εἰ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Att.-Ion. and Arc. (for [[εἰκ]], v. infr. <span class="bibl">11</span> ad init.), = Dor. and Aeol. <b class="b3">αἰ, αἰκ</b> (q. v.), Cypr. <span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> ἤ <span class="title">Inscr.Cypr.</span>135.10 H., both [[εἰ]] and [[αἰ]] in Ep.:— Particle used interjectionally with imper. and to express a wish, but usu. either in conditions, [[if]], or in indirect questions, [[whether]]. In the former use its regular negative is [[μή]]; in the latter, [[οὐ]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> INTERJECTIONALLY, in Hom., [[come now]]! c. imper., εἰ δὲ… ἄκουσον <span class="bibl">Il.9.262</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ φευγόντων</b> ib.<span class="bibl">46</span>; most freq. with [[ἄγε]] (q. v.), <span class="bibl">1.302</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> in wishes, c. opt., ἀλλ' εἴ τις… καλέσειεν <span class="bibl">10.111</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">24.74</span>; so later, εἴ μοι ξυνείη μοῖρα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>863</span> (lyr.); εἴ μοι γένοιτο φθόγγος ἐν βραχίοσιν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>836</span>: more freq. folld. by γάρ, αἲ γὰρ δὴ οὕτως εἴη <span class="bibl">Il.4.189</span>, al.; εἰ γὰρ γενοίμην ἀντὶ σοῦ νεκρός <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span> 1410</span>; εἰ γὰρ γένοιτο <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>6.1.38</span>; εἰ γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ εἴη <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>310d</span>; of unattained wishes, in Hom. only c. opt., εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼν… Διὸς πάϊς αἰγιόχοιο εἴην <span class="bibl">Il.13.825</span>; Ζεῦ πάτερ, αἰ γὰρ ἐμὸς πόσις εἴη <span class="bibl">Alcm.29</span>; later with past tenses of ind., εἰ γάρ μ' ὑπὸ γῆν… ἧκεν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>152</span> (anap.); <b class="b3">εἰ γὰρ τοσαύτην δύναμιν εἶχον ὥστε</b>… <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>1072</span>: twice in Od. c. inf. (cf. the use of inf. in commands), αἰ γὰρ τοῖος ἐὼν… ἐμὸς γαμβρὸς καλέεσθαι <span class="bibl">7.311</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">24.376</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> [[εἴθε]], Ep. [[αἴθε]], is freq. used in wishes in the above constructions, εἴθε οἱ αὐτῷ Ζεὺς ἀγαθὸν τελέσειεν <span class="bibl">2.33</span>; εἴθ' ὣς ἡβώοιμι <span class="bibl">Il.7.157</span>; ἰὼ γᾶ, εἴθ' ἔμ' ἐδέξω <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1537</span> (lyr.); εἴθε σοι, ὦ Περίκλεις, τότε συνεγενόμην <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.46</span>: later c. inf., γαίης χθαμαλωτέρη εἴθε… κεῖσθαι <span class="title">AP</span>9.284 (Crin.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">εἰ γάρ, εἴθε</b> are also used with [[ὤφελον]] (Ep. [[ὤφελλον]]), of past unattained wishes, αἴθ' ὤφελλες στρατοῦ ἄλλου σημαίνειν <span class="bibl">Il.14.84</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ γὰρ ὤφελον [κατιδεῖν</b>] <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>432c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> folld. by a clause expressing a consequence of the fulfilment of the wish, <b class="b3">αἰ γὰρ τοῦτο… ἔπος τετελεσμένον εἴη· τῷ κε τάχα γνοίης</b>… <span class="bibl">Od. 15.536</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">17.496</span>, al.; sts. hard to distinguish from [[εἰ]] in conditions (which may be derived from this use), εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη <span class="bibl">Il.7.28</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> IN CONDITIONS, [[if]]: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> with INDIC., </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> with all tenses (for fut., v. infr. <span class="bibl">2</span>), to state a condition, with nothing implied as to its fulfilment, <b class="b3">εἰ δ' οὕτω τοῦτ' ἐστίν, ἐμοὶ μέλλει φίλον εἶναι</b> but [[if]] this is so, it will be... <span class="bibl">Il.1.564</span>: any form of the Verb may stand in apodosi, εἰ θεοί τι δρῶσιν αἰσχρόν, οὐκ εἰσὶν θεοί <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Fr.