σύν: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[ῠ], old Att. [[ξύν]]; Boeot. [[σούν]] ''IG''7.3171.39 (Orchom. Boeot., iii B.C.): Prep. with dat. (rarely c. gen., <b class="b3">σὺν τῶν ἐν αὺτῷ νεκρῶν</b> Mitteis ''Chr.''129.23 (ii B.C.);<br><span class="bld">A</span> σὺν ἡρώων ''IPE''2.383 (Phanagoria); <b class="b3">σὺν γυναικός</b> ib.301 (Panticapaeum), cf. ''Ostr.''240.5 (ii A.D.), ''PLond.''1.113 iv 19 (vi A.D.)):—[[with]]. The form [[ξύν]] rarely occurs in Hom., though it is not rare in compds. even when not required by the metre, as in <b class="b3">ξυνέαξα, ξυνοχῇσιν, ξύμβλητο, ξύμπαντα</b>; Hes. also uses [[ξύμπας]], [[ξυνιέναι]]; in Ion. verse we find ξύν Thgn.1063 (but σύν Id.50), Sol. 19.3 (perhaps old Attic), but σύν Archil.4, cf. [[ξυνωνίη]], [[συνίημι]]; in early Ion. Prose (including Inscrr., cf. ''SIG''1.2 (Abu Simbel, vi B.C.), 167.37 (Mylasa, iv B.C.), etc.) [[ξύν]] is only found in ξυνίημι Heraclit.51, Democr.95 (cf. [[ἀξύνετος]], [[ἀξυνεσίη]], [[ξύνεσις]]), and in the phrase <b class="b3">ξὺν νῷ</b> ([[νόῳ]] codd.) Heraclit.114, Democr.35; Hdt. has only [[σύν]], and in codd. Hp. [[ξύν]] has weaker authority than [[σύν]] (i p.cxxv Kuehlewein); in the late Ionic of Aret., [[ξύν]] prevails over [[σύν]]; in Aeol. and Dor. it is rare, ξυνοίκην Sapph.75; ξυναλίαξε Ar.''Lys.''93; elsewhere Dor. [[σύν]], ''Leg.Gort.'' 5.6, ''IG''9(1).334.47 (Locr., v B.C.), etc.; but in old Att. Inscrr. [[ξύν]] is the only form up to 500 B.C.; [[σύν]] appears in v B.C. and becomes usual towards the end; after 378 B.C. [[ξύν]] survives only in the formula <b class="b3">γνώμην δὲ ξυμβάλλεσθαι κτλ</b>.; the phrase <b class="b3">ξὺν νῷ</b> is found in Ar.''Nu.'' 580, Pl.''Cri.''48c, ''Men.''88b, ''R.''619b (σὺν E.''Or.''909); otherwise, of Att. Prose writers Th. alone uses the preposition [[ξύν]], Antipho and Lysias have <b class="b3">ξυν-</b> a few times in compds.; codd. Pl. have both <b class="b3">ξυν-</b> (''Lg.''930a, al.) and <b class="b3">συν-</b>; in Antipho Soph.''Oxy.''1364, Aristox., Arr., Ael., and Anon.Rhythm. <b class="b3">ξυν-</b> is very freq.; in Trag. both forms occur. The Prep. [[σύν]] gradually gave way to [[μετά]] with [[genitive]], so that whereas A. has 67 examples of [[σύν]] to 8 of [[μετά]] with [[genitive]], the proportions in Th. are 400 of [[μετά]] to 37 of [[σύν]], in D. 346 of [[μετά]] to 15 of [[σύν]], and in Arist. 300 of [[μετά]] to 8 of [[σύν]]: for these and other statistics see C. J. T. Mommsen, [[Beiträge zur Lehre von den griechischen Präpositionen]] (Frankfurt 1886-95): in Att. Prose and Com. [[σύν]] is restricted for the most part to signf. 