ὑπέρ: Difference between revisions

|txtha=(cf. English up, over, etc.), Latin super, over, a preposition, which stands before either the genitive or the accusative according as it is used to express the idea of state and rest or of motion over and beyond a place. I. with the genitive; cf. Winer's Grammar, 382 f (358f).<br /><b class="num">1.</b> properly, of place, i. e. of position, situation, extension: over, above, beyond, across. In this sense it does not occur in the N. T.; but there it always, though joined to other classes of words, has a tropical signification derived from its original meaning.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> equivalent to Latin pro, for, i. e. for one's safety, for one's advantage or benefit (one who does a thing for another, is conceived of as standing or bending 'over' the one whom he would shield or defend (cf. Winer's Grammar, as above)): προσεύχεσθε ὑπέρ τῶν ..., T Tr marginal reading WH περί (see 6 below)); L Tr WH marginal reading (see 6 below); (L Tr marginal reading WH text), 9; εὔχομαι, R G T Tr text WH marginal reading); after δέομαι, δέησις, προσευχή, L T Tr WH περί (see 6 below)); εἶναι ὑπέρ τίνος (opposed to κατά τίνος), to be for one i. e. to be on one's side, to favor and further one's cause, τό ὑπέρ τίνος that which is for one's advantage, ἀναθάλλω and φρονέω, at the end); ἐντυγχάνω and ὑπερεντυγχάνω, R G, 27,34; λέγω, R WH text (see 6 below); μερίμνω, ἀγρύπνω, ἀγωνίζομαι ἐν ταῖς προσευχαῖς, πρεσβεύω, ζῆλος, ); πόνος, G L T Tr WH); σπουδή, διάκονος, ἀρχειρεα καθίστασθαι, τήν ψυχήν τιθέναι (ὑπέρ τίνος), in order to avert ruin, death, etc., from one, τό αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐκχύνειν, passive, L T Tr WH (see 6 below); WH reject the passage); ἀπολέσθαι, ἀποθνῄσκειν, L T Tr WH); T Tr WH text περί (see 6 below); L T Tr WH text); γεύεσθαι θανάτου, σταυρωθῆναι, L text Tr marginal reading WH marginal reading περί (see 6 below)); (of God giving up his Song of Solomon , παραδιδόναι τινα ἑαυτόν, διδόναι ἑαυτόν, ἀντίλυτρον, τό σῶμα αὐτοῦ διδόναι, passive, WH reject the passage), cf. τυθῆναι (θυθῆναι, see θύω, at the beginning), παθεῖν, R G WH marginal reading; 4:1 R G); ἁγιάζειν ἑαυτόν, ὑπέρ, like the Latin pro and our for, comes to signify<br /><b class="num">3.</b> in the place of, instead of (which is more precisely expressed by ἀντί; hence, the two prepositions are interchanged by Irenaeus, adv. haer. 5,1, τῷ ἰδίῳ αἵματι λυτρωσαμένου ἡμᾶς τοῦ κυρίου καί δόντος τήν ψυχήν ὑπέρ τῶν ἡμετέρων ψυχῶν καί τήν σάρκα τήν ἑαυτοῦ ἀντί τῶν ἡμετέρων σαρκῶν): ἵνα ὑπέρ σου μοι διακονῇ, ὑπέρ τῶν νεκρῶν βαπτίζεσθαι (see βαπτίζω, at the end), L text Tr text WH text); in expressions concerning the death of Christ: εἷς ὑπέρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν (for the inference is drawn ἄρα οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον, i. e. all are reckoned as dead), ὑπέρ, see Meyer and Van Hengel on Philemon , the passages cited; Wieseler on Trench, Synonyms, § lxxxii.; Winer's Grammar, 383 (358) note.) Since anything, whether of an active or passive character which is undertaken on behalf of a person or thing, is undertaken 'on account of' that person or thing, ὑπέρ is used<br /><b class="num">4.