</span>292.7</span>; εἰ δοκεῖ, πλέωμεν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span> 526</span>; εἰ Φαῖδρον ἀγνοῶ, καὶ ἐμαυτοῦ ἐπιλέλησμαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>228a</span>; κάκιστ' ἀπολοίμην, Ξανθίαν εἰ μὴ φιλῶ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>579</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.17.475</span>; εἰ θεοῦ ἦν, οὐκ ἦν αἰσχροκερδής· εἰ δ' αἰσχροκερδής, οὐκ ἦν θεοῦ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>408c</span>; εἰ ταῦτα λέγων διαφθείρω τοὺς νέους, ταῦτ' ἂν εἴη βλαβερά <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ap.</span>30b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">25b</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ οὗτοι ὀρθῶς ἀπέστησαν, ὑμεῖς ἂν οὐ χρεὼν ἄρχοιτε</b> [[if]] these were right in their revolt, (it would follow that) you rule when you have no right, <span class="bibl">Th.3.40</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> to express a general condition, [[if ever]], [[whenever]], sts. with pres., εἴ τις δύο ἢ καὶ πλείους τις ἡμέρας λογίζεται, μάταιός ἐστιν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>943</span>: with impf., εἴ τίς τι ἠρώτα ἀπεκρίνοντο <span class="bibl">Th.7.10</span>: rarely with aor., <span class="bibl">D.S.31.26.1</span>, <span class="bibl">S.E.<span class="title">P.</span>1.84</span>; cf. <span class="bibl">111.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> with fut. (much less freq. than [[ἐάν]] c. subj.), either to express a future supposition emphatically, εἰ φθάσομεν τοὺς πολεμίους κατακαίνοντες οὐδεὶς ἡμῶν ἀποθανεῖται <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.1.19</span>; εἰ μὴ βοηθήσετε οὐ περιέσται τἀκεῖ <span class="bibl">Th.6.91</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ αὕτη ἡ πόλις ληφθήσεται, ἔχεται ἡ πᾶσα Σικελία</b> ibid.; in threats or warnings, εἰ μὴ καθέξεις γλῶσσαν ἔσται σοι κακά <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Fr.</span>5</span>; εἰ τιμωρήσεις Πατρόκλῳ, αὐτὸς ἀποθανῇ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>28c</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.28.21</span>: or, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> to express a present intention or expectation, <b class="b3">αἶρε πλῆκτρον εἰ μαχεῖ</b> [[if]] you mean to fight, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>759</span>; ἐγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἀνήρ… εἰ ταῦτ' ἀνατεὶ τῇδε κείσεται κράτη <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>485</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.1.61</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>863</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> with historical tenses, implying that the condition is or was unfulfilled. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> with impf., referring to present time or to continued or repeated action in past time (in Hom. always the latter, <span class="bibl">Il.24.715</span>, al.): <b class="b3">ταῦτα οὐκ ἂν ἐδύναντο ποιεῖν, εἰ μὴ διαίτῃ μετρίᾳ ἐχρῶντο</b> they would not be able to do this (as they do), [[if]] they did not live an abstemious life, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.2.16</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>489b</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν</b> he (Agamemnon) would not have been master of islands, [[if]] he had not had also some naval force, <span class="bibl">Th.1.9</span>; αἰ δ' ἦχες ἔσλων ἴμερον ἢ κάλων… αἴδως κεν… ἦχεν Sapph.28; <b class="b3">εἰ ἦσαν ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ… οὐκ ἄν ποτε ταῦτα ἔπασχον</b> [[if]] they had been good men, they would never have suffered as they did, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>516e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.1.5</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ τάδε ᾔδἐ… οὐκ ἂν ὑπεξέφυγε</b> [[if]] I had known this... <span class="bibl">Il.8.366</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> with aor. referring to past time, εἰ μὴ ἔφυσε θεὸς μέλι… ἔφασκον γλύσσονα σῦκα πέλεσθαι <span class="bibl">Xenoph.38</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς ἤλθετε, ἐπορευόμεθα ἂν ἐπὶ βασιλέα</b> had you not come, we should be on our way... <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.1.4</span>; καὶ ἴσως ἂν ἀπέθανον, εἰ μὴ ἡ ἀρχὴ διὰ ταχέων κατελύθη <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>32d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.5.680</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.4.364</span>, <span class="bibl">D.4.5</span>, <span class="bibl">27.63</span>: with plpf. in apodosi, εἰ τριάκοντα μόναι μετέπεσον τῶν ψήφων, ἀπεπεφεύγη ἄν <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Ap.