factum]] est, id. Cat. 2, 4, 7.—Placed [[after]] its [[case]]: Exerce vocem, [[quam]] per vivis et [[colis]], Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—Esp.: per fidem decipere, fallere, etc. (= datā [[fide]]): per fidem [[deceptus]] [[sum]], [[through]] [[confidence]], i. e. in my [[host]] [[who]] [[betrayed]] me, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 69; Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 3.—So, per se, per te, [[through]] [[himself]], by [[himself]], of [[himself]], etc.: [[homo]] per se [[cognitus]], [[sine]] ullā commendatione majorum, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: per me [[tibi]] obstiti, = [[solus]], by [[myself]], id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: [[satis]] per te [[tibi]] consulis, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 1: per se [[solus]], Liv. 1, 49.—With [[ipse]]: [[nihil]] ipsos per se [[sine]] P. Sullā facere potuisse, Cic. Sull. 24, 67: ipsum per se, suā vi, sua naturā, sua [[sponte]] laudabile, id. Fin. 2, 15, 50.—To form an adverb. [[expression]], in, by, [[through]], etc.: non dubitavi id a te per litteras petere, by [[letter]], Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2: per summum [[dedecus]] vitam amittere, in the [[most]] [[infamous]] [[manner]], [[most]] [[infamously]], id. Rosc. Am. 11, 30: per iram facere aliquid, in [[anger]], id. Tusc. 4, 37, 79: per [[commodum]], Liv. 30, 29, 3 (cf. II. A. [[supra]]): per [[commodum]] rei publicae, id. 10, 25, 17; 22, 57, 1; 31, 11, 2: per ludum et jocum, sporting and jesting, in [[sport]] and [[jest]], Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 70, § 181: per vim, [[forcibly]], Sall. J. 23, 1: per dolum, id. ib. 11, 8: per [[otium]], at [[leisure]], Liv. 4, 58, 12: ceteris copiis per [[otium]] trajectis, id. 21, 28, 4: [[cibo]] per [[otium]] [[capto]], id. 21, 55, 1: per tumultum = [[tumultuose]], id. 44, 45, 14. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>C</b> To [[designate]] the [[reason]], [[cause]], [[inducement]], etc., [[through]], for, by, on [[account]] of, for the [[sake]] of: per metum mussari, Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 12: qui per virtutem perit, at non interit, id. Capt. 3, 5, 32: cum [[antea]] per aetatem [[nondum]] hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1: per aetatem, Caes. B. G. 2, 16 fin.: Druso propinquanti [[quasi]] per [[officium]] obviae fuere legiones, Tac. A. 1, 24: ut [[nihil]] eum delectaret, [[quod]] aut per naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret, Cic. Mil. 16, 43: cum per valetudinem posses, venire [[tamen]] noluisti, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1: per me, per te, etc., as [[far]] as concerns me, [[you]], etc.: si per vos [[licet]], Plaut. As. prol. 12: per me vel stertas [[licet]], Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; cf.: [[sin]] hoc non [[licet]] per Cratippum, id. Off. 3, 7, 33: [[fides]] publica per [[sese]] inviolata, Sall. J. 33, 3: per me ista pedibus trahantur, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10: per me stetisse, quo [[minus]] hae fierent [[nuptiae]], Ter. And. 4, 2, 16: si per suos esset licitum, Nep. Eum. 10, 3: inspicere vitia nec per magistros nec per aetatem licebat, Macr. S. 1, 24. —Hence, in oaths, entreaties, asseverations, etc., by a [[god]], by men, or by [[inanimate]] or [[abstract]] things, by: IOVRANTO PER IOVEM, etc., Tab. Bant. lin. 15: per pol [[saepe]] peccas, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 18; cf.: si per [[plures]] deos juret, Cic. Rab. Post. 13, 36: [[quid]] est [[enim]], per deos, optabilius sapientiā? id. Off. 2, 2, 5: per deos [[atque]] homines, id. Div. 2, 55, 116: per dexteram te istam oro, id. Deiot. 