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|lshtext=<b>prō</b>: (archaic collat. form, posi in [[posimerium]]; cf. [[pono]], from posino; cf. Gr. [[ποτί]] and ποτ [[with]] [[πρός]]), adv. and prep. [[root]] in Sanscr. prep. pra-, [[before]], as in prathamas, [[first]]; Gr. πρό; cf.: [[πρότερος]], [[πρῶτος]], etc.; Lat.: [[prae]], [[prior]], [[priscus]], etc.; perh. old abl. form, of [[which]] [[prae]] is the loc.,<br /><b>I</b> [[before]], in [[front]] of; and, transf., for, [[with]] the [[idea]] of [[protection]], substitution, or [[proportion]].<br /><b>I</b> Adv., [[found]] [[only]] in the transf. comp. signif. (v. [[infra]], II. B. 3.) in [[connection]] [[with]] [[quam]] and ut: pro [[quam]] and pro ut (the [[latter]] [[usually]] written in one [[word]], [[prout]]), [[like]] [[prae]] [[quam]] and [[prae]] ut. *<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Pro [[quam]], in [[proportion]] as, [[just]] as: nec [[satis]] est, pro [[quam]] largos exaestuat [[aestus]], Lucr. 2, 1137. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Pro ut or [[prout]], according as, in [[proportion]], [[accordingly]], proportionably as, [[just]] as, as ([[class]].): compararat argenti [[bene]] facti, [[prout]] Thermitani hominis facultates ferebant, [[satis]], Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 83: tuas litteras, [[prout]] res postulat, [[exspecto]], id. Att. 11, 6 fin.: id, [[prout]] cujusque [[ingenium]] erat, interpretabantur, Liv. 38, 50: [[prout]] [[locus]] [[iniquus]] aequusve his aut illis, [[prout]] [[animus]] pugnantium est, [[prout]] [[numerus]], [[varia]] pugnae [[fortuna]] est, id. 38, 40 fin.—With a corresp. ita: ejusque rationem ita haberi, [[prout]] haberi lege liceret, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46: [[prout]] [[sedes]] ipsa est, ita [[varia]] genera morborum sunt, Cels. 4, 4, 5: [[prout]] nives satiaverint, ita Nilum increscere, Plin. 5, 9, 10, § 51.—<br /><b>II</b> Prep. [[with]] abl. ([[late]] Lat. [[with]] acc.: PRO SALVTEM SVAM, Inscr. Grut. 4, 12; 46, 9; Inscr. Orell. 2360), [[before]], in [[front]] of.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Lit., of [[place]]: sedens pro aede Castoris, Cic. Phil. 3, 11, 27: praesidia, quae pro templis cernitis, id. Mil. 1, 2: ii qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant, Caes. B. G. 4, 32: pro castris copias habere, id. ib. 7, 66: pro castris dimicare, id. ib. 5, 16: pro [[oppido]], id. ib. 7, 71: pro opere consistere, Sall. J. 92, 9: [[castra]] pro moenibus locata, Liv. 2, 53; 4, 17: pro [[muro]], id. 30, 10: pro castris explicare aciem, id. 6, 23: pro [[vallo]], Plin. 2, 37, 37, § 101; Vell. 2, 19, 1.—With verbs of [[motion]]: [[Caesar]] pro castris suas copias produxit, [[before]] the [[camp]], Caes. B. G. 1, 48: hasce tabulas hic [[ibidem]] pro pedibus tuis obicito, [[before]] [[your]] feet, App. Mag. p. 337, 36; id. M. 4, p. 155, 2.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In partic., [[with]] the [[accessory]] [[idea]] of [[presence]] on the [[front]] [[part]], on the [[edge]] or [[brink]] of a [[place]], on or in the [[front]] of, [[often]] to be translated by a [[simple]] on or in: pro censu [[classis]] iuniorum, Serv. [[Tullius]] cum dixit, accipi debet in censu, ut ait M. [[Varro]], [[sicuti]] pro aede Castoris, pro tribunali, pro testimonio, Fest. p. 246 Müll.; cf.: pro significat in, ut pro rostris, pro aede, pro tribunali, Paul. ex Fest. p. 228 Müll.; and: pro [[sententia]] ac si dicatur in sententiā, ut pro rostris id est in rostris, id. p. 226 Müll.: hac re pro suggestu pronunciata, qs. [[standing]] on the [[front]] [[part]] of the [[tribune]], or, as we would [[say]], on the [[tribune]], Caes. B. G. 6, 3: pro tribunali cum