παρά: Difference between revisions

|auten=[[beside]], by.—I. adv. ([[here]] belong [[all]] instances of the so-called ‘tmesis’), written [[πάρα]] (‘anastrophe’) [[when]] placed [[after]] the [[verb]] it modifies, or [[when]] the [[verb]] is [[not]] expressed; ἐτίθει [[πάρα]] πᾶσαν ἐδωδήν, placed [[food]] ‘[[beside]]’ (we should [[say]] ‘[[before]]’) him, Od. 5.196 ; [[πάρ]] ἄκυλον βάλεν, threw ‘[[down]],’ we should [[say]], Od. 10.242 ; [[παρά]] μ' [[ἤπαφε]] [[δαίμων]], deceived and led me ‘[[astray]]’ (cf. [[our]] ‘[[beside]] [[oneself]]’), Od. 14.488. The [[relation]] of the adv. [[may]] be made [[more]] [[specific]] by the [[addition]] of an [[appropriate]] [[case]] of a subst. in the [[same]] [[sentence]], [[thus]] showing the [[transition]] to the true prepositional [[usage]], πὰρ δ' [[ἴσαν]] Ὠκεανοῦ [[ῥοάς]] (acc. of [[extent]] of [[space]]), Od. 24.11.—II. prep. (1) w. gen., [[from]] [[beside]], [[from]]; [[φάσγανον]] παρὰ μηροῦ ἐρύσσασθαι, [[παρά]] τινος ἔρχεσθαι, [[often]] ‘[[from]] [[one]]'s [[house]],’ Il. 21.444; [[then]] to [[denote]] the [[giver]], [[author]], Od. 6.290, Il. 11.795.—(2) w. dat., of [[rest]] or [[position]] [[beside]], [[but]] [[also]] [[where]] a [[certain]] [[amount]] of [[motion]] is meant, as [[with]] verbs of placing, [[sitting]], falling, [[θεῖναι]], πεσεῖν [[παρά]] τινι, Ν , Od. 15.285; [[then]] of [[possession]], [[keeping]], πὰρ κεινοῖσιν ἐμὸν [[γέρας]], ‘in [[their]] hands,’ Od. 11.175.—(3) w. acc., to the [[side]] of, [[unto]], [[along]] by, [[beyond]], implying [[motion]], [[though]] [[sometimes]] [[very]] [[faintly]], Il. 1.463 ; τύψε κατὰ κληῖδα παρ' αὐχένα, [[motion]] [[implied]] in the [[mere]] [[act]] of [[striking]], Il. 21.117 ; [[βῆναι]] παρὰ θι<&lt;><&gt;>να, ‘[[along]] the [[shore]]’; [[στῆναι]] [[παρά]] τινα, ‘[[come]] and [[stand]] by [[one]]’; [[then]] the [[thought]] of [[over]]-[[passing]], [[over]]-stepping, transgressing, πὰρ δύναμιν, παρὰ μοῖραν, ‘[[contrary]] to [[right]],’ Od. 14.509.—As a prep. [[also]] [[πάρα]] is written [[with]] anastrophe [[when]] [[standing]] [[after]] its [[case]], [[unless]] [[there]] is elision, Od. 18.315.—In [[composition]] [[παρά]] has the meanings [[above]] given, [[but]] [[that]] of [[winning]] [[over]] (persuading [[from]] [[one]] [[side]] to the [[other]]), [[leading]] ‘[[astray]],’ ‘[[amiss]]’ ([[also]] in [[good]] [[sense]]) by words, etc., is [[particularly]] to be [[noted]].

