γε: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Dor. and Boeot. [[γα]], enclitic Particle, giving emphasis to the word or words which it follows.<br><span class="bld">I</span> with single words, [[at least]], [[at any rate]], but often only to be rendered by italics in writing, or emphasis in pronunciation: <b class="b3">τὸ γὰρ… σιδήρου γε κράτος ἐστίν</b> such is the power of [[iron]], Od.9.393; <b class="b3">εἴ που πτωχῶν γε θεοὶ… εἰσίν</b> if the poor [[have]] any gods to care for them, 17.475; μάλιστά γε 4.366; <b class="b3">ὅ γ' ἐνθάδε λεώς</b> [[at any rate]] the people here, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Coloneus|OC]]''42, etc.: with negs., <b class="b3">οὐ δύο γε</b> [[not]] [[even]] [[two]], Il.5.303, 20.286; <b class="b3">οὔκουν φθόγγος γε</b> [[not]] [[the least]] [[sound]], E.''IA''9.<br><span class="bld">2</span> with Pronouns: with Pron. of 1st Pers. so closely joined, that the accent is changed, in [[ἔγωγε]], [[ἔμοιγε]] (also [[ἔγωγα]] Lacon., but [[ἐγώνγα]], [[ἰώνγα]] Boeot.): in Hom. freq. with Art. used as Pron., v. [[ὅ γε]]: with demonstr. Pronouns, <b class="b3">κεῖνός γε, τοῦτό γε</b>, etc.: in Com. coalescing with -ί final, αὑτηγί [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''784; [[τουτογί]], [[ταυταγί]], etc., Id.''V.''781, ''Pax''1057, etc. (but ἐνγεταυθί ''Th.''646): after possess. Pronouns, ἐμόν γε θυμόν Il.20.425, etc.: freq. after relat. Pronouns, <b class="b3">ὅς γε, οἵ γε</b>, etc., οἵ γέ σου καθύβρισαν S.''Ph.''1364; ὅς γ' ἐξέλυσας δασμόν Id.''OT''35, etc.; <b class="b3">ὅσον γε χρῄζεις</b> [[even]] as much as... ib.365; οἷόν γέ μοι φαίνεται [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 329a: rarely with interrog. Pronouns, τίνα γε… εἶπας; E.''Tr.''241; ποίου γε τούτου πλήν γ' Ὀδυσσέως ἐρεῖς; S.''Ph.''441.<br><span class="bld">3</span> after Conjunctions, to emphasize the modification or condition introduced by the subjoined clause, <b class="b3">πρίν γε</b>, before [[at least]], sometimes repeated, οὐ μὲν… ὀΐω πρίν γ' ἀποπαύσεσθαι, πρίν γε… αἵματος ἆσαι Ἀρῆα Il.5.288, cf. Od.2.127; <b class="b3">πρὶν ἄν γε</b> or <b class="b3">πρίν γ' ἄν</b>, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''961, ''Ra.''78, etc.; ὅτε γε [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 84e; ὁπότε γε [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Coloneus|OC]]''1699; ἐπεί γε X.''An.''1.3.9; ἐπειδή γε Th.6.18; ὅπου γε [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''2.3.11; <b class="b3">εἴ γε, ἐάν γε</b>, [[if that is to say]], [[if really]], Th.6.18, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]'' 25†c; also simply to lay stress on the condition, <b class="b3">κἄν γε μὴ λέγω</b> and [[if]] I do not... [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''317; <b class="b3">εἴπερ γε</b> if [[at any rate]], [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]7.16.γ, 143, etc.; <b class="b3">ὥστε γε</b> ([[varia lectio|v.l.]] [[ὥς γε]]), with inf., so far [[at least]] as to... [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]'' 230b; ὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσθαι κριτῇ [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Alcestis|Alc.]]''801; <b class="b3">ὥς γε</b> or <b class="b3">ὥσπερ γε</b> as [[at least]], S.''Ant.''570, ''OT''715, etc.:—γε may follow τε, when τε is closely attached to the preceding word, ὡς οἷόν τέ γε μάλιστα [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''4.5.2, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 412b; ἐάντε γε Id.''Plt.''293d; οἵ τέ γε Id.''Grg.'' 454e:—for its use in opposed or disjunctive clauses, v. infr. 11.3.