πνέω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=poet. <b class="b3">πνείω</b> as always in Hom. exc. <span class="bibl">Od.5.469</span>: fut. <b class="b3">πνεύσομαι</b> (ἐκ-) <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>886</span> (lyr.), (ἐμ-) <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Andr.</span>555</span>, (παρα-) <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Mul.</span>2.133</span>; also <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> πνευσοῦμαι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>1221</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Mete.</span>367a13</span>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Sign.</span>34</span>, <span class="bibl">Palaeph.17</span>; πνεύσω <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Sign.</span>32</span>, <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ps.</span>147.7(18)</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Si.</span>43.20</span>, <span class="title">Gp.</span> 1.12.34, <span class="title">AP</span>9.112 (Antip.Thess.), (ἀνα-) <span class="bibl">Q.S.13.516</span> (<b class="b3">συμ-πνευσόντων</b> is f.l. in <span class="bibl">D.18.169</span>): aor. 1 ἔπνευσα <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>506</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.20</span>, etc., (ἐν-) <span class="bibl">Il.17.456</span>, (ἀν-) <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>274</span>: pf. <b class="b3">πέπνευκα</b> (ἐπι-) <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>262d</span>, (ἐκ-) <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pr.</span>904a1</span>:—Pass., fut. <b class="b3">πνευσθήσομαι</b> (δια-) <span class="bibl">Aret.<span class="title">CA</span>1.1</span>: aor. <b class="b3">ἐπνεύσθην</b> (δι-) <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>5.5.6</span>, etc.—Hom. and early Prose writers use the simple Verb only in pres. and impf., to which Trag. add fut. and aor. 1 Act.—For the form <b class="b3">ἄμπνυε</b>, v. [[ἀναπνέω]]; for <b class="b3">ἀμπνύνθη, -πνυτο</b>, v. [[ἄμπνυτο]]; and for pf. Pass. <b class="b3">πέπνῡμαι</b>, part. <b class="b3">πεπνῡμένος</b>, v. [[πέπνυμαι]].—Like other disyll. Verbs in <b class="b3">-έω</b>, this Verb contracts only εε<b class="b3">, εει;</b> but <b class="b3">ἐκπνέων</b> is disyll. in <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1493</span>, <span class="bibl">1517</span> (both lyr.):—[[blow]], of wind and air, οὐδέ ποτ' οὖροι πνείοντες φαίνονθ' <span class="bibl">Od.4.361</span>; αὔρη δ' ἐκ ποταμοῦ ψυχρὴ πνέει <span class="bibl">5.469</span>; ἐτησίαι… οὐκ ἔπνευσαν <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.20</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τῷ πνέοντι</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ἀνέμῳ</b> or <b class="b3">πνεύματι</b>) <span class="bibl">Luc. <span class="title">Cont.</span>3</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ πνέουσα</b> (sc. <b class="b3">αὔρα</b>) <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>27.40</span>; also of a flute-player, μέγα πνέων <span class="bibl">Poll.4.72</span>; and of the flutes themselves, αὐλοὺς ἡδὺ πνέοντας <span class="title">AP</span>6.254 (Myrin.); <b class="b3">πνεῖται</b> flutes [[are sounding]], <span class="bibl">Mnesim.4.57</span> (anap.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> [[breathe]], [[send forth an odour]], ἀμβροσίη… ἡδὺ πνείουσα <span class="bibl">Od.4.446</span>; <b class="b3">π. εὐῶδες, δυσῶδες</b>, <span class="bibl">Poll.2.75</span>, etc.: abs., Dsc.3.80. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> c. acc., [[breathe out]], [[send forth]], Ζεφύρου πνείοντος ἐέρσην <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Ap.