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{{LaEn
|lnetxt=exter extera -um, exterior -or -us, extremus -a -um ADJ :: outer/external; outward; on outside, far; of another country, foreign; strange
}}
{{Lewis
|lshtext=<b>exter</b>: or extĕrus ([[both]] forms [[only]] post-class. and [[very]] [[rare]]), tĕra, tĕrum, adj. comp. form, from ex,<br /><b>I</b> on the [[outside]], [[outward]], of [[another]] [[country]], [[family]], etc., [[foreign]], [[strange]] (syn.: [[extraneus]]; [[alienus]], [[peregrinus]], [[adventicius]]).<br /><b>I</b> Pos. (in Cic. and Caes. used in the plur.): [[quod]] [[exter]] [[heres]] praestare cogeretur, [[strange]], Dig. 31, 1, 69: emancipatus [[vero]] aut [[exterus]] non [[aliter]] possunt hereditatem quaerere [[quam]] si, etc., ib. 29, 2, 84; cf. ib. 31, 1, 67, § 4: [[tactus]] corporis est [[sensus]], vel cum res extera [[sese]] Insinuat, vel, etc., Lucr. 2, 435: vis, id. 2, 277: haec lex [[socialis]] est, hoc jus nationum exterarum est, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 18: exterarum gentium [[multitudo]], Suet. Caes. 84: non [[modo]] vestris civibus, [[verum]] [[etiam]] exteris nationibus, Cic. Font. 11, 25; cf.: [[apud]] exteras civitates, Cic. Caecin. 34, 100: [[apud]] exteras nationes, Caes. B. C. 3, 43 fin.; ad nationes exteras, Quint. 11, 1, 89: [[apud]] exteros, Plin. 18, 3, 5, § 22 et saep.: ab [[extero]] hoste [[atque]] [[longinquo]], Cic. Cat. 2, 13.—In neutr. plur. [[with]] gen.: ad extera Europae noscenda [[missus]] Himilco, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 169: ad extera corporum, id. 22, 23, 49, § 103.—<br /><b>II</b> Comp.: extĕrĭor, us (in signif. [[scarcely]] differing from its pos.), [[outward]], [[outer]], [[exterior]]; opp. [[interior]] ([[rare]] [[but]] [[class]].): cum alterum fecisset exteriorem, interiorem alterum [[amplexus]] orbem, Cic. Univ. 7; cf.: [[simul]] ex navibus milites in exteriorem [[vallum]] [[tela]] jaciebant ... et legionarii, interioris munitionis defensores, Caes. B. C. 3, 63, 6: colle exteriore occupato, id. B. G. 7, 79, 1: circumire exteriores mutiones jubet, id. ib. 7, 87, 4: pares munitiones [[contra]] exteriorem hostem perfecit, id. ib. 7, 74: [[comes]] [[exterior]], i. e. on the [[left]] [[side]], Hor. S. 2, 5, 17.—<br /><b>III</b> Sup. in [[two]] forms, extrēmus and extĭmus or extŭmus [[[sup]]. of ex; cf. Gr. [[ἔσχατος]], Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 387].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> extrēmus, a, um ([[which]] in post-class. lang. is itself compared; comp.: extremior, App. M. 1, p. 105; 7, p. 188; [[sup]].: extremissimus, Tert. Apol. 19), the [[outermost]], [[utmost]], [[extreme]] (so [[most]] freq.; cf.: [[ultimus]], postremus, [[novissimus]], supremus, [[imus]]).<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Lit.: extremum [[oppidum]] Allobrogum est [[Geneva]], Caes. B. G. 1, 6, 3: [[flumen]] [[Axona]], [[quod]] est in extremis Remorum finibus, on the farthest borders, id. ib. 2, 5, 4: fines, Liv. 39, 28, 2; 45, 29, 14; cf.: ad extremum finem provinciae Galliae venerunt, id. 40, 16, 5: [[impiger]] extremos currit [[mercator]] ad Indos, the remotest, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 45: Tanaïs, id. C. 3, 10, 1: in extrema [[fere]] parte epistolae, [[near]] the [[end]], Cic. Att. 6, 1, 20; cf.: in codicis extrema [[cera]], id. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 92; [[but]] to [[denote]] the [[last]] [[part]] of a [[thing]] it is used [[more]] freq. in [[immediate]] [[connection]] [[with]] the [[substantive]] denoting the [[whole]]: quibus (litteris) in extremis, at its [[end]], id. Att. 14, 8, 1; cf.: in [[qua]] ([[epistola]]) extrema, id. ib. 13, 45, 1: in [[extremo]] [[libro]] [[tertio]], at the [[end]] of the [[third]] [[book]], id. Off. 3, 2, 9: in extrema oratione, id. de Or. 1, 10, 41: in [[extremo]] ponte turrim constituit, Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 3; cf.: ad extremas fossas castella constituit, id. ib. 2, 8, 3: ab [[extremo]] agmine, id. ib. 2, 11, 4: in extrema [[Cappadocia]], Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 4: extremis digitis aliquid attingere, id. Cael. 12, 28 et saep. —In the neutr. absol. and as subst.: extrē-[[mum]], i, n., an [[end]], the [[end]]: divitias alii praeponunt, alii honores, multi [[etiam]] voluptates; beluarum hoc [[quidem]] extremum, Cic. Lael. 6, 20: [[quod]] finitum est, habet extremum, id. Div. 2, 50, 103: [[missile]] [[telum]] hastili abiegno et [[cetera]] tereti, [[praeterquam]] ad extremum, at the [[end]], Liv. 21, 8, 10: in "Equo Trojano" scis esse in [[extremo]] "[[sero]] sapiunt," Cic. Fam. 7, 16, 1; cf.: [[quod]] erat in [[extremo]], id. Att. 6, 9, 1.—With gen.: aliquid ad extremum causae reservatum, Cic. Deiot. 13, 35 (cf. [[infra]], 2. a. fin.): [[caelum]] ipsum, [[quod]] extremum [[atque]] ultumum mundi est, id. Div. 2, 43, 91: ab Ocelo, [[quod]] est citerioris provinciae extremum, Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 5: summum gulae [[fauces]] vocantur, extremum [[stomachus]], Plin. 11, 37, 68, § 179: in [[extremo]] montis, Sall. J. 37, 4.— In plur.: extrema agminis, Liv. 6, 32, 11: extrema Africae, Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 31: extrema Galliae, Flor. 3, 3, 1; 3, 20, 12; Tac. H. 5, 18; id. A. 4, 67; 4, 74.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Trop.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a</b> In [[respect]] to [[time]] or the [[order]] of [[succession]], the [[latest]], [[last]]: [[inter]] prioris [[mensis]] senescentis extremum diem et novam lunam, Varr. L. L. 6, § 10 Müll.: [[mensis]] anni [[Februarius]], Cic. Leg. 2, 21, 54: tempore diei, Hirt. B. G. 8, 15, 6: eam amicitiam ad extremum finem vitae perduxit, Liv. 37, 53, 8: matres ab [[extremo]] conspectu liberorum exclusae, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118: [[manus]] extrema non accessit operibus ejus, the [[finishing]] [[hand]], the [[last]] touches, id. Brut. 33, 126: extremum illud est, ut te orem et obsecrem, it [[remains]] [[only]], id. Fam. 4, 13, 7; id. Att. 11, 16, 5.—To [[denote]] the [[last]] [[part]] of a [[thing]] (cf. [[above]], 1.): [[quod]] eo [[die]] potest videri extrema et prima [[luna]], i. e. the [[end]] and the [[beginning]], Varr. L. L. l. l.: [[usque]] ad extremam aetatem ab adolescentia, Nep. [[Cato]], 2, 4; id. Att. 10, 3; cf.: ita [[tantum]] [[bellum]] Cn. [[Pompeius]] extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte [[vere]] suscepit, media aestate confecit, Cic. de lmp. Pomp. 12, 35: [[extremo]] [[anno]], Liv. 2, 64, 1: [[extremo]] tempore, in the [[last]] [[time]], at [[last]], Nep. Dat. 10; id. Epam. 9; id. Eum. 5, 3 al.: extrema [[pueritia]], Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: [[extremo]] Peloponnesio [[bello]], Nep. Con. 1, 2: [[extremus]] [[dies]], the [[close]] of [[day]], the [[evening]], Sil 7, 172; 14, 8.—Subst.: illum Praeteritum temnens extremos [[inter]] euntem, Hor. S. 1, 1, 116; cf.: extremi primorum, extremis [[usque]] priores, id. Ep. 2, 2, 204: [[extremus]] dominorum, Tac. H. 4, 42 fin.: [[die]] extremum erat, Sall. J. 21, 2: extremum aestatis, id. ib. 90, 1: [[extremo]] anni, Liv. 35, 11, 1: sub extremum noctis, Sil. 4, 88 al.—Prov.: extrema [[semper]] de [[ante]] factis judicant (cf. [[our]] [[wise]] [[after]] the [[event]]), Pub. Syr. 163 Rib.—Adv.: extremum.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a</b> For the [[last]] [[time]]: [[alloquor]] extremum maestos abiturus amicos, Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 15: cum diu [[occulte]] suspirassent, [[postea]] jam gemere, ad extremum [[vero]] loqui omnes et clamare coeperunt.