|astxt=[[παρά]], prep. c. gen., dat., acc., <br />[[with]] [[radical]] [[sense]], [[beside]].<br /><b class="num">I.</b>C. gen. pers., [[from]] the [[side]] of, [[from]] [[beside]], [[from]], indicating [[source]] or [[origin]], [in LXX for מֵאֵצֶל ,מִיַד ,מִלִּפְנֵי;] [[after]] verbs of [[motion]], Mk 14:43, Lk 8:49, Jo 15:26, al.; [[after]] verbs of [[seeking]], receiving, [[hearing]], etc., Mk 8:11 12:2, Jo 4:9, 52 10:18, Phl 4:18, II Ti 1:18, Ja 1:7, al.; [[after]] [[passive]] verbs, of the [[agent]] ([[like]] [[ὑπό]]), Mt 21:42, Mk 12:11, Lk 1:37; absol., οἱ παρ’ [[αὐτοῦ]], his [[family]], his [[kinsfolk]], Mk 3:21 (cf. M, Pr., 106f.; Field, Notes, 25f.; Swete, in l.); τὰ παρ’ αὐτῆς (αὐτῶν, [[ὑμῶν]], [[one]]'s [[means]], [[wealth]], Mk 5:26, Lk 10:7, Phl 4:18. <br /><b class="num">II.</b>C. dat. pers. (exc. Jo 19:25, π. τ. σταυρῷ), by the [[side]] of, [[beside]], by, [[with]], [in LXX for בְּעֵינֵי ,בְּיַד ,אֵצֶל;] Lk 11:37 19:7, Jo 1:40 4:40, Ac 28:14, al.; παρ’ ἑαυτῷ, at [[home]], I Co 16:2; c. dat. pl., [[among]], Mt 22:25, Col 4:16, al.; metaph., Mt 19:26, Mk 10:27, Lk 1:30, Ro 2:13, Ja 1:27, al. <br /><b class="num">III.</b>C. acc., of [[motion]] by or [[towards]], [in LXX for בְּעֵבֶר ,עַל יַד ,אֵצֶל;]<br /><b class="num">1.</b>of [[place]], by the [[side]] of, [[beside]], by, [[along]]: Ac 10:32, He 11:12; [[after]] verbs of [[motion]], Mt 4:18, Mk 4:4, Lk 8:5, Ac 4:35, al.; [[after]] verbs of [[rest]], Mt 13:1, Mk 5:21, Lk 8:35, al. <br /><b class="num">2.</b>[[beside]], [[beyond]], metaph.;<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>[[beyond]], [[against]], [[contrary]] to: Ac 18:13, Ro 1:26 4:18 11:24, al.; [[except]], II Co 11:24; <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>[[beyond]], [[above]], in [[comparison]] [[with]]: Lk 3:13, Ro 12:3 14:5, He 1:4, 9 3:3, al.; <br /><b class="num">(c)</b>on [[account]] of: I Co 12:15, 16. <br /><b class="num">IV.</b>In [[composition]]: [[beside]], to ([[παραλαμβάνω]], [[παράγω]]), at [[hand]] ([[πάρειμι]]), [[from]] ([[παραρρέω]]), [[amiss]] ([[παρακούω]]), [[past]] ([[παρέρχομαι]]), compared [[with]] ([[παρομοιάζω]]), [[above]] [[measure]] ([[παροργίζω]]).

|txtha=(it neglects elision [[before]] [[proper]] names [[beginning]] [[with]] a vowel, and (at [[least]] in Tdf. s [[text]]) [[before]] [[some]] [[other]] words; [[see]] Tdf Proleg., p. 95, cf. Winer s Grammar, § 5,1a.; Buttmann, 10), a preposition indicating [[close]] [[proximity]], [[with]] [[various]] modifications [[corresponding]] to the [[various]] cases [[with]] [[which]] it is joined; cf. Viger. editionm Herm., p. 643ff; Matthiae, § 588; Bernhardy (1829), p. 255ff; Kühner, § 440; Krüger, § 68,34-36. It is joined: I. [[with]] the genitive; and as in Greek [[prose]] writings [[always]] [[with]] the genitive of a [[person]], to [[denote]] [[that]] a [[thing]] [[proceeds]] from. the [[side]] or the [[vicinity]] of [[one]], or from [[one]]'s [[sphere]] of [[power]], or from [[one]]'s [[wealth]] or [[store]], Latin a, ab; German von ... her, von neben; French de chez; (English from [[beside]], from); the Sept. for מִלִּפְנֵי, מִיַד, מֵאֵצֶל (Winer s Grammar, 364 f (342 f)<br /><b class="num">a.