<br><span class="bld">4</span> after other Particles, <b class="b3">καὶ μὴν… γε, οὐ μὴν… γε</b>, with words intervening, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''1.4.12, [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Alcestis|Alc.]]''518, etc.; after [[ἄν]] in apodosi, when preceded by [[οὐ]] or [[καί]], Id.''Ph.''1215, ''Or.''784; <b class="b3">ἄταρ… γε</b> but [[yet]], [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]'' 448; <b class="b3">καίτοι γε</b>, v. [[καί τοι; ἀλλά γε]] (without intervening words) is [[falsa lectio|f.l.]] in Pl.''Hp.Ma.''287b (leg. <b class="b3">ἀλλ' ἄγε</b>), ''R.''331b (<b class="b3">ἀλλά γε ἕν</b> codd., ἀλλὰ ἕν γε Stob.); <b class="b3">ἀλλά γε δή</b> dub. in Id.''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''262a; later, Plu.2.394c, Ael.''NA''10.49 codd.: but,<br><span class="bld">5</span> when preceding other Particles, γε commonly refers to the preceding word, while the Particle retains its own force: but sometimes modifies the sense of the following Particle, <b class="b3">γε μήν</b> [[nevertheless]], πάντως γε μήν [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''232, cf. E.''El.''754, X., etc.; Ep. and Ion. [[γε]] μέν Il.2.703, Od.4.195, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]7.152; γε μὲν δή A.''Ag.'' 661, S.''Tr.''484; γε μέντοι [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Theaetetus|Tht.]]''164a, X.''An.''2.3.9, etc.: <b class="b3">γε δή</b> freq. strengthens an assertion, [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''42, Th.2.62, etc.; οἰόμεθά γε δή Pl.''Euthd.''275a (cf. also 11.1); <b class="b3">γέ τοι</b>, implying that the assertion is [[the least]] that one can say, Ar.''V.''934, ''Pl.''424,1041, etc.; γέ τοι Pl. ''Grg.''447b; γέ τοι δή [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''1171, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]'' 264b; γέ τοί που Id.''Lg.'' 888e; γε δήπου Id.''Phd.''94a, etc.; <b class="b3">γέ που</b> [[at all events]], [[any how]], Ar. ''Ach.''896, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 607d, 478a, etc.; for <b class="b3">γε οὖν</b>, v. [[γοῦν]].<br><span class="bld">II</span> exercising an influence over the whole clause:<br><span class="bld">1</span> epexegetic, [[namely]], [[that is]], <b class="b3">Διός γε διδόντος</b> [[that is]] if God grant it, Od.1.390; <b class="b3">κλῦθι, Ποσείδαον... εἰ ἐτεόν γε σός εἰμι</b> if [[indeed]] I am [[really]] thine, 9.529: hence to limit, strengthen or amplify a general assertion, <b class="b3">ἀνὴρ… ὅστις πινυτός γε</b> any man—[[at least]] any wise man, 1.229; freq. preceded by [[καί]], usually with words intervening, <b class="b3">ἦ μὴν κελεύσω κἀπιθωΰξω γε πρός</b> [[ay and]] besi †es that... [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''73; <b class="b3">παρῆσάν τινες καὶ πολλοί γε</b> some, [[ay and]] a great many, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 58d; καὶ γελοίως γε Id.''R.''531a; freq. with the last term in an enumeration, ταύτῃ ἄρα… πρακτέον καὶ γυμναστέον καὶ ἐδεστέον γε καὶ ποτέον Id.''Cri.'' 47b; ὄψεις τε καὶ ἀκοαὶ καὶ… καὶ ἡδοναί γε δή Id.''Tht.''156b; repeated, συνήγαγόν μοι καί γε ἀργύριον καί γε χρυσίον [[LXX]] ''Ec.''2.8; rarely without intervening words, καί γε ὁ θάνατος διὰ τὴν μοίρην ἔλαχεν Hp.''Septim.''9, cf. Lys.11.7 codd.; καί γε… ἐκχεῶ ''Act.Ap.''2.18: hence,<br><span class="bld">2</span> in dialogue, in answers where something is added to the statement of the previous speaker, as <b class="b3">ἔπεμψέ τίς σοι… κρέα</b>;Answ. <b class="b3">καλῶς γε ποιῶν</b> [[yes and]] quite right too, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''1049; <b class="b3">κενὸν τόδ' ἄγγος, ἢ στέγει τι</b>;Answ. <b class="b3">σά γ' ἔνδυτα</b>… [[yes indeed]], your clothes, [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Ion]]''1412; <b class="b3">οὕτω γὰρ ἂν μάλιστα δηχθείη πόσις</b>. Answ. <b class="b3">σὺ δ' ἂν γένοιο γ' ἀθλιωτάτη γυνή</b> [[yes truly]], and you... Id.''Med.''817, cf. [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]'' 680, etc.; <b class="b3">πάνυ γε</b> [[yes]] certainly, Pl.''Euthphr.''8e, etc.; <b class="b3">οὕτω γέ πως</b> [[yes]] somehowso, Id.''Tht.''165c; sometimes preceded by <b class="b3">καί, καὶ οὐδέν γ' ἄτοπον</b> [[yes]] and no [[wonder]], ib.142b, cf. d, 147e; sometimes ironically, εὖ γε κηδεύεις πόλιν E.''IT''1212.