</span>36a</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> rarely with plpf. referring to action finished in past or present time, <b class="b3">λοιπὸν δ' ἂν ἦν ἡμῖν ἔτι περὶ τῆς πόλεως διαλεχθῆναι, εἰ μὴ προτέρα τῶν ἄλλων τὴν εἰρήνην ἐπεποίητο</b> [[if]] she had not (as she has done) made peace before the rest, <span class="bibl">Isoc.5.56</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>21c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> with SUBJ., [[εἰ]] is regularly joined with [[ἄν]] (Ep. κε<b class="b3">, κεν</b>), cf. [[ἐάν]]: Arc. [[εἰκαν]] in Tegean Inscrr. of iv B. C. (<span class="title">IG</span>5(2).3.16, 31, 6.2, <span class="title">SIG</span>306.34) should be understood as <b class="b3">εἰκ ἄν</b> ([[εἰ]]: [[εἰκ]] = [[οὐ]]: [[οὐκ]]), since <b class="b3">εἰ δ' ἄν</b> is also found in <span class="title">IG</span>5(2).3.2, 6.45, and [[εἰκ]] alone, ib.3.21; but [[ἄν]] (κε, κεν) are freq. absent in Hom. as <span class="bibl">Od.5.221</span>, <span class="bibl">14.373</span> (and cf. infr. <span class="bibl">2</span>), and Lyr., Pi. (who never uses [[εἰ]] with [[ἄν]] or κε (ν)) <span class="bibl"><span class="title">P.</span>4.266</span>, al.; in dialects, αἰ δείλητ' ἀγχωρεῖν <span class="title">IG</span>9(1).334.6 (Locr., v B. C.), cf. Foed.Dor. ap. <span class="bibl">Th.5.79</span>; rarely in Hdt., εἰ μὴ ἀναβῇ <span class="bibl">2.13</span>; occasionally in Trag., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span> 234</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>198</span> (lyr.), etc.; very rarely in Att. Prose, εἰ ξυστῶσιν αἱ πόλεις <span class="bibl">Th.6.21</span>; εἴ τι που ἄλσος ἢ τέμενος ἀφειμένον ᾖ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>761c</span>: in later Prose, εἴ τις θελήσῃ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Apoc.</span>11.5</span>; εἰ φονεύῃ <span class="bibl">Plot.2.9.9</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Procl. <span class="title">Inst.</span>26</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> when the apodosis is fut., to express a future condition more distinctly and vividly than [[εἰ]] c. opt., but less so than [[εἰ]] c. fut. ind. (supr. <span class="bibl">1.2a</span>); <b class="b3">εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἕρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ'</b>… [[if]] thou do thus... thou shalt know, <span class="bibl">Il.2.364</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.128</span>, <span class="bibl">3.281</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.17.549</span>; ἂν δέ τις ἀνθιστῆται, σὺν ὑμῖν πειρασόμεθα χειροῦσθαι <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">An.</span>7.3.11</span>; <b class="b3">ἂν μὴ νῦν ἐθέλωμεν ἐκεῖ πολεμεῖν αὐτῷ, ἐνθάδ' ἴσως ἀναγκασθησόμεθα</b> <b class="b3">τοῦτο ποιεῖν</b> [[if]] we be not now willing, <span class="bibl">D.4.50</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span> 5.3.27</span>: folld. by imper., <b class="b3">ἢν εἰρήνης δοκῆτε δεῖσθαι, ἄνευ ὅπλων ἥκετε</b> ib.<span class="bibl">3.2.13</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">5.4.30</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> when the apodosis is present, denoting customary or repeated action, to express a general condition, [[if ever]], <b class="b3">ἤν ποτε δασμὸς ἵκηται, σοὶ τὸ γέρας πολὺ μεῖζον</b> (sc. [[ἐστί]]) [[whenever]] a division comes, your prize is (always) greater, <span class="bibl">Il.1.166</span>; <b class="b3">ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν</b> [[if]] death come near, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span> 671</span>; with [[ἄν]] omitted, εἴ περ γάρ τε χόλον… καταπέψῃ ἀλλά… ἔχει κότον <span class="bibl">Il.1.81</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> with Rhet. present in apodosis, <b class="b3">ἐὰν μὴ οἱ φιλόσοφοι βασιλεύσωσιν, οὐκ ἔστι κακῶν παῦλα</b> there is (i.e. can be, will be) no rest... <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>473d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> with OPTATIVE (never with [[ἄν]] in early Gr., later [[ἐάν]] c. opt., <span class="bibl">Dam.