</b> [[properly]], [[with]] a [[suggestion]] of [[union]] of [[place]] or of [[residence]], [[after]] verbs of [[coming]], departing, setting [[out]], etc. (cf. French venir, partir de chez quelqu'un): [[ἀπό]]); παῥ ἧς ἐκβεβλήκει [[ἑπτά]] δαιμόνια, L Tr [[text]] WH); [[εἶναι]] [[παρά]] Θεοῦ, of Christ, to be sent from God, to be sprung from God (by the [[nature]] of the [[λόγος]]), [[κἀκεῖνος]] με ἀπέστειλεν (Tdf. ἀπέσταλκέν) is added); μονογενοῦς [[παρά]] πατρός [[namely]], ὄντος, ἐστι τί [[παρά]] τίνος, is given by [[one]], [[παρά]] makes [[one]] the [[author]], the [[giver]], etc. (Winer s Grammar, 365 (343); Buttmann, § 134,1); so [[after]] ἀποστέλλεσθαι, γίνεσθαι, [[παρά]] κυρίου, from the Lord, by [[divine]] [[agency]] or by the [[power]] at God's [[command]]); [[akin]] to [[which]] is [[οὐκ]] ἀδυνατήσει [[παρά]] [[τοῦ]] Θεοῦ [[πᾶν]] ῤῆμα, L marginal [[reading]] T Tr WH ([[see]] [[ἀδυνατέω]], b.); λαλεῖσθαι, [[ὑπό]], [[because]] God had [[not]] [[spoken]] in [[person]], [[but]] by an angel); κατηγορεῖσθαι, ([[not]] [[ὑπό]] ([[yet]] so L T Tr WH) [[because]] Paul had [[not]] [[yet]] been [[formally]] [[accused]] by the Jews, [[but]] the [[tribune]] inferred from the [[tumult]] [[that]] the Jews [[accused]] him of [[some]] [[crime]]).<br /><b class="num">c.</b> [[after]] verbs of [[seeking]], [[asking]], [[taking]], receiving, [[buying]] (cf. Winer s Grammar, 370 (347) n.; Buttmann, § 147,5; [[yet]] [[see]] Lightfoot on αἴτω, αἰτοῦμαι, L Tr [[text]] WH [[text]] ἀπ' [[αὐτοῦ]]); L T Tr WH ἀπ' [[αὐτοῦ]]); ζητῶ, [[λαμβάνω]], L T Tr WH ἀπ' [[αὐτοῦ]]); [[παραλαμβάνω]], [[ἀπολαμβάνω]], R G LTr marginal [[reading]]; κομίζομαι, γίνεται μοι τί, [[δέχομαι]], [[ἔχω]], [[ὠνέομαι]], ἀγοράζομαι, ἄρτον [[φαγεῖν]] ([[namely]], δοθεντα), [[εὑρεῖν]] [[ἔλεος]], [[ἔσται]] [[χάρις]], [[ἀκούω]] τί, [[πυνθάνομαι]], ἀκριβω, ἀπιγινώσκω, [[μανθάνω]], [[εἶναι]] or ἐξέρχεσθαι from [[one]]: ὁ, ἡ, τό [[παρά]] τίνος ([[see]] ὁ, II:8; cf. Buttmann, § 125,9; Winer's Grammar, § 18,3); α. [[absolutely]]: οἱ παῥ [[αὐτοῦ]], those of [[one]]'s [[family]], i. e. his kinsmen, relations, Susanna 33; [[one]]'s descendants ([[yet]] [[here]] Vulg. qui [[cure]] eo erant), Josephus, Antiquities 1,10, 5)); cf. Fritzsche at the [[passage]], p. 101; (Field, Otium Norv. pars 3:at the [[passage]]); τά [[παρά]] τίνος, [[what]] [[one]] has [[beside]] him, and so at his [[service]], i. e. [[one]]'s [[means]], [[resources]], τά [[παρά]] τινων, [[namely]], [[ὄντα]], i. e. δοθεντα, Winer s Grammar, 366 (343); Josephus, Antiquities 8,6, 6; b. j. 2,8, 4; etc.). β. [[where]] it refers to a [[preceding]] [[noun]]: ἡ [[ἐξουσία]] ἡ [[παρά]] τίνος, [[namely]], [[received]], R G); ἐπικουρίας τῆς [[παρά]] (L T Tr WH [[ἀπό]]) [[τοῦ]] Θεοῦ, ἡ [[παρά]] τίνος [[εὔνοια]], [[Xenophon]], mem. 2,2, 12); ἡ παῥ [[ἐμοῦ]] [[διαθήκη]], of [[which]] I am the [[author]], Winer's Grammar, 193 (182)). II. [[with]] the dative, [[παρά]] indicates [[that]] [[something]] is or is done [[either]] in the [[immediate]] [[vicinity]] of [[someone]], or ([[metaphorically]]) in his [[mind]], [[near]] by, [[beside]], in the [[power]] of, in the [[presence]] of, [[with]], the Sept. for אֵצֶל (בְּיַד (בְּעֵינֵי ([[see]] b. [[below]]); cf. Winer s Grammar, § 48, d., p. 394 f (369); (Buttmann, 339 (291 f)).