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> At [[last]], [[finally]], Cic. Att. 2, 21, 2: extremum tenues liquefacta medullas Tabuit, Ov. M. 14, 431.—Adverb. [[phrase]]: ad extremum, id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 4, 4, 2 et saep.; cf., strengthened by tum: invenire [[quod]] dicas ... [[deinde]] ... [[post]] ... tum ad extremum agere ac pronuntiare, Cic. de Or. 2, 19, 79; and strengthened by [[denique]]: ad extremum ipsa [[denique]] [[necessitate]] excitantur, id. Sest. 47, 100: [[decimo]] [[loco]] [[testis]] [[exspectatus]] et ad extremum reservatus dixit, etc., [[till]] the [[end]], to the [[last]], id. Caecin. 10, 28: ad extremum, Ov. P. 1, 9, 28; 3, 7, 20; for [[which]]: in extremum (durare), id. H. 7, 111: qui [[extremo]] [[mortuus]] est, at [[last]], Dig. 32, 1, 81: [[extremo]], Nep. Ham. 2, 3.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> Extreme in [[quality]] or [[degree]]; used, [[like]] [[ultimus]], to [[denote]] [[both]] the [[highest]] and the lowest [[grade]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(a)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The [[utmost]], [[highest]], greatest: cum extremum hoc [[sit]] ([[sentis]] [[enim]], [[credo]], me jam diu, [[quod]] [[τέλος]] [[Graeci]] dicunt, id dicere tum extremum, tum [[ultimum]], tum summum: licebit [[etiam]] finem pro [[extremo]] aut [[ultimo]] dicere) cum [[igitur]] hoc [[sit]] extremum, [[congruenter]] naturae vivere, etc., Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26: extremam famem sustentare, Caes. B. G. 7, 17, 3: ad extrema et inimicissima jura tam [[cupide]] decurrebas, Cic. Quint. 15, 48; cf.: decurritur ad illud extremum [[atque]] [[ultimum]] S. C., Dent operam consules, etc., Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 3: extremam rationem belli [[sequens]], id. ib. 3, 44, 1: [[neque]] aliud se fatigando [[nisi]] [[odium]] quaerere, extremae dementiae est, is the [[height]] of [[madness]], Sall. J. 3, 3: in extremis suis rebus, in the [[utmost]], greatest [[danger]], Caes. B. G. 2, 25 fin.: res, Suet. Ner. 6 fin.; cf.: res jam ad extremum perducta casum, Caes. B. G. 3, 5, 1: [[necessitate]] extrema ad mortem agi, Tac. A. 13, 1.—Subst.: si [[nihil]] in Lepido spei [[sit]], descensurum ad extrema, to [[desperate]] measures, [[Pollio]] ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 4: ad extrema perventum est, Curt. 4, 14, 14: ad extrema ventum foret, ni, etc., Liv. 2, 47, 8: compellere ad extrema deditionis, to [[surrender]] at [[discretion]], Flor. 4, 5; cf.: famem, [[ferrum]] et extrema pati, Tac. H. 4, 59: plura de extremis loqui, id. ib. 2, 47 al.: res publica in [[extremo]] sita, Sall. C. 52, 11; Sen. de Ira, 1, 11, 5.—Adverb.: [[improbus]] [[homo]], sed non ad extremum [[perditus]], [[utterly]], Liv. 23, 2, 4.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(b)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The lowest, vilest, meanest (perh. not [[ante]]-Aug.): mancipia, Sen. Ep. 70 fin.: latrones, App. M. 3, p. 131: [[quidam]] [[sortis]] extremae juvenis, Just. 15, 1: alimenta vitae, Tac. A. 6, 24: extremi ingenii est, Liv. 22, 29, 8.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> extĭmus or extŭmus, a, um, the [[outermost]], farthest, [[most]] [[remote]] ([[rare]] [[but]] [[class]].): [[novem]] orbes, quorum [[unus]] est [[caelestis]], [[extimus]], qui reliquos omnes complectitur, Cic. Rep. 6, 17: [[circum]] [[caesura]] membrorum, Lucr. 3, 219; 4, 647: promontorium Oceani, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 1: gentes, id. 2, 78, 80, § 190: [[factus]] [[sum]] [[extimus]] a [[vobis]], i. e. discarded, estranged, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 609 P.—Subst.: Apuliae extima, the borders, Plin. 6, 34, 39, § 217.