<span class="title">Pr.</span>114</span>, al.), </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> to express a future condition less definitely than [[ἐάν]] c. subj., usu. with opt. with [[ἄν]] in apod., <b class="b3">ἦ κεν γηθήσαι Πρίαμος Πριάμοιό τε παῖδες… εἰ σφῶιν τάδε πάντα πυθοίατο μαρναμένοιιν</b> surely they would exult, [[if]] they should hear... <span class="bibl">Il.1.255</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.28</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.3.223</span>; εἴης φορητὸς οὐκ ἄν, εἰ πράσσοις καλῶς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>979</span>; οὐδὲ γὰρ ἄν με ἐπαινοίη, εἰ ἐξελαύνοιμι τοὺς εὐεργέτας <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>7.7.11</span>; οἶκος δ' αὐτός, εἰ φθογγὴν λάβοι, σαφέστατ' ἂν λέξειεν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>37</span>, etc.: fut. opt. is f.l. in <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>164a</span>: with pres. ind. in apod., <span class="bibl">Xenoph.34.3</span>, <span class="bibl">Democr.253</span>: with fut.ind., <span class="bibl">Meliss.5</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> in Hom.sts. with pres. opt., to express an unfulfilled present condition, <b class="b3">εἰ μὲν νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ' ἂν ἐγὼ τὰ πρῶτα φεροίμην</b> [[if]] we were now contending, etc., <span class="bibl">Il.23.274</span>: rarely in Trag., <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ κνίζοι</b>( = [[εἰ μὴ ἔκνιζε]]) <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>568</span>; also εἰ ἀναγκαῖον εἴη ἀδικεῖν ἢ ἀδικεῖσθαι, ἑλοίμην ἂν μᾶλλον ἀδικεῖσθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>469c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> when the apodosis is past, denoting customary or repeated action, to express a general condition in past time (corresponding to use of subj. in present time, supr. <span class="bibl">11.2</span>); once in Hom., εἴ τίς με… ἐνίπτοι, ἀλλὰ σὺ τόν γ'… κατέρυκες <span class="bibl">Il.24.768</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ δέ τινας θορυβουμένους αἴσθοιτο... κατασβεννύναι τὴν ταραχὴν ἐπειρᾶτο</b> [[if]] he should see ([[whenever]] he saw) any troops in confusion, he (always) tried, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>5.3.55</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">An.</span>4.5.13</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Mem.</span>4.2.40</span>; <b class="b3">εἴ τις ἀντείποι, εὐθὺς ἐτεθνήκει</b> [[if]] any one made objection, he was a dead man at once, <span class="bibl">Th. 8.66</span>; ἀλλ' εἴ τι μὴ φέροιμεν, ὤτρυνεν φέρειν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc./span>755</span>. For [[εἰ]] c. ind. in this sense v. supr. <span class="bibl">1.1</span>: ind. and opt. are found in same sentence, ἐμίσει, οὐκ εἴ τις κακῶς πάσχων ἠμύνετο, ἀλλ' εἴ τις εὐεργετούμενος ἀχάριστος φαίνοιτο <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Ages.</span>11.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> in oratio obliqua after past tenses, representing [[ἐάν]] c. subj. or [[εἰ]] with a primary (never an historical) tense of the ind. in oratio recta, <b class="b3">ἐλογίζοντο ὡς, εἰ μὴ μάχοιντο, ἀποστήσοιντο αἱ πόλεις</b> (representing <b class="b3">ἐὰν μὴ μαχώμεθα, ἀποστήσονται</b>) <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>6.4.6</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.21.104</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.2.2</span>; <b class="b3">ἔλεγεν ὅτι, εἰ βλαβερὰ πεπραχὼς εἴη, δίκαιος εἴη ζημιοῦσθαι</b> (representing <b class="b3">εἰ βλαβερὰ πέπραχε, δίκαιός ἐστι</b>) ib.<span class="bibl">32</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">An.