<br /><b class="num">a.</b> [[near]], by: εἱστήκεισαν [[παρά]] τῷ σταυρῷ, [[παρά]] is joined [[with]] a dative of the [[thing]], in [[all]] others [[with]] a dative of the [[person]]). [[after]] a [[verb]] of [[motion]], to [[indicate]] the [[rest]] [[which]] follows the [[motion]] (cf. Buttmann, 339 (292)), ἔστησεν [[αὐτό]] παῥ ἑαυτῷ, [[with]], i. e. in [[one]]'s [[house]]; in [[one]]'s [[town]]; in [[one]]'s [[society]]: ξενίζεσθαι ([[which]] [[see]]), μένειν, of guests or lodgers, R G); ἐπιμένειν, L T Tr WH; καταλύειν, [[Demosthenes]], de corona § 82 (cf. Buttmann, 339 (292))); ἀριστᾶν, ἀπολείπειν τί, [[παρά]] τῷ Θεῷ, [[dwelling]] [[with]] God, μισθόν ἔχειν, to [[have]] a [[reward]] laid up [[with]] God in [[heaven]], [[εὑρεῖν]] [[χάριν]] ([[there]] [[where]] God Isaiah , i. e. God's favor (cf. Winer's Grammar, 365 (343))), [[χάρις]] [[παρά]] [[one]] [[with]] whom he is [[acceptable]], [[τοῦτο]] [[χάρις]] [[παρά]] Θεῷ, [[this]] is [[acceptable]] [[with]] God, [[pleasing]] to him, בְּעֵינֵי, [[παρά]] Θεῷ, in fellowship [[with]] God (of those [[who]] [[have]] embraced the Christian [[religion]] and turned to God from whom [[they]] had [[before]] been estranged), [[παρά]] κυρίῳ (in [[heaven]]), [[before]] the Lord as Judges , G L [[omit]] and Tr WH brackets the [[phrase]]); παῥ [[ὑμῖν]], in [[your]] [[city]], in [[your]] [[church]], [[among]], παῥ ἑαυτῷ, at his [[home]], παῥ (L Tr WH [[text]] ἐν) ἑαυτῷ, [[with]] [[oneself]] i. e. in [[one]]'s [[own]] [[mind]], διαλογίζεσθαι, [[παρά]] τίνι, [[with]] [[one]], α. [[which]] belongs to his [[nature]] and [[character]], or is in [[accordance]] [[with]] his [[practice]] or the [[reverse]]; as, μή [[ἀδικία]] [[παρά]] τῷ Θεῷ; β. [[which]] is or is [[not]] [[within]] [[one]]'s [[power]]: R G L [[text]] e. [[παρά]] τίνι, [[with]] [[one]] i. e. in his [[judgment]], he [[being]] [[judge]] (so in [[Herodotus]] and the Attic writings; cf. Passow, [[under]] the [[word]], II:2, vol. ii., p. 667; (Liddell and Scott, [[under]] B. II:3)): [[παρά]] τῷ Θεῷ, [[παρά]] κυρίῳ); φρόνιμον [[εἶναι]] παῥ ἑαυτῷ (A. V. in [[one]]'s [[own]] [[conceit]]), Tr [[text]] WH [[text]] ἐν); III. [[with]] an accusative; the Sept. for אֵצֶל, יַד עַל, בְּעֵבֶר (Winer s Grammar, § 49g., p. 403 f (377f); (Buttmann, 339 (292));<br /><b class="num">1.</b> [[properly]], of [[place]], at, by, [[near]], by the [[side]] of, [[beside]], [[along]]; so [[with]] verbs of [[motion]]: περιπατεῖν [[παρά]] [[τήν]] θάλασσαν ([[Plato]], [[Gorgias]], p. 511e.), L T Tr WH [[παράγω]]); πίπτειν, L T Tr WH [[πρός]]); [[σπαρῆναι]], ῥίπτειν, τιθέναι, Tdf. [[πρός]]); ἀποτιθεναι, ἔρχεσθαι, ἐξέρχεσθαι, Tdf. [[εἰς]]); οἱ [[παρά]] [[τήν]] ὁδόν, [[namely]], πεσόντες, καθῆσθαι, [[εἶναι]], παιδεύειν in [[passive]], G L T Tr WH punctuate); διδάσκειν, [[beside]], [[beyond]], i. e. [[metaphorically]],<br /><b class="num">a.