</span> 82</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> c. gen., [[breathe]] or [[smell of]] a thing, οὐ μύρου πνέον <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 565</span>; τράγου π. <span class="title">AP</span>11.240 (Lucill.); μόγοιο <span class="bibl">Q.S.6.164</span>; λύθρου καὶ αἵματος <span class="bibl">Id.5.120</span> (<b class="b3">ἐπιπν-</b> codd.): rarely c. dat., μύροισι π. <b class="b2">smell with</b>…, AP5.199: freq. metaph., [[breathe]], [[be redolent of]], Χαρίτων πνείοντα μέλη <span class="bibl">Simon.184.3</span>; ὄμματα… πόθου πνείοντα <span class="title">AP</span>5.258 (Paul. Sil.); <b class="b3">φόνου π</b>. cj. in <span class="bibl">Tryph.505</span>; αὐθαδείας πολὺς ἔπνει <span class="bibl">D.H.7.51</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> of perceptible breathing, [ἵππω] πνείοντε κατ' ὤμων <span class="bibl">Il.13.385</span>; π. ὕπνῳ <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>621</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> generally, [[draw breath]], [[breathe]]: hence, [[live]], <span class="bibl">Il.17.447</span>; <b class="b3">οἱ πνέοντες</b>, = [[οἱ ζῶντες]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1160</span>; ὄλβος ἀεὶ πνεῖ Simm.25.12; ἥμισύ μευ ψυχῆς ἔτι τὸ πνέον <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Epigr.</span>42</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> metaph., c. acc. cogn., [[breathe forth]], <b class="b3">μένεα πνείοντες</b> [[breathing]] spirit, epith. of warriors, <span class="bibl">Il.2.536</span>,<span class="bibl">3.8</span>, <span class="bibl">11.508</span>, etc.; so πῦρ π. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>319</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi. <span class="title">Fr.</span>146</span>; φόνον δόμοι πνέουσιν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1309</span>; κότον πνέων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ch.</span>34</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl">951</span> (lyr.); φρενὸς πνέων τροπαίαν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>219</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">Ἄρη πνεόντων</b> ib.<span class="bibl">376</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">πνέων χάριν τινί</b> ib.<span class="bibl">1206</span>; πῦρ πνειόντων… ἄστρων <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span> 1146</span> (lyr.); πῦρ π. καὶ φόνον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>288</span>; ὠδῖνας <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">HF</span>862</span>: paratrag. in Com., πνέοντας δόρυ καὶ λόγχας <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>1016</span>; <b class="b3">τρέχει τις Ἀλφειὸν πνέων</b>, of a swift runner, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Av.</span>1121</span>, etc.; and in a rhetorical passage, οἱ πῦρ πνέοντες, οἱ νενικηκότες Λακεδαιμονίους <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>7.5.12</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> with neut. Adjs. or Prons., <b class="b3">πνέοντες μεγάλα</b> giving themselves airs, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Andr.</span>189</span>; <b class="b3">τόσονδ' ἔπνευσας</b> ib.<span class="bibl">327</span>; κενεὰ πνεύσαις <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>10(11).93</span>; χαμηλὰ πνέων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">P.</span>11.30</span>: abs., <b class="b3">ὑπὲρ σακέων πνείοντες</b> [[breathing]] over their shields, i. e. unable to repress their rage for war, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span> 24</span>; θρασείᾳ πνέων καρδίᾳ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>10.44</span>: with nom., Ἄρης… μέγας πνέων <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Rh.</span>323</span>; πολὺς ἔπνει καὶ λαμπρός <span class="bibl">D.25.57</span>; οὗτος… καικίας ἢ συκοφαντίας πνεῖ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>437</span>; <b class="b3">ᾧ σὺ μὴ πνεύσῃς ἐνδέξιος</b> on whom [[thou breathest]] not favourably, <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Epigr.</span>10.3</span>.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to blow, to breathe, to respire, to smell</b>.<br />Other forms: ep. <b class="b3">πνείω</b> (metr. length.), aor. <b class="b3">πνεῦσαι</b> (Il.), ipv. <b class="b3">ἄμπνυε</b>, midd. <b class="b3">-υτο</b>, -ύ(<b class="b3">ν)θη</b> (Hom.), fut. <b class="b3">πνεύ-σομαι</b> (IA.). <b class="b3">-σοῦμαι</b> (Ar., Arist.), <b class="b3">-σω</b> (hell.), perf. <b class="b3">πέπνευκα</b> (Att.), pass. <b class="b3">πνευσ-θῆναι</b> (Thphr.), <b class="b3">-θήσομαι</b> (Aret.).<br />Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">ἀνα-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">εἰσ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">προσ-</b>.