aliquid ageretur, [[was]] transacted [[before]] or at my [[tribunal]], Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 21; so, pro tribunali, id. Pis. 5, 11; id. Sest. 15, 34: pro contione, [[before]] the [[assembled]] [[army]]; and, in gen., [[before]] the [[assembly]]: [[laudatus]] pro contione [[Jugurtha]], Sall. J. 8, 2; cf. Curt. 9, 1, 1: pro contione laudibus legati militumque tollere animos, Liv. 7, 7: fortes viros pro contione donantis, Curt. 10, 5, 10: pro contione litteras recitare, id. 4, 10, 16; Liv. 38, 23 fin.: pro contione [[palam]] utrumque temptavit, Suet. Vesp. 7; Tac. A. 3, 9; Front. Strat. 1, 11, 3: 4, 5, 11; cf.: pro [[comitio]], Suet. Aug. 43: uti pro consilio [[imperatum]] erat, in the [[council]], Sall. J. 29, 6; cf.: [[supplicatio]] in [[triduum]] pro collegio decemvirūm imperata fuit, Liv. 38, 36: pontifices pro collegio decrevisse, Gell. 11, 3, 2: pro collegio pronuntiare, Liv. 4, 26, 9: suas simultates pro magistratu exercere, id. 39, 5: pro munimentis castelli manipulos explicat, [[before]], on the fortifications, Tac. A. 2, 80; 12, 33: stabat pro litore diversa [[acies]], in [[front]] of or [[upon]] the [[shore]], id. ib. 14, 30: legionem pro ripā componere, id. ib. 12, 29: velamenta et infulas pro muris ostentant, in [[front]] of, from the walls, Tac. H. 3, 31; so, pro muris, id. A. 2, 81: ad hoc mulieres puerique pro tectis aedificiorum saxa et [[alia]], quae [[locus]] praebebat, [[certatim]] mittere, [[standing]] on the [[edge]] of the roofs, from the roofs, Sall. J. 67, 1 Kritz.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Transf.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To [[signify]] a [[standing]] [[before]] or in [[front]] of, for [[defence]] or [[protection]]; [[hence]] an acting for, in [[behalf]] of, in [[favor]] of, for the [[benefit]] of, on the [[side]] of (opp. [[contra]], adversum): veri inveniendi causā [[contra]] omnia dici oportere et pro omnibus, Cic. Ac. 2, 18, 60; cf.: hoc non [[modo]] non pro me, sed [[contra]] me est [[potius]], id. de Or. 3, 20, 75: [[partim]] [[nihil]] [[contra]] Habitum valere, [[partim]] [[etiam]] pro hoc esse, id. Clu. 32, 88: difficillimum videtur [[quod]] dixi, pro ipsis esse quibus eveniunt ista, quae horremus ac tremimus, Sen. Prov. 3, 2: haec cum [[contra]] legem proque lege dicta essent, Liv. 34, 8: pro Romano [[populo]] armis certare, Enn. ap. Non. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 215 Vahl.); cf.: pro vostrā vitā morti occumbant, id. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 2, 62 (Trag. v. 176 Vahl.): quae ego pro re publica fecissem, [[Cato]] ap. Front. p. 149: [[nihil]] ab eo praetermissum est, [[quod]] aut pro re publicā conquerendum fuit, aut pro eā disputandum, Cic. Sest. 2, 3: omnia me [[semper]] pro amicorum periculis, [[nihil]] [[umquam]] pro me ipso deprecatum, id. de Or. 2, 49, 201: convenit dimicare pro legibus, pro libertate, pro patriā, id. Tusc. 4, 19, 43: [[dulce]] et [[decorum]] est pro patriā mori, Hor. C. 3, 2, 13; cf. id. ib. 3, 19, 2: pro sollicitis non [[tacitus]] reis, id. ib. 4, 1, 14: spondere levi pro paupere, id. A. P. 423: urbes, quae viris aut [[loco]] pro hostibus et [[advorsum]] se opportunissumae erant, Sall. J. 88, 4: nec aliud [[adversus]] validissimas gentes pro nobis utilius, [[quam]], etc., Tac. Agr. 12: et [[locus]] pro [[vobis]] et nox erit, Liv 9, 24, 8: et loca sua et [[genus]] pugnae pro hoste fuere, id. 39, 30, 3: pro Corbulone [[aetas]], [[patrius]] mos ... erant: [[contra]], etc., Tac. A. 3, 31; id. H. 4, 78; Curt. 4, 14, 16.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; With the [[notion]] of replacement or substitution, in the [[place]] of, [[instead]] of, for.