</span>6.6.25</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ δέ τινα φεύγοντα λήψοιτο, προηγόρευεν ὅτι ὡς πολεμίῳ χρήσοιτο</b> (representing <b class="b3">εἴ τινα λήψομαι, χρήσομαι</b>) <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.1.3</span>; also, where oratio obliqua is implied in the leading clause, <b class="b3">οὐκ ἦν τοῦ πολέμου πέρας Φιλίππῳ, εἰ μὴ Θηβαίους… ἐχθροὺς ποιήσειε τῇ πόλει</b>, i.e. Philip thought there would be no end to the war, [[un]]less he should make… (his thought having been <b class="b3">ἐὰν μὴ ποιήσω</b>), <span class="bibl">D.18.145</span>; ἐβούλοντο γὰρ σφίσιν, εἴ τινα λάβοιεν, ὑπάρχειν ἀντὶ τῶν ἔνδον, ἢν ἄρα τύχωσί τινες ἐζωγρημένοι <span class="bibl">Th.2.5</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> c. opt. with [[ἄν]], only when the clause serves as apodosis as well as protasis, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>329b</span>, <span class="bibl">D.4.18</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.5.3</span> (v. ἄν A. 111. d). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> c. INF., in oratio obliqua, only in Hdt., εἰ γὰρ δὴ δεῖν πάντως περιθεῖναι ἄλλῳ τέῳ τὴν βασιληΐην, [ἔφη] δικαιότερον εἶναι κτλ. <span class="bibl">1.129</span>; εἰ εἶναι τοῦτο μὴ φίλον <span class="bibl">2.64</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">172</span>, <span class="bibl">3.105</span>,<span class="bibl">108</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> after Verbs denoting <b class="b2">wonder, delight, indignation, disappointment, contentment</b>, and similar emotions, [[εἰ]] c. ind. is used instead of [[ὅτι]], to express the object of the feeling in a hypothetical form, <b class="b3">θαυμάζω εἰ μηδεὶς ὑμῶν μήτ' ἐνθυμεῖται μήτ' ὀργίζεται, ὁρῶν</b>… I wonder [[that]] no one of you is either concerned or angry when he sees... <span class="bibl">D.4.43</span>; οὐκ ἀγαπᾷ εἰ μὴ δίκην δέδωκεν, ἀλλ' εἰ μὴ καὶ χρυσῷ στεφάνῳ στεφανωθήσεται ἀγανακτεῖ <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.147</span>: after past tenses, ἐθαύμασε δ' εἰ μὴ φανερόν ἐστιν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.1.13</span>; δεινὸν εἰσῄει, εἰ μὴ… δόξει <span class="bibl">D.19.33</span>; ἐθαύμαζον εἴ τι ἕξει τις χρήσασθαι τῷ λόγῳ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>95a</span>; οὐδὲ ᾐσχύνθη εἰ… ἐπάγει <span class="bibl">D.21.105</span>: in oratio obliqua (expressed or implied) c. opt., <b class="b3">ἐπεῖπεν ὡς δεινὸν</b> (sc. [[εἴη]]) εἰ… μεγαλόψυχος γένοιτο <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.157</span>; ᾤκτιρον εἰ ἁλώσοιντο <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>1.4.7</span>; <b class="b3">ἐθαύμαζε δ' εἴ τις ἀρετὴν ἐπαγγελλόμενος ἀργύριον πράττοιτο</b> he wondered [[that]] any one should demand money, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.7</span>; <b class="b3">ἔχαιρον ἀγαπῶν εἴ τις ἐάσοι</b> I rejoiced, being content [[if]] any one should let it pass, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>450a</span>:—in this use the neg. [[οὐ]] is also found, ἀγανακτῶ εἰ ὁ Φίλιππος ἁρπάζων οὐ λυπεῖ <span class="bibl">D.8.55</span>; δεινὸν ἂν εἴη εἰ οἱ ἐκείνων ξύμμαχοι οὐκ ἀπεροῦσιν <span class="bibl">Th.1.121</span>; τέρας λέγεις, εἰ οὐκ ἂν δύναιντο λαθεῖν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Men.</span>91d</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VI</span> in citing a fact as a ground of argument or appeal, [[as surely as]], [[since]], <b class="b3">εἴ ποτ' ἔην γε</b> [[if]] there was [as there was], i.e. [[as sure as]] there was such an one, <span class="bibl">Il.3.180</span>, al.; εἰ τότε κοῦρος ἔα, νῦν αὖτέ με γῆρας ὀπάζει <span class="bibl">4.321</span>; <b class="b3">πολλοὺς γὰρ οἶκε εἶναι εὐπετέστερον διαβάλλειν ἢ ἕνα, εἰ Κλεομένεα μὲν μοῦνον οὐκ οἷός τε ἐγένετο διαβαλεῖν, τρεῖς δὲ μυριάδας Ἀθηναίων ἐποίησε τοῦτο</b> it seems easier to deceive many than one, [[if]] (as was the fact, i.e. [[since]]) he was not able... <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.97</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.60</span>,al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VII</span> ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTIONS: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> with apodosis implied in the