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">πνοή</b>, Dor. <b class="b3">πνο(ι)ά</b>, ep. <b class="b3">πνοιή</b> (<b class="b3">-οι-</b> metr. condit. after <b class="b3">πνείω</b>, Risch 119; on other explanations, which are not to be preferred, Scheller Oxytonierung 83 n. 2 w. lit.) f. [[wind]], [[breeze]], [[breath]] (Il.); <b class="b3">ἀνα-</b>, <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>πνέω etc. etc.; very often as 2. member, e.g. <b class="b3">ἡδύ-</b> (<b class="b3">ἁδύ-)πνοος</b>, <b class="b3">-πνους</b> [[with a pleasant wind]], [[breath]] (Pi., S., E.), <b class="b3">ἐπί-πνοος</b>, <b class="b3">-πνους</b> [[inspired]] with <b class="b3">ἐπίπνο-ια</b> f. [[inspiration]] (A., Pl.); <b class="b3">-πνοια</b> also beside <b class="b3">-πνοή</b> in <b class="b3">ἀνά-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">διά-</b> πνέω a.o.; here <b class="b3">ἀναπνο-ϊκος</b> [[concerning breathing]] (Ptol.). 2. <b class="b3">πνεῦμα</b> (<b class="b3">ἄμ-</b>, <b class="b3">πρόσ-</b> πνέω) n. [[wind]], [[breeze]], [[breath]], [[ghost]] (Pi., IA.) with <b class="b3">πνευμά-τιον</b> (hell.), <b class="b3">-τικός</b> <b class="b2">concerning the wind etc.</b> (Arist.; on the further life (Nachleben) in the westeur. languages. Chantraine Studii clasice 2, 70f.), <b class="b3">-τιος</b> [[bringing wind]] (Arat.), <b class="b3">-τώδης</b> <b class="b2">wind-, breathlike of nature, windy</b> (Hp., Arist.), <b class="b3">-τίας</b> m. [[asthmatic]] (Hp.) with <b class="b3">-τιάω</b> [[to gasp]] (sch.); <b class="b3">-τόω</b>, <b class="b3">-τόομαι</b> <b class="b2">to blow up, to (cause to) vaporize</b> (Anaxipp., Arist.) with <b class="b3">-τωσις</b>, <b class="b3">-τωτικός</b>; <b class="b3">-τίζω</b> (<b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>) [[to fan by blowing]] (Antig., H.) with <b class="b3">-τισμός</b>. 3. <b class="b3">πνεῦσις</b> f. [[blowing]], more usu. the compp., e.g. <b class="b3">ἀνάπνευ-σις</b> <b class="b2">to breathe again, to inhale, respite</b> (Il.). 4. With second. <b class="b3">σ</b> and <b class="b3">τ-</b>suffix as in <b class="b3">ἄ-πνευσ-τος</b>, <b class="b3">-τί</b>, <b class="b3">-τία</b>: <b class="b3">πνευσ-τικός</b> [[belonging to breathing]] (Gal.), more usu. <b class="b3">ἀνα-</b>πνέω (Arist.) a.o.; <b class="b3">-τιάω</b> [[to gasp]] (Hp., Arist.). 5. <b class="b3">εἴσπν-ηλος</b>, <b class="b3">-ήλας</b> [[loving]], [[lover]] (Call., Theoc., EM), from <b class="b3">εἰσ-πνέω</b> <b class="b2">to inspire (love)</b> with analog. <b class="b3">-ηλος</b>; cf. Chantraine Form. 242.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [838] <b class="b2">*pneu-</b> [[breathe]], [[cough]], [[clow]], [[smell]]<br />Etymology: The regular structure of the above forms is clearly the result of a generalising development, which will also have had zero grade formations as <b class="b3">πνεῦσις</b>, <b class="b3">ἄπνευστος</b>. Outside the general pattern there are only the isolated ep. forms <b class="b3">ἄμ-πνυ-ε</b> etc. [[take breath]] = [[recover from]], which may provide a bridge to the semantically slightly deviating but certainly belonging here <b class="b3">πέ-πνυ-μαι</b>, <b class="b3">-μένος</b>, [[mentally active]], [[animated]], [[be sedate]]; cf. Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 134 f. Not here prob. <b class="b3">πινυ-τή</b>, [[πινυτός]] a. cognates, which have only been connected on difficult assumptions; s.v. In any case <b class="b3">ἄμπνυε</b>, <b class="b3">πέπνυ-μαι</b> are not with Schulze Q. 322 ff. to be separated from <b class="b3">πνέω</b>. -- From other languages only some Germ. formations can be compared: OWNo. <b class="b2">fnýsa</b> [[sniff]], OE [[fnēosan]] [[sneeze]], which like <b class="b3">πνευ-</b> may contain an IE <b class="b2">eu-</b>diphthong; beside them there are however several variants, e.g. OWNo. [[fnasa]], OHG [[fnehan]], which show the unstable character of these orig. onomatop. words. Uncertain is the connection of Skt. <b class="b2">abhi-knū́yate</b> [[be moist]], [[sound]], [[stink]] (Dhātup., Lex.) with dissim. from <b class="b2">*abhi-pn-</b> (Mayrhofer s. <b class="b2">knū́yate</b>). -- The further analysis of <b class="b3">πνέ(Ϝ)-ω</b> in <b class="b2">*p-ne-u-mi</b> with nasal infix to the root <b class="b2">pu-</b> (assumption by Schwyzer 696 α after Pedersen IF 2, 314) is in the case of a word of this meaning hardly convincing. Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 85, Pok. 838f. Here also [[ποιπνύω]]; cf. also [[πνίγω]].