3, 8; cf.: per tuam fidem Te [[obtestor]], Ter. And. 1, 5, 55: [[nunc]] te per amicitiam et per amorem [[obsecro]], id. ib. 2, 1, 26: per pietatem! Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 4: per comitatem [[edepol]], [[pater]], etc., id. ib. 2, 2, 52.—In this signif. [[often]] separated from its [[object]]: per ego [[vobis]] deos [[atque]] homines [[dies]], ut, etc., Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 1: per ego te deos oro, Ter. And. 3, 3, 6; 5, 1, 15: per ego te, fili ... [[precor]] quaesoque, etc., Liv. 23, 9, 2: per ego has lacrimas ... te Oro, Verg. A. 4, 314; 12, 56; Tib. 4, 5, 7; Ov. F. 2, 841: per vos Tyrrhena faventum Stagna deum, per ego et Trebiam cineresque Sagunti Obtestor, Sil. 12, 79 sq.; 1, 658; Stat. Th. 11, 367.—With ellips. of [[object]]: per, si [[qua]] est ... Intemerata [[fides]], oro, i. e. per eam, Verg. A. 2, 142; 10, 903: per, si [[quid]] merui de te [[bene]], perque manentem amorem, Ne, etc., Ov. M. 7, 854.—Sometimes to [[indicate]] an [[apparent]] or [[pretended]] [[cause]] or [[inducement]], under the [[show]] or [[pretext]] of, under [[color]] of: qui per tutelam aut societatem aut rem mandatam aut fiduciae rationem fraudavit quempiam, Cic. Caecin. 3, 7: naves triremes per causam exercendorum remigum ad [[fauces]] [[portus]] prodire jussit, under [[pretext]] of, Caes. B. C. 3, 24; v. [[causa]]: per speciem alienae fungendae [[vicis]] suas [[opes]] firmavit, Liv. 1, 41 fin.: per simulationem officii, Tac. H. 1, 74.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>D</b> In [[composition]], it [[usually]] adds [[intensity]] to the signif., [[thoroughly]], [[perfectly]], [[completely]], [[exceedingly]], [[very]] [[much]], [[very]] ([[very]] [[often]] in [[Cicero]]'s epistolary [[style]], and in [[new]]-formed words, as [[perbenevolus]], [[percautus]], [[percupidus]], [[perbelle]], [[perofficiose]], [[pergaudeo]]; see these articles): pervelle, [[perfacilis]], peramanter; [[sometimes]] it denotes the [[completion]] of an [[action]], e. g. perorare, peragere; [[sometimes]] it is [[repeated]]: [[perdifficilis]] et perobscura [[quaestio]], Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; so id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Brut. 43, 158; id. Cael. 20 fin.; id. Fam. 9, 20, 3 al.; [[but]] also: perexiguā et minuta, id. Tusc. 2, 13, 30: [[percautus]] et [[diligens]], id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, § 18 al.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. p. 410.—It [[frequently]] occurs in tmesi: nobis ista sunt pergrata perque jucunda, Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 205: per mihi mirum [[visum]] est, id. ib. 49, 214: per [[enim]] magni [[aestimo]], id. Att. 10, 1, 1: ibi te [[quam]] [[primum]] per videre velim, = videre pervelim, id. ib. 15, 4, 2: Platoni per fuit [[familiaris]], Gell. 2, 18, 1: per, inquit, [[magister]] [[optime]], [[exoptatus]] mihi [[nunc]] venis, id. 18, 4, 2.—Per [[quam]] (also [[perquam]]), [[very]], [[exceedingly]], [[extremely]]: per [[quam]] [[breviter]] perstrinxi, Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201: per [[quam]] modica civium merita, Plin. [[Pan]]. 60: per [[quam]] velim scire, [[very]] [[much]] [[indeed]], id. Ep. 7, 27, 1: PARENTES PER QVAM INFELICISSIMI, Inscr. Murat. 953, 2.—As one [[word]]: illorum [[mores]] [[perquam]] [[meditate]] tenes, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16: propulit [[perquam]] indignis modis, id. Rud. 3, 3, 9: erat [[perquam]] onerosum, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 13: [[perquam]] honorificum, id. ib. 3, 4, 3.—Separated by an [[intervening]] [[word]]: per pol [[quam]] paucos reperias, Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1.—Placed [[after]] the [[word]] it governs;<br /> v. [[supra]], I. fin. and II. B.