context, [[εἰ]] having the force of [[in case]], [[supposing that]], <b class="b3">πρὸς τὴν πόλιν, εἰ ἐπιβοηθοῖεν, ἐχώρουν</b> they marched towards the city [so as to meet the citizens], [[in case]] they should rush out, <span class="bibl">Th.6.100</span>; <b class="b3">ἱκέται πρὸς σὲ δεῦρ' ἀφίγμεθα, εἴ τινα πόλιν φράσειας ἡμῖν εὔερον</b> we have come hither to you, [[in case]] you should tell us of some fleecy city (i.e. that we might hear of it), <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>120</span>; <b class="b3">παρέζεο καὶ λαβὲ γούνων, αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι</b> sit by him and grasp his knees [so as to persuade him], [[in case]] he be willing to help the Trojans, <span class="bibl">Il.1.408</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">66</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.1.94</span>, <span class="bibl">3.92</span>; <b class="b3">ἄκουσον καὶ ἐμοῦ, ἐάν σοι ἔτι ταὐτὰ δοκῇ</b> hear me also [that you may assent], [[in case]] the same opinion please you, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>358b</span>; <b class="b3">ἰδὲ δή, ἐάν σοι ὅπερ ἐμοὶ συνδοκῇ</b> look now, [[in case]] you approve what I do, ib. <span class="bibl">434a</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> with apodosis suppressed for rhetorical reasons, <b class="b3">εἴ περ γάρ κ' ἐθέλῃσιν Ὀλύμπιος… στυφελίξαι</b> [[if]] he wish to thrust him away, [he will do so], <span class="bibl">Il.1.580</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ μὲν δώσουσι γέρας—· εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώωσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι</b> [[if]] they shall give me a prize, [well and good]; but [[if]] they give not, then I will take one for myself, <span class="bibl">1.135</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">6.150</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>468</span>; <b class="b3">καὶ ἢν μὲν ξυμβῇ ἡ πεῖρα—· εἰ δὲ μή</b>… and [[if]] the attempt succeed, [well]; otherwise... <span class="bibl">Th.3.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>325d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> with the Verb of the protasis omitted, chiefly in the following expressions: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> <b class="b3">εἰ μή</b> [[except]], οὐδὲν ἄλλο σιτέονται, εἰ μὴ ἰχθῦς μοῦνον <span class="bibl">Hdt. 1.200</span>; <b class="b3">μὰ τὼ θεώ, εἰ μὴ Κρίτυλλά γ' [εἰμί</b>]—nay, [[if]] I'm not Critylla! i.e. I am, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>898</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ὅσον</b> [[except]] only, ἐγὼ μέν μιν οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ ὅσον γραφῇ <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.73</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.45</span>, <span class="bibl">2.20</span>; εἰ μὴ εἰ <span class="bibl">Th.1.17</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>480b</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">εἰ μή τι οὖν, ἀλλὰ σμικρόν γέ μοι τῆς ἀρχῆς χάλασον</b> [[if]] nothing else, yet... <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Men.</span>86e</span>; ironical, εἰ μὴ ἄρα ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.8</span>; εἰ μή πέρ γε τὸν ὑοσκύαμον χρήματα εἶναι φήσομεν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Oec.</span>1.13</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">εἰ δὲ μή</b> but [[if]] not, i.e. [[otherwise]], προηγόρευε τοῖς Λαμψακηνοῖσι μετιέναι Μιλτιάδεα, εἰ δὲ μή, σφέας πίτυος τρόπον ἀπείλεε ἐκτρίψειν <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.37</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">56</span>; after <b class="b3">μάλιστα μέν</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.32</span>,<span class="bibl">35</span>, etc.:—after a preceding neg., <b class="b3">μὴ τύπτ'· εἰ δὲ μή, σαυτόν ποτ' αἰτιάσει</b> don't beat me; [[otherwise]], you will have yourself to blame, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span> 1433</span>; ὦ Κῦρε, μὴ οὕτω λέγε· εἰ δὲ μή, οὐ θαρροῦντά με ἕξεις <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.1.35</span>; οὔτ' ἐν τῷ ὕδατι τὰ ὅπλα ἦν ἔχειν· εἰ δὲ μή <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span>4.3.6</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.1.28</span>, <span class="bibl">131</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>91c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">εἰ δέ</b> sts. stands for εἰ δὲ μή, εἰ μὲν βούλεται, ἑψέτω· εἰ δ', ὅτι βούλεται, τοῦτο ποιείτω <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Euthd.