</b> of the impelling or moving cause; on account of, for the sake of, any person or thing: ὑπέρ τῆς τοῦ κόσμου ζοης, to procure (true) life for mankind, to do or suffer anything ὑπέρ τοῦ ὀνόματος Θεοῦ, Ἰησοῦ, τοῦ κυρίου: πάσχειν ὑπέρ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὑπέρ τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ Θεοῦ, στενοχωριαι ὑπέρ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὑπέρ etc. here with εὐδοκῶ); ἀποθνῄσκειν ὑπέρ Θεοῦ, Ignatius ad Romans 4 [ET]. examples with a genitive of the thing are, ὑπέρ τῆς εὐδοκίας, to satisfy (his) good-pleasure, δοξάζειν, εὐχαριστεῖν ὑπέρ τίνος (genitive of the thing), ὑπέρ πάντων, for all favors, ἐυηξαρίστειν ὑπέρ with a genitive of the person, L T Tr WH περί (see 6 below)); ἀγῶνα ἔχειν ὑπέρ with a genitive of the person L T Tr WH (see 6 below); ὑπέρ (τῶν) ἁμαρτιῶν (or ἀγνοημάτων), to offer sacrifices, L T Tr WH περί (see 6 below)); ἀποθανεῖν, of Christ, ἑαυτόν δοῦναι, R WH text (see 6 below).<br /><b class="num">5.</b> Like the Latin super (cf. Klotz, HWB, d. Latin Spr. ii, p. 1497b; (Harpers' Latin Dict. under the word, II. B. 2b.)), it frequently refers to the object under consideration, concerning, of, as respects, with regard to (cf. Buttmann, § 147,21); examples from secular authors are given in Winer's Grammar, 383 (358f)); so after καυχᾶσθαι, καύχημα, καύχησις (R. V. on behalf of): L T Tr WH εγ((or εν() καυχᾶσθαι); φυσιουσθαι, φυσιόω, 2at the end)); ἐλπίς, ἀγνοεῖν, 8 (here L T Tr WH marginal reading περί (see 6 below)); φρονεῖν, ἐρωτᾶν, κράζειν, to proclaim concerning, παρακαλεῖν, G L T Tr WH (see 6 below)); after εἰπεῖν, L T Tr WH (see 6 below); (so after verbs of saying, writing, etc., εἴτε ὑπέρ Τίτου, whether inquiry be made about Titus , ὑπέρ τούτου, concerning this, ὑπέρ and περί are confounded (cf. Winer s Grammar, 383 (358) note; § 50,3; Buttmann, § 147,21; Kühner, § 435, I:2e.; Meisterhans, § 49,12; also Wieseler or Ellicott on Galatians , as below; Meyer on περί, the passage cited δ.)); this occurs in the following passages: ὑπέρ ἐκ περισσοῦ or ὑπέρ ἐκπερισσοῦ, see ὑπερεκπερισσοῦ.) II. with the accusative (cf. Winer s Grammar, § 49, e.); over, beyond, away over; more than;<br /><b class="num">1.</b> properly, of the place 'over' or 'beyond' which, as in the Greek writings from Homer down; not thus used in the N. T., where it is always<br /><b class="num">2.</b> metaphorically, of the measure or degree exceeded (cf. Buttmann, § 147,21);<br /><b class="num">a.</b> universally: εἶναι ὑπέρ τινα, to be above i. e. superior to one, τό ὄνομα τό ὑπέρ πᾶν ὄνομα namely, ὄν, the name superior to every (other) name, κεφαλήν ὑπέρ πάντα namely, οὖσαν, the supreme head or lord (A. V. head over all things), ὑπέρ δοῦλον ὄντα, more than a servant, more than (R. V. beyond), ὑπέρ πάντα, above (i. e. more and greater than) all, ὑπέρ τήν λαμπρότητα τοῦ ἡλίου, above (i. e. surpassing) the brightness of the sun, more (to a greater degree) than, φιλεῖν τινα ὑπέρ τινα, beyond, ὑπέρ ὁ δύνασθε, beyond what ye are able, beyond your strength, Winer's Grammar, 590 (549)); also ὑπέρ δύναμιν, κατά δύναμιν (as in Homer, Iliad 3,59 κατ' Αισαν, ὀυδ' ὑπέρ Αισαν, cf. 6,487; 17,321. 327), L T Tr WH παρά δύναμιν).<br /><b class="num">b.</b> with words implying comparison: προκόπτειν, ή῾ττασθαι, Winer's Grammar, § 49e.), (πλεονάζω, 1Esdr. 8:72; περισσεύω, ὑπερβάλω, than, Winer s Grammar, § 35,2; (Buttmann, § 147,21).<br /><b class="num">c.</b> ὑπέρ is used adverbially; as, ὑπέρ ἐγώ (L ὑπερεγώ (cf. Winer s Grammar, 46 (45)), WH ὑπέρ ἐγώ (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 14,2Note)), much more (or in a much greater degree) I, Kypke at the passage; Winer's Grammar, 423 (394). (For ὑπέρ λίαν see ὑπερλίαν.) III. In Composition ὑπέρ denotes<br /><b class="num">1.</b> over, above, beyond: ὑπεράνω, ὑπερέκεινα, ὑπερεκτείνω.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> excess of measure, more than: ὑπερεκπερισσοῦ, ὑπερνικάω.<br /><b class="num">3.</b> aid, for; in defense of: ὑπερεντυγχάνω. Cf. Viger. edition Hermann, p. 668; Fritzsche on Romans , vol. i., p. 351; (Ellicott on Ephesians 3:20).