ἀνάγκη: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Ion. and Ep. ἀναγκαίη, ἡ, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[force]], [[constraint]], [[necessity]], κρατερὴ δ' ἐπικείσετ' ἀ. <span class="bibl">Il.6.458</span>; <b class="b3">ἀναγκαίη γὰρ ἐπείγει</b> ib.<span class="bibl">85</span>; ἀναγκαίῃ πολεμίζειν <span class="bibl">4.300</span>; τίς τοι ἀνάγκη πτώσσειν; <span class="bibl">5.633</span>; <b class="b3">οἷσιν ἀ</b>. (sc. <b class="b3">φυλάσσειν</b>) <span class="bibl">10.418</span>, al.: but in Hom. usu. in dat. as Adv., <b class="b3">ἀνάγκῃ</b> [[perforce]], [[of necessity]], ἀείδειν <span class="bibl">Od.1.154</span>; φεύγειν <span class="bibl">Il.11.150</span>: in act. sense, [[forcibly]], [[by force]], <b class="b3">ἴσχειν, ἄγειν</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.4.557</span>, <span class="bibl">22.353</span>; μνήσασθαι <span class="bibl">7.217</span>: strengthd. by <b class="b3">καί</b>, <span class="bibl">10.434</span>; ὑπ' ἀνάγκης <span class="bibl">19.156</span>; opp. <b class="b3">ἑκόντες</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>231a</span>; ὑπ' ἀναγκαίης <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.172</span>, al.; ἐξ ἀνάγκης <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>73</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.3.40</span>, etc.; δι' ἀνάγκης <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>47e</span>; σὺν ἀνάγκᾳ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>1.51</span>; πρὸς ἀνάγκαν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>569</span> codd. (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl">Epict.<span class="title">Ench.</span>29.2</span>; κατ' ἀνάγκην <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.3.7</span>: <b class="b3">ἀνάγκη ἐστί</b>, c. inf., <b class="b2">it must be that... is necessary that</b>... cf. Il. supr. cit.; πᾶσα ἀ. ἐστὶ ὗσαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.22</span>; <b class="b3">τρέφειν τοὺς τοκέας τοῖσι μὲν παισὶν οὐδεμία ἀ., τῇσι δὲ θυγατράσι πᾶσα ἀ</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">35</span>: c. dat. pers., ἀ. μοι σχεθεῖν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>16</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pers.</span>293</span>:—in Trag. freq. in answers and arguments, <b class="b3">πολλή γ' ἀνάγκη, πολλή' στ' ἀνάγκη</b>, or <b class="b3">πολλή μ' ἀνάγκη</b>, with which an inf. may always be supplied, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>1013</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hec.</span>396</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>295</span>; so πᾶσ' ἀνάγκη <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>1497</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>441d</span>; <b class="b3">ἀνάγκη μεγάλη [ἐστί</b>] ib.<span class="bibl">485e</span>, <span class="bibl">Is.3.6</span>, <span class="bibl">D.28.9</span>; ἐν ἀνάγκῃ ἐστί <span class="bibl">Lys.6.8</span>: later <b class="b3">ἀνάγκην ἔχω</b>, c. inf., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span> 14.18</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[necessity]] in the philosophical sense, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">APo.</span>94b37</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Metaph.</span>1026b28</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>199b34</span>; [[logical necessity]], [[Metaph]].<span class="bibl">1064b33</span>: in pl., <b class="b2">laws of nature</b>, τίσιν ἀνάγκαις ἕκαστα γίγνεται τῶν οὐρανίων <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">Mem.</span>1.1.11</span>, cf. Hp.Aër.21. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> [[natural need]], γαστρὸς ἀνάγκαις <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>726</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>1075</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyn.</span>7.1</span>; ὑπ' ἀ. τῆς ἐμφύτου <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>458d</span>; <b class="b3">ἐρωτικαῖς ἀ</b>. ib., etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">ἡ ἀ. τοῦ τόπου</b> the [[lie]] of the ground as a [[necessary condition]], PLille4.14. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> <b class="b3">ἀνάγκη δαιμόνων, αἱ ἐκ θεῶν ἀνάγκαι</b>, [[fate]], [[destiny]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1000</span>, <span class="bibl">1763</span>: freq. personified in Poets, <span class="bibl">Parm.8.30</span>, <span class="bibl">Emp.116</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>105</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>256</span>; Ἀνάγκᾳ δ' οὐδὲ θεοὶ μάχονται <span class="bibl">Simon.5.21</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[compulsion]] exerted by a superior, <b class="b3">ἀ. προστιθέναι, ἐπιτιθέναι</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Hier.</span>9.4</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lac.</span>10.7</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> [[violence]], [[punishment]], esp. of torture, mostly pl., ἐς ἀνάγκας ἄγεσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.116</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Antipho 6.25</span>, <span class="bibl">Herod.5.5</span>; προσάγειν τινὶ τὰς ἀνάγκας <span class="bibl">Th.1.99</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ πρὸς ἀνάγκας ὄργανα</b> instruments of [[torture]], <span class="bibl">Plb.15.28.2</span>: later in sg., ἡ ἀ. τῶν βασάνων Plu.2.305e; πρὸς ἀνάγκην [[under torture]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Publ.</span>17</span>: metaph., <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">de Arte</span>13</span>; <b class="b3">δολοποιὸς ἀ</b>., i. e. the stratagem of Nessus, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>832</span>; βρόχων πλεκταῖς ἀνάγκαις <span class="bibl">Xenarch.1.9</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b2">duress, 'force majeure'</b>, ὅρκους οὓς ποιέονται ἐν ἀνάγκῃ ὄντες <span class="bibl">Democr.239</span>; [[stress]] of circumstances, ἀκούσιοι ἀ. <span class="bibl">Th.3.82</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> [[treatment by mechanical force]], τῶν ἀναγκῶν τινὰ προσφέρειν <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Fract.</span>15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Art.</span>73</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> [[bodily pain]], [[anguish]], κατ' ἀνάγκην ἕρπειν [[painfully]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>206</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">ὑπ' ἀνάγκης βοᾶν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">215</span>; ὠδίνων ἀνάγκαι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>89</span> (lyr.): generally, [[distress]], ἐν ἀνάγκαις γλυκὺ γίνεται καὶ τὸ σκληρόν <span class="bibl">Simon.226</span>; freq. in <span class="bibl">LXX, <span class="title">Jb.</span>15.24</span>, al.; ἡ ἐνεστῶσα ἀ. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>7.26</span>: esp. in pl., <span class="title">IG</span>12 (7).386.23 (Amorgos, iii B. C.), <span class="bibl">D.S.4.43</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">2 Ep.Cor.</span>6.4</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b2">tie of blood, kindred</b>, <span class="bibl">Lys.32.5</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> = [[ἡ δικαστικὴ κλεψύδρα]], Hsch.</span>