</span>285c</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>212c</span>; εἰ δ' οὖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>722</span>; εἰ δ' οὕτως <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1094a24</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ δὲ τοῦτο</b> and [[if]] so, <span class="bibl">Str.2.1.29</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> <b class="b3">εἰ γάρ</b> for [[if]] so, <span class="bibl">Id.7.3.6</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">e</span> <b class="b3">εἴ τις</b> [[if]] any, i. e. [[as much as]] or [[more than]] any, τῶν γε νῦν αἴ τις ἐπιχθονίων, ὀρθῶς <span class="bibl">B.5.5</span>; ὄτλον ἄλγιστον ἔσχον, εἴ τις Αἰτωλὶς γυνή <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>8</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>734</span>; <b class="b3">εἴ τις ἄλλος</b>, [[siquis alius]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Andr.</span>6</span>, etc.; εἴ τινες καὶ ἄλλοι <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.2</span>, etc.; εἴπερ τις ἄλλος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>501d</span>; also <b class="b3">κατ' εἰ δέ τινα τρόπον</b> in [[any]] way, <span class="title">IG</span> 5(2).6.27 (Tegea). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">f</span> <b class="b3">εἴ ποτε</b> or <b class="b3">εἴπερ ποτέ</b> [[now if]] ever, ἡμῖν δὲ καλῶς, εἴπερ ποτέ, ἔχει… ἡ ξυναλλαγή <span class="bibl">Th.4.20</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>594</span>; αἴ ποτα κἄλλοτα Alc.<span class="title">Supp.</span>7.11, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.4.12</span>, etc.; but in prayers, εἴ ποτέ τοι ἐπὶ νηὸν ἔρεψα… τόδε μοι κρήηνον ἐέλδωρ <span class="bibl">Il.1.39</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">g</span> <b class="b3">εἴ ποθεν</b> (sc. <b class="b3">δυνατόν ἐστι</b>) [[if]] from any quarter, i.e. from some quarter or other, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span> 1204</span> (lyr.); so <b class="b3">εἴ ποθι</b> somewhere, anywhere, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span>885</span> (lyr.); εἴ που <span class="bibl">Od.4.193</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">h</span> <b class="b3">εἴ πως</b> ib.<span class="bibl">388</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.3.11</span>: in an elliptical sentence (cf. VII. <span class="bibl">1</span>), πρέσβεις πέμψαντες, εἴ πως πείσειαν <span class="bibl">Th.1.58</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VIII</span> with other PARTICLES: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> for the distinction between <b class="b3">καὶ εἰ</b> (or <b class="b3">καὶ ἐάν</b>, or [[κἄν]]) even [[if]], and <b class="b3">εἰ καί</b> (or <b class="b3">ἐὰν καί</b>) even [[though]], v. [[καί]]:—the opposite of <b class="b3">καὶ εἰ</b> is <b class="b3">οὐδ' εἰ</b>, not even [[if]]; that of <b class="b3">εἰ καί</b> is <b class="b3">εἰ μηδέ</b>, <b class="b2">if (although</b>) not even. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> for <b class="b3">ὡς εἰ, ὡς εἴ τε, ὥσπερ εἰ</b>, etc., v. [[ὡς]] and [[ὥσπερ]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> for <b class="b3">εἰ ἄρα</b>, v. [[ἄρα]]; for <b class="b3">εἰ δή, εἴπερ</b>, v. [[εἰ δή, εἴπερ]]; for <b class="b3">εἴ γε</b>, v. [[γέ]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IX</span> in neg. oaths, = Hebr. [[im]], <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ps.