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a</b> In gen.: [[numquam]] ego [[argentum]] pro vino congiario ... disdidi, [[Cato]] ap. Front. p. 149: ego ibo pro te, si [[tibi]] non [[libet]], Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 10: ego pro te molam, Ter. And. 1, 2, 29; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 13: mutata (ea [[dico]]), in quibus pro verbo [[proprio]] subicitur aliud ... ut cum minutum dicimus animum pro parvo, etc., id. Or. 27, 92 sq.; cf.: [[libenter]] [[etiam]] copulando verba jungebant, ut [[sodes]] pro si audes, sis pro si vis ... ain' pro aisne, nequire pro non [[quire]], malle pro [[magis]] velle, nolle pro non velle. Dein [[etiam]] [[saepe]] et [[exin]] pro [[deinde]] et [[exinde]] dicimus, id. ib. 45, 154: pro vitulā statuis dulcem Aulide natam, Hor S. 2, 3, 199: pro [[bene]] [[sano]] Ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus, id. ib. 1, 3, 61; cf. Suet. Caes. 70: pro [[ope]] ferendā sociis pergit [[ipse]] [[ire]], etc., Liv. 23, 28, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.; Zumpt, Gram. § 667; cf.: pro eo, ut ipsi ex [[alieno]] agro raperent, suas terras, etc., Liv. 22, 1, 2.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> Esp. freq. in [[connection]] [[with]] the [[title]] of [[any]] [[officer]], to [[denote]] his [[substitute]]' pro consule, pro praetore, pro quaestore, pro [[magistro]], etc. ([[afterwards]] joined [[into]] one [[word]], as [[proconsul]], [[propraetor]], proquaestor, [[promagister]], etc.), [[proconsul]], proprœtor, proquœstor, [[vice]]-[[director]]: cum pro consule in Ciliciam proficiscens Athenas venissem, Cic. de Or. 1, 18, 82; cf.: cum L. [[Philippus]] pro consulibus eum se mittere dixit, non pro consule, [[instead]] of the consuls, not as [[proconsul]], id. Phil. 11, 8, 18: nec pro praetore, Caesarem (vocat), id. ib. 13, 10, 22; Liv. 35, 1. cum Alexandriae pro quaestore essem, Cic. Ac. 2, 4, 11' cf.: litteris Q. Caepionis Bruti pro consule ... Q. Hortensii pro consule [[opera]], etc., id. Phil. 10, 11, 26: P. [[Terentius]] operas in portu et scripturā Asiae pro [[magistro]] dedit, id. Att. 11, 10, 1; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 169; id. Fam. 13, 65, 1; see also the words [[proconsul]], [[promagister]], [[propraetor]], proquaestor, etc.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>c</b> So of [[price]], [[penalty]], etc., in [[exchange]], in [[return]] for: [[tres]] minas pro istis duobus dedi, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 138; id. Aul. 3, 3, 8: pro hujus peccatis ego [[supplicium]] sufferam, Ter. And. 5, 3, 17: [[dimidium]] ejus [[quod]] [[pactus]] esset, pro carmine daturum, Cic. de Or. 2, 86, 351: pro vitā hominis [[nisi]] hominis [[vita]] reddatur, non posse deorum inmortalium [[numen]] placari, Caes. B. G. 6, 16: id pro immolatis in [[foro]] Tarquiniensium Romanis poenae hostibus redditum, Liv. 7, 19, 3: vos, pro paternis sceleribus, poenas [[date]], Sen. Med. 925; Lact. 2, 7, 21: pro crimine poenas, Ov. Ib. 621.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pro is also [[frequently]] used to [[denote]] the viewing, judging, considering, representing of a [[thing]] as [[something]], for, the [[same]] as, [[just]] as, as: pro [[sano]] loqueris, [[quom]] me appellas nomine, Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 24: [[sese]] ducit pro adulescentulo, id. Stich. 