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{{Gaffiot
|gf=<b>extĕr</b>,⁷ v. [[exterus]].
}}
{{Georges
|georg=exter u. [[exterus]], a, um (v. ex), [[außen]] [[befindlich]], [[auswärtig]], [[äußerlich]], I) [[Positiv]]: [[heres]] [[exter]], ICt.: exterae nationes et gentes, Cic.: nationes, Caes. u. Lact.: gentes, Cels.: civitates, Cic. – subst., emancipatus [[aut]] [[exterus]], ICt.: [[apud]] exteros, Plin.: extera Europae, Plin. – II) Compar. [[exterior]], [[ius]], Genet. iōris, zB. [[orbis]], Cic.: [[hostis]], Caes.: exteriorem, [[ire]] alci (= [[latus]] tegere), einem zur Linken [[gehen]], Hor. – III) Superl. A) extrēmus, a, um, der [[äußerste]], 1) eig., subst. extrēmum, i, n., das Äußerste, [[caelum]], [[quod]] [[extremum]] [[atque]] [[ultimum]] mundi est, Cic. – Dah. a) der [[äußerste]], [[letzte]], [[pars]], Cic.: [[mensis]], Cic.: vitae [[dies]], Cic.: [[manus]], [[letzte]] [[Hand]] = [[Vollendung]], Cic. – und der entfernteste der [[Gegend]] [[nach]], ludi, Hor.: [[orbis]], Ov. – subst., extrēmum, ī, n., das Äußerste, Letzte, das [[Ende]], [[extremum]] habet, hat [[ein]] [[Ende]], Cic.: fuit [[illud]] [[extremum]], ut etc., das [[Ende]] vom Liede war, daß usw., Cic.: [[extremum]] aestatis, [[Ende]] [[des]] Sommers, Sall.: hiemis, anni, Liv.: in [[extremum]], [[bis]] zu [[Ende]], Ov.: in [[extremum]] mundi, Sen.: ad [[extremum]], am [[Ende]] eines Geschosses usw., Liv., am Schlusse ([[des]] Schreibens), Cic.: ad [[extremum]] aevi, Sen.: u. so Plur. subst., extrēma, ōrum, n., das Äußerste, das [[Ende]], agri, Cic.: per extrema finium, Liv.: dah. das [[Lebensende]], der [[Tod]], Verg. Aen. 6, 457. – ad [[extremum]], adv., α) = [[bis]] zu [[Ende]], [[bis]] [[zuletzt]], ad [[extremum]] [[reservatus]], Cic. – β) [[zuletzt]], [[endlich]], Cic. – γ) [[äußerst]], ad extr. [[perditus]], Liv. – u. [[extremum]], adv., α) = am [[Ende]], [[endlich]], Ov. [[met]]. 14, 431. β) zum letzten Male, extr. affari od. alloqui alqm, Verg. Aen. 9, 484. Ov. trist. 1, 3, 15: [[extremum]] in sidera [[versus]] anhelat, Stat. Theb. 10, 935. – [[extremo]], am [[Ende]], [[endlich]], Nep. Hann. 2, 3. Suet. Vesp. 7, 3. – b) zur Bezeichnung [[des]] äußersten Teiles, [[des]] Endes in [[Raum]] u. [[Zeit]] (s. Bremi Nep. Con. 1, 2), gew. im Abl. [[mit]] u. [[ohne]] in = am [[Ende]], am Schlusse [[des]] (der) usw., in [[extremo]] [[libro]], Cic.: u. so bl. in [[extremo]], am Schlusse [[des]] Briefes, Cic.: in extrema oratione, Cic.: in [[hac]] [[insula]] extrema, Cic.: in extrema [[Europa]], am äußersten [[Ende]] Europas, Tac.: [[extremo]] [[bello]], Nep.: [[extremo]] [[anno]], Liv. – c) ([[von]] [[außen]] [[nach]] [[innen]] gerechnet) zur Bezeichnung [[des]] innersten Teils, der [[innerste]], extremis medullis, Catull. 