</span>94(95).11</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>8.12</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">C</span> IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS, [[whether]], folld. by the ind., subj., or opt., according to the principles of oratio obliqua: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> with IND. after primary tenses, representing the same tense in the direct question, <b class="b3">σάφα δ' οὐκ οἶδ' εἰ θεός ἐστιν</b> [[whether]] he is a god, <span class="bibl">Il.5.183</span>; εἰ ξυμπονήσεις… σκόπει <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>41</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> with SUBJ. after primary tenses, representing a dubitative subj. in the direct question, <b class="b3">τὰ ἐκπώματα οὐκ οἶδ' εἰ Χρυσάντᾳ τουτῳῒ δῶ</b> [[whether]] I should give them, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.4.16</span>: sts. elliptical, ἐς τὰ χρηστήρια ἔπεμπε, εἰ στρατεύηται ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.75</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> OPT. after past tenses, representing either of the two previous constructions in the direct question, <b class="b3">ἤρετο εἴ τις ἐμοῦ εἴη σοφώτερος</b> he asked [[whether]] any one was wiser than I (direct <b class="b3">ἔστι τις σοφώτερος</b>;), <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>21a</span>; ἐπεκηρυκεύετο Πεισιστράτῳ, εἰ βούλοιτό οἱ τὴν θυγατέρα ἔχειν γυναῖκα <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.60</span>: rarely aor. opt. for the aor. ind., <b class="b3">ἠρώτων αὐτὸν εἰ ἀναπλεύσειεν</b> I asked him [[whether]] he had set sail (direct [[ἀνέπλευσας]];), <span class="bibl">D.50.55</span>: but aor. opt. usually represents aor. subj., <b class="b3">τὸν θεὸν ἐπήροντο εἰ παραδοῖεν Κορινθίοις τὴν πόλιν… καὶ τιμωρίαν τινὰ πειρῷντ' ἀπ' αὐτῶν ποιεῖσθαι</b> they asked [[whether]] they should deliver their city to the Corinthians, and should try... <span class="bibl">Th.1.25</span>:—in both constructions the ind. or subj. may be retained, <b class="b3">ψῆφον ἐβούλοντο ἐπαγαγεῖν εἰ χρὴ πολεμεῖν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">119</span>; <b class="b3">ἐβουλεύοντο εἴτε κατακαύσωσιν… εἴτε τι ἄλλο χρήσωνται</b> [[whether]] they should burn them or should dispose of them in some other way, <span class="bibl">Id.2.4</span>; <b class="b3">ἀνακοινοῦσθαι αὐτὸν αὑτῷ εἰ δῷ ἐπιψηφίσαι τοῖς προέδροις</b> [he said that] he consulted him [[whether]] he should give... <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.68</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> with OPT. and [[ἄν]] when this was the form of the direct question, <b class="b3">ἠρώτων εἰ δοῖεν ἂν τούτων τὰ πιστά</b> they asked [[whether]] they would give (direct <b class="b3">δοιήτε ἄν</b>;), <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.8.7</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> the NEG. used with [[εἰ]] in indirect questions is [[οὐ]], when [[οὐ]] would be used in the direct question, <b class="b3">ἐνετέλλετο… εἰρωτᾶν εἰ οὔ τι ἐπαισχύνεται</b> [[whether]] he is not ashamed, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.90</span>, etc.; but if [[μή]] would be required in the direct form, it is retained in the indirect, <b class="b3">οὐ τοῦτο ἐρωτῶ, ἀλλ' εἰ τοῦ μὲν δικαίου μὴ ἀξιοῖ πλέον ἔχειν μηδὲ βούλεται ὁ δίκαιος, τοῦ δὲ ἀδίκου</b> (the direct question would be <b class="b3">μὴ ἀξιοῖ μηδὲ βούλεται</b>; he does not see fit nor wish, does he?) <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> 349b</span>:—in double indirect questions, <b class="b3">εἴτε… εἴτε… ; εἰ… εἴτε… ; εἴτε… ἢ</b>... either [[οὐ]] or [[μή]] can be used in the second clause, ὅπως ἴδῃς εἴτ' ἔνδον εἴτ' οὐκ ἔνδον <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>7</span>; σκοπῶμεν εἰ ἡμῖν πρέπει ἢ οὔ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>451d</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ ἀληθὲς ἢ μή, πειράσομαι μαθεῖν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">339a</span>; πολλὰ ἂν περιεσκέψω, εἴτε ἐπιτρεπτέον εἴτε οὔ·… οὐδένα λόγον οὐδὲ συμβουλὴν ποιῇ, εἴτε χρὴ ἐπιτρέπειν σαυτὸν αὐτῷ εἴτε μή <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>313a</span>, <span class="bibl">313b</span>; ἀνάγκη τὴν ἐμὴν μητέρα, εἴτε θυγάτηρ ἦν Κίρωνος εἴτε μή, καὶ εἰ παρ' ἐκείνῳ διῃτᾶτο ἢ οὔ, καὶ γάμους εἰ διττοὺς ὑπὲρ ταύτης εἱστίασεν ἢ μὴ… πάντα ταῦτα εἰδέναι τοὺς οἰκέτας <span class="bibl">Is.8.9</span>; <b class="b3">τοὺς νόμους καταμανθάνειν εἰ καλῶς κεῖνται ἢ μή.. τοὺς λόγους εἰ ὀρθῶς ὑμᾶς διδάσκουσιν ἢ οὔ</b> <span class="bibl">Antipho 5.14</span>.</span>