3, 1, 65; id. Cist. 1, 3, 24: hunc Eduxi a parvulo, habui, amavi pro meo, as my [[own]], Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 23: [[Cato]] [[ille]] [[noster]] qui mihi [[unus]] est pro [[centum]] milibus, whose [[voice]] I [[regard]] as [[equal]] to [[that]] of thousands, Cic. Att. 2, 5, 1: Siciliam nobis non pro penariā cellā, sed pro aerario fuisse, id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 5: P. Sestio pro occiso [[relictus]] est, id. Sest. 38, 81; Caes. B. G. 3, 109: cum pro damnato mortuoque esset, as [[good]] as condemned and [[dead]], Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 33: [[summa]] [[ratio]], quae sapientibus pro [[necessitate]] est, Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 3: negotia pro solatiis accipiens, Tac. A. 4, 13: consuli pro hostibus esse, Liv. 43, 5, 4: [[adeo]] [[incredibilis]] visa res, ut non pro [[vano]] [[modo]], sed vix pro [[sano]] nuncius audiretur, as a [[boaster]], Liv. 39, 49: [[quoniam]] de adventu Caesaris pro [[certo]] habebamus, to [[consider]] as [[certain]], Mat. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 15, 6 et saep.; v. [[certus]].—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>4</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Esp. in [[certain]] phrases: pro eo, for the [[same]] [[thing]], as [[just]] the [[same]]: ut si a Caesare, [[quod]] speramus, impetrarimus, tuo beneficio nos id consecutos esse judicemus: [[sin]] [[minus]], pro eo [[tantum]] id habeamus, cum a te [[data]] [[sit]] [[opera]], ut impetraremus, Cic. Fam. 13, 7, 5.—With the particles of [[comparison]]: [[atque]] (ac), ac si, [[quasi]], [[just]] the [[same]] as, [[even]] as, as [[though]]: pro eo ac debui, [[just]] as [[was]] my [[duty]], Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 1: pro eo ac si concessum [[sit]], Cic. Inv. 1, 32, 54: pro eo est [[atque]] si [[adhibitus]] non esset, Dig. 28, 1, 22: pro eo erit [[quasi]] ne [[legatum]] [[quidem]] [[sit]], ib. 30, 1, 38: pro eo [[quod]], for the [[reason]] [[that]], [[because]]: pro eo [[quod]] ejus [[nomen]] erat magnā [[apud]] omnes gloriā, Cic. de Or. 2, 18, 75: pro eo [[quod]] pluribus verbis vos [[quam]] volui fatigavi, veniam a [[vobis]] petitam velim, Liv 38, 49 fin.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>5</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; On [[account]] of, for the [[sake]] of: [[dolor]] pro patriā, Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 24: [[tumultus]] pro recuperandā re publicā, id. Brut. 90, 311 dub. (B. and K. [[omit]] pro): dedit pro corpore nummos, i. e. to [[rescue]] his [[person]], Hor. S. 1, 2, 43: aliquem [[amare]] pro ejus eximiā suavitate, Cic. de Or 1, 55, 234: pro quibus meritis [[quanto]] opere [[dilectus]] [[sit]], Suet. Aug. 57: cum pro incolumitate principis vota susceperunt, Tac. A. 4, 17: pro bono (= [[bene]]), Sall. J. 22, 4.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>6</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pro is used in its [[most]] [[general]] [[sense]] in stating the [[relation]] [[between]] [[two]] objects or actions, in [[proportion]], in [[comparison]] [[with]], according to or as, [[conformably]] to, by [[virtue]] of, for, etc.: [[meus]] [[pater]] [[nunc]] pro hujus verbis recte et [[sapienter]] facit, according to his [[story]], Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 133: tu pro oratione nec vir nec [[mulier]] mihi's, id. Rud. 4, 4, 71: pro viribus tacere ac fabulari, according to one's [[ability]], Enn. ap. Non. 475, 4 (Trag. v. 181 Vahl.): facere certum'st pro copiā ac sapientiā, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 8: agere pro viribus, Cic. Sen. 9, 27: aliquem pro dignitate laudare, id. Rosc. Am. 12, 33: [[proelium]] atrocius [[quam]] pro [[numero]] pugnantium fuit, Liv. 21, 29: pro imperio, by [[virtue]] of his [[office]] or [[authority]]: [[quia]] pro imperio [[palam]] interfici non poterat, Liv. 1, 51, 2; [[hence]], [[imperatively]], dictatorially, [[summarily]]: nec illum ipsum submovere pro imperio posse [[more]] majorum, id. 2, 56, 12' [[hem]]! [[satis]] pro imperio, [[quisquis]] es, Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 18: pro tuā prudentiā, Cic. Fam. 4, 10, 2; 11, 12, 2: cum in eam rationem pro suo [[quisque]] sensu ac dolore loqueretur, id. