ὁράω: Difference between revisions

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: [[to look]], [[to perceive]], [[to contemplate]], [[to see]] (Il.).<br />Other forms: Ion. also [[ὀρέω]] (Hdt.), and besides [[ὅρηαι]] (ξ 343), [[ὁρητο]] (A 56 a. 198 after Zenodot, accent uncertain), <b class="b3">ὀρῃ̃ς</b>, -ῃ̃, <b class="b3">-ῆν</b> (Hp., Democr., Herod.), Aeol. [[ὄρημι]] (Sapph.), [[ὄρη]] (Theoc.); ipf. [[ἑώρων]] (Att.), ep. 3. sg. [[ὅρα]], Ion. [[ὥρα]] (Hdt.) etc.; pres. also [[ὄρονται]] (ξ 104) with <b class="b3">-ντο</b> (γ 471), <b class="b3">ὅρει φυλάσσει</b> H.; innovated perf. act. [[ἑόρακα]] (Att., also <b class="b3">ἑώρ-</b>), Ion. [[ὀρώρηκα]] a. [[ὤρηκα]] (Herod.), Dor. ptc. [[ὡρακυῖα]] (Epid.), midd. [[ἑώραμαι]] (late Att.), aor. pass. [[ὁραθῆναι]] (Arist., D.S.), plqu. also [[ὀρώρει]] (Ψ 112).<br />Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">ἐφ-</b> (<b class="b3">ἐπ-</b>), <b class="b3">καθ-</b> (<b class="b3">κατ-</b>), <b class="b3">παρ-</b>, <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπερ-</b>.<br />Derivatives: Few derivv., almost all hell. and late, as opposed to the older ones which derive from primary <b class="b3">ὀπ-</b> (s. [[ὄπωπα]]) and [[ἰδεῖν]] : 1. <b class="b3">ὁρᾶ-τός</b> [[visible]] (Hp., Pl.), <b class="b3">προ-ορατός</b> [[who can be foreseen]] (X. Cyr. 1, 6,23) as against <b class="b3">πρό-οπτος</b> (<b class="b3">προὖπ-τος</b>) [[foreseen]], [[apparent]] (IA.); 2. [[ὅραμα]] n. [[sight]], [[spectacle]], [[apparition]] (X., Arist., LXX), <b class="b3">παρ-</b> ὁράω (hell. a. late), m. [[ὁραματίζομαι]] (Aq.) against [[ὄμμα]], [[εἶδος]] (s.vv.); 3. [[ὅρασις]] f., also with <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">παρ-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπερ-</b> a.o., [[sight]], [[face]], [[look]], [[apparition]], pl. also [[eyes]] (Demad., Arist., Men.) against [[ὄψις]]; <b class="b3">ὑφόρα-σις</b> [[suspicion]] (Plb.) for older <b class="b3">ὑποψ-ία</b>; 4. [[ὁρατής]] m. [[viewer]] (LXX, Plu.) against [[ὀπτήρ]] [[scout]]; [[ὁρατήρ]] H. as explanation of [[ὀπτήρ]]; 5. [[ὁρατικός]] [[able to see]], [[provided with sight]] (Arist., Ph.), <b class="b3">ἐφ-</b> ὁράω [[fit for oversight]] (X.): <b class="b3">ἐποπτ-ικός</b> [[belonging to ἐπόπτης]] (Pl.). 6. [[ὁρατίζω]] [[to catch sight of]], [[to aim for]] (medic. IVp). 7. [[οὖρος]] m. [[watcher]], [[ἐπίουρος]] s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1164] <b class="b2">*u̯er-</b> [[observe]], [[note]]<br />Etymology: From the ipf. [[ἑώρων]] (< <b class="b3">*ἠ-Ϝόρων</b>; w. asp. after [[ὁρῶ]]) and the pf. [[ἑόρακα]] (< <b class="b3">*Ϝε-Ϝόρακα</b>; <b class="b3">ἑώρ-</b> after the ipf.) we conclude to an orig. <b class="b3">Ϝ-</b>, which however neither in Homer nor epigraphically has left a trace, and also in Myc. [[oromeno]] is absent; whether the asper hangs together with the older <b class="b3">Ϝ-</b>, remains uncertain (Schwyzer 22 6 f. w. lit.). -- The above presentforms, from which come all non-present forms including the verbal nouns, seem to require three diff. stems: 1. <b class="b3">Ϝορᾶ-</b> in <b class="b3">ὁρά-ω</b>, from which perhaps purely phonetically Ion. [[ὀρέω]] (Schwyzer 242); 2. <b class="b3">Ϝορη-</b> in Aeol. [[ὄρημι]], [[ὄρη]], ep. [[ὅρηαι]] a.o. (s. above); 3. <b class="b3">Ϝορ-</b> in [[ὄρονται]], <b class="b3">-ντο</b>, [[ὅρει]]. Orig. <b class="b3">*Ϝορᾶ-ι̯ω</b> can be either an iterative-intensive deverbative of the type [[ποτάομαι]] (s. Schwyzer 718 f.), with which the meaning fits well, or be explained as denominative from <b class="b3">*Ϝορά</b> f., which is found in [[φρουρά]] from <b class="b3">*προ-hορά</b> (< <b class="b3">*προ-Ϝορά</b>) and in German., e.g. OHG [[wara]] f. [[attentiveness]], [[wara neman]] [[wahrnehmen]]': IE <b class="b2">*u̯orā́</b> f., beside which Toch. A [[war]], B [[were]] [[flavour]], IE <b class="b2">*u̯oro-s</b> m. Difficult to judge however is <b class="b3">(Ϝ)όρη-μι</b> etc. It looks like a disyllabic athemat. formation, and <b class="b3">ὀρῃ̃ς</b>, -ῃ̃, <b class="b3">-ῆν</b> can have been tranformed from this by thematization (Schwyzer 680). One may compare Lat. [[verē-ri]] [[observe scrupulously]], [[venerate]], though with ablauting stemvowel. Weakest attested is the primary monosyll. (orig. athematic?; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 311) [[ὄρονται]], <b class="b3">-ντο</b> (to which also [[ὅρει]] in H.?); it regards moreover the same formulaic expression: <b class="b3">ἐπὶ δ</b>' <b class="b3">ἀνέρες ἐσθλοὶ ὄρονται</b> (<b class="b3">-ντο</b>), thus in plqu. <b class="b3">ἐπὶ δ</b>' <b class="b3">ἀνηρ ἐσθλὸς ὀρώρει</b>. Here too the [[o-]]vowel is remarkable, though analogous cases can be found like [[ὄθομαι]], [[οἴχομαι]] a.o. (Schwyzer 721, Chantraine [[l.c.]]). To the primry verb belong both <b class="b3">*προ-Ϝορ-ά</b> in [[φρουρά]] (s. above and s.v.) and the form which occurs only in compounds as 2. member, <b class="b3">-(Ϝ)ορ-ός</b>, [[guardian]], e.g. <b class="b3">θυρ-</b>, <b class="b3">τιμ-ωρός</b>, [[κηπουρός]] from <b class="b3">θυρα-</b>, <b class="b3">τιμα-</b>, <b class="b3">κηπο-Ϝορ-ός</b>; it agrees formally (but not functionally) with Germ., e.g. OS [[war]] [[attentive]], [[cautious]], OHG [[giwar]] <b class="b2">id., gewahr</b>. The other word belonging to this group from diff. languages, e.g. Latv. [[veruôs]], [[vērtiês]] [[inspect]], [[observe]], Toch. A [[wär]], B [[wär-sk-]] [[smell]], Hitt. <b class="b2">u̯erite-</b> [[fear]], give nothing for Greek. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 284f., Pok. 1164, W.-Hofmann s. [[vereor]]. On the suppletive system [[ὁράω]] : [[ὄψομαι]] : [[εἶδον]] : [[ἑόρακα]] Gonda Lingua 9, 178 ff., Bloch Suppl. Verba 91 ff.; on the expressions for [[see]], [[eye]] in Greek Prévot Rev. de phil. 61, 133ff., 233ff. -- S. also 2. [[οὖρος]], [[ὤρα]].