64, 196: in extremis ossibus, Ov. her. 4, 70. – 2) übtr.: a) [[äußerst]], d.i. [[was]] [[man]] [[nur]] im höchsten Notfalle tut od. [[gebraucht]], [[senatus]] [[consultum]], Caes. – b) der [[äußerste]], d.i. ärgste, gefährlichste, bedenklichste, schlimmste, größte ([[von]] [[jeder]] [[Lage]], in der keine [[Rettung]] zu [[hoffen]] ist), [[tempora]], [[äußerste]] [[Not]], Cic.: [[fames]], Caes.: [[desperatio]], Tac.: [[extremum]] bonorum, malorum, das größte [[Gut]], [[Übel]], Cic. – neutr. subst., omnes suas [[fortunas]] in [[extremo]] sitas, Sall.: vitam ipsam in [[extremum]] adductam, Tac.: ventum ad extrema, [[nisi]] etc., Tac.: ad extrema perventum est, zum Äußersten, Curt.: extrema pati, Verg. u. Tac.: extrema metuere, Suet. – m. Genet., [[quotiens]] in extrema periculorum ventum, Liv.: [[quae]] captarum urbium extrema sunt patiebantur, Liv. – c) der niedrigste, schlechteste, [[haud]] Ligurum [[extremus]], Verg.: [[sors]], Iustin.: extremi ingenii ([[ein]] [[gar]] [[arger]] [[Schwachkopf]], [[ganz]] [[unfähig]]) est, [[qui]] etc., Liv. – Von [[extremus]] [[haben]] Spätere [[einen]] neuen Compar. extremius, Apul. [[met]]. 1, 8 u. 7, 2. Tert. de anim. 33: u. Superl. extremissimi, Tert. apol. 19. – B) [[extimus]] ([[extumus]]), a, um, der [[äußerste]] (Ggstz. [[citimus]]), membrorum [[circum]] [[caesura]], Lucr. 3, 219: [[ora]], [[Varro]] fr. [[bei]] Prisc. 3, 25: aevitatis [[meta]], [[Varro]] [[sat]]. Men. 544: [[orbis]], Cic. de rep. 6, 17: [[sinus]] (Ggstz. [[primus]]), Plin. 3, 5: gentes, Plin. 2, 190: [[promunturium]], Plin. 5, 2: [[litus]], [[Fronto]] [[Arion]] p. 237, 20 N.; u. [[oft]] [[bei]] Spät. (s. [[Neue]]-Wagener Formenl.<sup>3</sup> 2, 192 f.). – neutr. pl. subst., Apuliae extuma, Plin. 6, 217: Thraciarum extima, Treb. Poll. XXX tyr. 12, 13: extima limitum, Amm. 17, 13, 27: extima Galliarum, Amm. 20, 10, 2.
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{{trml
|trtx====[[external]]===
Armenian: արտաքին; Bulgarian: външен; Catalan: extern, externa; Chinese Mandarin: 外部的; Czech: externí, vnější; Danish: udvendig, ekstern, udvortes; Dutch: [[uiterlijk]], [[uitwendig]]; Esperanto: ekstera, malena; Finnish: ulko-, ulkoinen, ulkonainen, ulkopuolinen; French: [[externe]]; Galician: externo; German: [[außen-]], [[extern]], [[äußerlich]]; Greek: [[εξωτερικός]]; Ancient Greek: [[ἐξωτερικός]], [[ἐξώτερος]]; Hungarian: külső; Ido: extera; Irish: imeachtrach; Italian: [[esterno]]; Japanese: 外側の, 外部の; Latin: [[exter]], [[externus]]; Manchu: ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ; Maori: a waho, o waho, mōwaho; Occitan: extèrne, extèrna; Persian: بیرونی‎, بیگانه‎; Pitcairn-Norfolk: ekstirnal; Polish: zewnętrzny; Portuguese: [[externo]]; Romanian: extern; Russian: [[внешний]], [[наружный]]; Serbo-Croatian: èkstērnī, ìzvanjskī, vànjskī; Spanish: [[externo]]; Swedish: extern; Telugu: బహిర్గత; Ukrainian: зовнішній; Urdu: بیرونی‎
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