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69: quibus aliquid opis [[fortasse]] ego pro meā, tu pro tuā, pro suā [[quisque]] parte ferre potuisset, id. Fam. 15, 15, 3: pro virili parte, according to one's [[ability]], id. Sest. 66, 138; Liv. praef. 2; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 23. —Esp. freq.: pro ratā parte and pro ratā, in [[proportion]], proportionably; v. [[ratus]]: pro se [[quisque]], [[each]] according to his [[ability]], [[each]] one for [[himself]], Cic. Off. 3, 14, 58; Caes. B. G. 2, 25; Verg. A. 12, 552 et saep.: pro tempore et pro re, according to [[time]] and circumstances, Caes. B. G. 5, 8: pro facultatibus, Nep. Epam. 3, 5.—Pro eo, [[quantum]], or ut, in [[proportion]] to, as, according to, according as: eāque pro eo, [[quantum]] in [[quoque]] [[sit]] ponderis, esse aestimanda, Cic. Fin. 4, 21, 58: [[equidem]] pro eo, quanti te [[facio]], [[quicquid]] feceris, approbabo, id. Fam. 3, 3, 2: [[tamen]] pro eo ut temporis [[difficultas]] tulit, etc., L. Metell. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 126.!*? In [[composition]] the o is [[long]] in [[some]] words, in others [[short]] ([[through]] the [[influence]] of the Gr. προ-): prōdeo, prŏfiteor; and [[even]] in words borrowed from the Greek, as prōlogus.—Its [[signification]] has [[reference]] [[either]] to [[place]], [[before]], forwards; or to [[protection]], for; [[procedo]], [[procurro]], [[profanus]]; [[procuro]], [[propugno]], [[prosum]], [[protego]].<br /><b>prō</b>: (less correctly prōh), interj., an [[exclamation]] of [[wonder]] or [[lamentation]],<br /><b>I</b> O! Ah! Alas! ([[class]].).<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(a)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; With nom.: [[proh]]! bonae [[frugi]] hominem te jam [[pridem]] esse [[arbitror]], Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 4: pro [[Juppiter]]! Enn. ap. Varr L. L. 7, § 12 Müll. (Trag. v 225 Vahl.); Ter. And. 4, 3, 17; id. Eun. 3, 5, 2; id. Ad. 1, 2, 31; cf.: pro [[supreme]] [[Juppiter]], id. ib. 2, 1, 42: pro [[Juppiter]], Hominis stultitiam! id. ib. 3, 3, 12: pro di immortales, id. ib. 3, 4, 1; cf.: pro, dii immortales: Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33: pro [[curia]] inversique [[mores]]! Hor. C. 3, 5, 7: pro [[scelus]], Mart. 2, 46, 8.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(b)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Parenthet.: pro, quanta [[potentia]] regni Est, [[Venus]] alma, tui, Ov. M. 13, 758: et mea, pro! nullo pondere verba cadunt, id. H. 3, 98: [[tantum]], pro! degeneramus a patribus, Liv. 22, 14, 6; Curt. 4, 16, 10.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(g)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; With acc.: pro divom fidem! Enn. ap. [[Don]]. ad. Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 25 (Sat. v. 30 Vahl.); Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 28; cf.: pro deum [[atque]] hominum fidem! id. And. 1, 5, 2; 11; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 9; Cic. Tusc. 5, 16, 48; [[instead]] of [[which]], ellipt.: pro deum immortalium! Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 4: pro deum [[atque]] hominum, id. Hec. 2, 1, 1: pro fidem deum! [[facinus]] foedum, id. Eun. 5, 4, 21.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(d)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; With gen.: pro malae tractationis! Tert. Poen. fin.
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