</b> equivalent to [[contrary]] to: [[παρά]] [[τήν]] διδαχήν, παῥ ἐλπίδα, [[literally]], [[beyond]] [[hope]], i. e. [[where]] the laws and [[course]] of [[nature]] [[left]] no [[room]] for [[hope]], [[hence]], equivalent to [[without]] (A. V. [[against]]) [[hope]], Passow, [[under]] the [[word]], III:3, vol. ii, p. 669{b}; [[Dionysius]] [[Halicarnassus]], Antiquities 6,25); [[παρά]] [[τόν]] νόμοι, [[contrary]] to the [[law]], [[παρά]] [[τούς]] νόμους, opposed to [[κατά]] [[τούς]] νόμους, [[Xenophon]], mem. 1,1, 18); παῥ ὁ, [[contrary]] to [[that]] [[which]], i. e. at [[variance]] [[with]] [[that]] [[which]], [[παρά]] φύσιν, [[Thucydides]] 6,17; [[Plato]], rep. 5, p. 466d.); [[after]] [[ἄλλος]], [[other]] [[than]], [[different]] from, Passow, [[under]] the [[word]], III:3 at the [[end]] vol. ii., p. 670{a}); [[παρά]] [[τόν]] κτίσαντα, omitting or [[passing]] by the Creator, [[before]] ([[above]]) the Creator, [[rather]] [[than]] the Creator, [[agreeably]] [[indeed]] to the [[use]] of the preposition in Greek writings (cf. Ast, Lex. [[Plato]], iii., p. 28 (cf. Riddell, Platonic Idioms, § 165 β.; Liddell and Scott, [[under]] the [[word]], C. I:5d.)), [[but]] [[not]] to the [[thought]] of the [[passage]]. [[except]], [[save]], equivalent to if [[you]] [[subtract]] from a given [[sum]], [[less]]: [[τεσσαράκοντα]] [[παρά]] μίαν, [[one]] ([[stripe]]) [[excepted]], [[τεσσαράκοντα]] ἐτῶν [[παρά]] [[τριάκοντα]] ἡμέρας, Josephus, Antiquities 4,8, 1; [[παρά]] [[πέντε]] [[ναῦς]], [[five]] ships [[being]] deducted, [[Thucydides]] 8,29; (παῥ ὀλίγας ψήφους, Josephus, contra Apion 2,37, 3); [[see]] [[other]] examples from Greek authors in Bernhardy (1829), p. 258; (Winer s Grammar, as [[above]]; [[especially]] [[Sophocles]] Lexicon, [[under]] 3)).<br /><b class="num">b.</b> [[above]], [[beyond]]: [[παρά]] καιρόν ἡλικίας, παῥ ὁ [[δεῖ]]; ([[Plutarch]], mor., p. 83f. (de profect. in virt. § 13)), [[more]] [[than]]: ἁμαρτωλοί [[παρά]] πάντας, ἔχρισεν σε ... [[ἔλαιον]] ... [[παρά]] [[τούς]] μετόχους [[more]] [[copiously]] [[than]] (A. V. [[above]]) [[thy]] fellows, ὑψοῦν τινα [[παρά]] τινα, κρίνειν ἡμέραν παῥ ἡμέραν, to [[prefer]] [[one]] [[day]] to [[another]] ([[see]] [[κρίνω]], 2), [[πλέον]] [[παρά]] τό, διαφορώτερον παῥ αὐτούς [[ὄνομα]], Winer's Grammar, § 35,2b. (and as [[above]]). Ἐλαττουν τινα [[παρά]], to [[make]] [[one]] [[inferior]] to [[another]], on [[account]] of (cf. Latin propter equivalent to ob): [[παρά]] [[τοῦτο]], for [[this]] [[reason]], [[therefore]], Winer's Grammar, § 49g. c. IV. In Composition [[παρά]] denotes<br /><b class="num">1.</b> [[situation]] or [[motion]] [[either]] from the [[side]] of, or to the [[side]] of; [[near]], [[beside]], by, to: [[παραθαλάσσιος]], [[παράλιος]], [[παροικέω]], [[παρακολουθέω]], [[παραλαμβάνω]], [[παραλέγομαι]], [[παραπλέω]], [[παράγω]]; of [[what]] is done [[secretly]] or by [[stealth]], as [[παρεισέρχομαι]], [[παρεισάγω]], [[παρεισδύω]]; cf. (the [[several]] words and) Fritzsche, Commentary on Romans , vol. i., p. 346. by the [[side]] of i. e. [[ready]], [[present]], at [[hand]] ([[παρά]] τίνι): [[πάρειμι]], [[παρουσία]], [[παρέχω]], etc.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> [[violation]], [[neglect]], [[aberration]] (cf. [[our]] [[beyond]] or [[aside]] equivalent to [[amiss]]): [[παραβαίνω]], [[παραβάτης]], [[παρανομέω]], [[παρακούω]], [[παρίημι]], [[πάρεσις]], [[παραλογίζομαι]], [[παράδοξος]], [[παραφρονία]], etc.<br /><b class="num">3.</b> [[like]] the German an (in anreizen, antreiben, etc.): [[παραζηλόω]], [[παραπικραίνω]], [[παροξύνω]], [[παροργίζω]]. (Cf. Vig. edition, Herm., p. 650f)