<br><span class="bld">3</span> to heighten a contrast or opposition,<br><span class="bld">a</span> after conditional clauses, <b class="b3">εἰ μὲν δὴ σύ γ'... τῷ κε Ποσειδάων γε</b>… if [[you]] do so, then [[at all events]] Poseidon will... Il.15.49 sq.; <b class="b3">ἐπεὶ πρὸς τοῦτο σιωπᾶν ἥδιόν σοι… τόδε γε εἰπέ</b> [[at any rate]] tell me this, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]'' 5.5.20; εἰ μὴ τὸ ὅλον, μέρος γ' ἐπιβάλλει D.18.272:—sts. in the protasis, <b class="b3">εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἑκόντες γε… ἀλλ' ἀέκοντας</b>… [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]4.120.<br><span class="bld">b</span> in disjunctive sentences to emphasize an alternative, <b class="b3">ἤτοι κεῖνόν γε… δεῖ ἀπόλλυσθαι ἢ σέ</b>… Id.1.11; ἤτοι κρίνομέν γε ἢ ἐνθυμούμεθα ὀρθῶς τὰ πράγματα Th.2.40; πατὴρ δ' ἐμός… ζώει ὅ γ' ἢ τέθνηκε Od.2.131, cf. Il.10.504: also in the second clause, εἰπέ μοι, ἠὲ ἑκὼν ὑποδάμνασαι ἤ σέ γε λαοὶ ἐχθαίρουσι Od.3.214, cf. [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]7.10.θ. [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''1098 sq.<br><span class="bld">4</span> in exclamations, etc., <b class="b3">ὥς γε μή ποτ' ὤφελον λαβεῖν</b> dub. in E.''IA''70, cf. [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Coloneus|OC]]''977, ''Ph.''1003, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''93,836, etc.; in oaths, <b class="b3">οὔτοι μὰ τὴν Δήμητρά γ'</b> [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''698; μὰ τὸν Ποσειδῶ γ' οὐδέποτ' Id.''Ec.''748; καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία γε X.''Ap.''20; καὶ νὴ Δία γε [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''1350, D.Chr.17.4, Luc. ''Merc.Cond.''28, Lib.''Or.''11.59, etc.: with words intervening, <b class="b3">καὶ νὴ Δί', ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ἕτεροί γε</b>… D.13.16; νὴ Δία, ὦ Ἀθηναῖοι, ὥρα γε ὑμῖν X.''HG''7.1.37; merely in strong assertions, <b class="b3">τίς ἂν φιλέοντι μάχοιτο; ἄφρων δὴ κεῖνός γέ</b>… Od.8.209, etc.<br><span class="bld">5</span> implying concession, <b class="b3">εἶμί γε</b> [[well then]] I will [[go]] (in apodosi), E.''HF''861; δρᾶ γ' εἴ τι δράσεις Id.''IA''817, cf. ''Andr.''239.<br><span class="bld">III</span> γε freq. repeated in protasis and apodosis, as <b class="b3">πρίν γε... πρίν γε</b>, v. supr.1.3; εἰ μή γε… τινὶ μείζονι, τῇ γε παρούσῃ ἀτιμίᾳ Lys.31.29; even in the same clause, οὐδέν γ' ἄλλο πλήν γε καρκίνους Ar.''V.''1507, cf. [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.187, E.''Ph.''554, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 335b, ''Grg.''502a.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> POSITION: γε normally follows the word which it limits; but is freq. placed immediately after the Article, as ὅ γε πόλεμος Th.1.66, etc.; or the Prep., κατά γε τὸν σὸν λόγον [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''3.1.15; ἔν γε ταῖς Θήβαις [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''1380; or δέ, νῦν δέ γε [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Theaetetus|Tht.]]''144e; <b class="b3">τὸ δέ γε</b> ib.164b; δοῖμεν δέ γέ που ἄν Id.''R.''607d, cf. ''Phd.''94a, etc.; freq. in retorts, <b class="b3">ἁμές ποκ' ἦμες ἄλκιμοι νεανίαι</b>. Answ. ἁμὲς δέ γ' εἰμές ''Carm.Pop.''18; <b class="b3">οὐκ οἶδ' ὅτι λέγεις</b>. Answ. ἡ γραῦς δέ γε οἶδ', ὡς ἐγῷμαι Men.''Epit.''577, cf. A.''Th.''1031, etc.