8, 9 and a few phrases, such as <b class="b3">σὺν θεῷ, σὺν ([[τοῖς]]) ὅπλοις</b>; Xenophon uses it freely, having 556 examples to 275 of [[μετά]]; in Pap., [[NT]], and later Prose its use is much less restricted (v. infr.).<br><span class="bld">1</span> [[in company with]], [[together with]], δεῦρό ποτ' ἤλυθε.. σὺν Μενελάῳ Il.3.206; ξ. παιδὶ.. πύργῳ ἐφεστήκει 6.372; σὺν τοῖσδε ὑπέκφυγον Od.9.286; καταφθίσθαι σὺν ἐκείνῳ 2.183; ἀπελαύνειν σὺν τῷ στρατῷ Hdt.8.101; ἐπαιδεύετο σὺν τῷ ἀδελφῷ X.''An.''1.9.2; σὺν αὐτῷ σταυροῦσι δύο λῃστάς ''Ev.Marc.''15.27; οὐδένα ἔχω σὺν ἐμοί ''PSI''10.1161.12 (iv A.D.).<br><span class="bld">2</span> with collat. notion of help or aid, <b class="b3">σὺν θεῷ</b> [[with]] God's [[help]] or [[blessing]], as God wills, Il.9.49; σὺν σοί, πότνα θεά Od.13.391; πέμψον δέ με σὺν γε θεοῖσιν Il.24.430, cf. 15.26; σὺν θεῷ φυτευθεὶς ὄλβος Pi.''N.''8.17; <b class="b3">σὺν θεῷ εἰρημένον</b> spoken as by inspiration, Hdt.1.86; σὺν θεῷ δ' εἰρήσεται Ar.''Pl.''114; σὺν θεῷ εἰπεῖν Pl.''Tht.''151b, ''Prt.'' 317b; ξ. θεοῖς Th.1.86; so <b class="b3">σὺν δαίμονι, σὺν Ἀθήνῃ καὶ Διί</b>, Il.11.792, 20.192; σὺν Χαρίτεσσιν Pi.''N.''9.54, cf. ''P.''9.2; ξ. τῷ θεῷ πᾶς καὶ γελᾷ κὠδύρεται [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''383; also <b class="b3">θεοῦ σὺν παλάμᾳ, σὺν θεοῦ τύχᾳ</b>, Pi.''O.''10(11).21, ''N.''6.24: generally, of personal cooperation, <b class="b3">σὺν σοὶ φραζέσθω</b> let him consult [[with]] you, Il.9.346; λοχησάμενος σὺν ἑταίρῳ Od.13.268; <b class="b3">ξ. τῇ βουλῇ</b> [[in consultation with]] the Council, ''IG''12.63.17; <b class="b3">σὺν τινὶ μάχεσθαι</b> fight [[at]] his [[side]], [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''5.3.5, cf. ''HG''4.1.34; <b class="b3">σὺν τινὶ εἶναι</b> or [[γίγνεσθαι]] to be [[with]] another, i.e. [[on]] his [[side]], of his [[party]], Id.''An.''3.1.21, ''Smp.''5.10; <b class="b3">οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ</b> his friends, followers, Id.''An.''1.2.15, cf. ''Act.Ap.''14.4, etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[furnished with]], [[endued with]], σὺν μεγάλῃ ἀρετῇ ἐκτήσω ἄκοιτιν Od.24.193; πόλιν θεοδμάτῳ σὺν ἐλευθερίᾳ ἔκτισσε Pi.''P.''1.61.<br><span class="bld">4</span> of things that belong, or are attached, to a person, <b class="b3">σὺν νηΐ</b> or <b class="b3">σὺν νηυσί</b>, i.e. on board ship, Il.1.389, 179, etc.; <b class="b3">σὺν νηυσὶν ἀλαπάξαι</b>, opp. [[πεζός]], 9.328 (so in Prose, σὺν ναυσὶ προσπλεῖν X.''HG''2.2.7, etc.); σὺν ἵπποισιν καὶ ὄχεσφιν Il.5.219; especially of arms, μιν κατέκηε σὺν ἔντεσι 6.418; στῆ δ' εὐρὰξ σὺν δουρί 15.541; [[ἀντιβίην]] or <b class="b3">ἀντίβιον σὺν ἔντεσι</b> or <b class="b3">σὺν τεύχεσι πειρηθῆναι</b>, 5.220, 11.386; σὺν ἔντεσι μάρνασθαι 13.719; σκῆπτρον, σὺν τῷ ἔβη 2.47; <b class="b3">ἄγγελος ἦλθε.. σὺν ἀγγελίῃ</b> ib.787; ς. (or [[ξ]].) ὅπλοις Th.2.2, al., Pl.''Lg.'' 947c, Aen.Tact.17.1; ς. (or [[ξ]].) τοῖς ὅπλοις Th.2.90, 4.14, ''Hell.Oxy.'' 10.1, Pl.''Lg.''763a, Aen.Tact.11.8; σὺν ἐγχειριδίοις ''Hell.Oxy.''10.2; ξ. ξιφιδίῳ καὶ θώρακι Th.3.22; ξ. ἑνὶ ἱματίῳ Id.2.70; in some such cases ς. is little more than expletive, as <b class="b3">σὺν τεύχεσι θωρηχθέντες</b> ll.8.530, etc.: with [[αὐτός]] (cf. [[αὐτός]] 1.5), chiefly in Hom., ἀνόρουσεν αὐτῇ σὺν φόρμιγγι Il.9.194, cf. 14.498; αὐτῷ σὺν τε λίνῳ καὶ ῥήγεϊ Od.13.118.<br><span class="bld">5</span> of things accompanying, or of concurrent circumstances, ἄνεμος σὺν λαίλαπι Il.17.57, cf. Od.12.408; of coincidence in time, ἄκρᾳ σὺν ἑσπέρᾳ Pi.''P.''11.10; <b class="b3">καιρῷ σὺν ἀτρεκεῖ</b> ib.8.7; [[σὺν τῷ χρόνῳ προϊόντι]] [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''8.7.6; [[in the course of time]], κείνῳ σὺν ἄματι B.10.23, cf. 125, Pi.''Fr.''123.<br><span class="bld">6</span> of necessary connexion or consequence, <b class="b3">σὺν μεγάλῳ ἀποτεῖσαι</b> to pay [[with]] a great loss, i.e. suffer greatly, Il.4.161; <b class="b3">δημοσίῳ σὺν κακῷ</b> [[with]] loss to the public, Thgn.50; <b class="b3">σὺν τῷ σῷ ἀγαθῷ</b> to your advantage, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''3.1.15; <b class="b3">ὤλοντο.. σὺν μιάς ματι</b> [[with]] pollution, S.''Ant.''172; to denote agreement, [[in accordance with]], σὺν τῷ δικαίῳ καὶ καλῷ X.''An.''2.6.18; σὺν δίκᾳ Pi.''P.''9.96; σὺν κόσμῳ Hdt.8.86, Arist.''Mu.''398b23; σὺν τάχει S.''El.''872, etc.<br><span class="bld">7</span> of the instrument or means, [[with the help of]], [[by means of]], σὺν ἐλαίῳ φαρμακώσαισα Pi.''P.''4.221; διήλλαχθε σὺν σιδάρῳ A.''Th.''885 (lyr.); πλοῦτον ἐκτήσω ξ. αἰχμῇ Id.''Pers.''755 (troch.); ἡ [τῶν φίλων] κτῆσίς ἐστιν οὐδαμῶς σὺν τῇ βίᾳ [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''8.7.13; ξ. ἐπαίνῳ Th.1.84.<br><span class="bld">8</span> [[including]], κεφάλαιον σὺν ἐπωνίοις ''IG''12.329.5, cf. 22.1388.85, 1407.12, al.; τοῦ Πειραιῶς ξ. Μουνυχίᾳ Th.2.13, cf. 4.124, 5.26, 74, 7.42, 8.90, 95; <b class="b3">δισχίλιαι γάρ εἰσι</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[δραχμαὶ]]) σὺν ταῖς Νικίου Ar.''Fr.''100; ἀνήλωσα σὺν τῇ τῆς σκευῆς ἀναθέσει ἑκκαίδεκα μνᾶς Lys.21.4, cf. 2; αἶγας ἀπέδοτο σὺν τῷ αἰπόλῳ τριῶν καὶ δέκα μνῶν Is.6.33, cf. 8.8,35, 11.42,46, Aeschin. 2.162, D.19.155, 27.23,al., Arist.''HA''525b15,17, ''Ath.''19.6, Hipparch. 1.1.9, al., ''PSI''10.1124.14 (ii A.D.).<br><span class="bld">9</span> [[excluding]], [[apart from]], [[plus]], <b class="b3">ἓξ ἐμοὶ σὺν ἑβδόμῳ</b> six [[with]] (but not including) me the seventh, A. ''Th.''283; αἱ γὰρ καμπαὶ τέτταρες, ἢ δύο σὺν τοῖς πτερυγίοις Arist.''HA'' 490a32; σὺν τοῖς ἀρχαίοις τὸν οἶκον ἐκ τῶν προσόδων μείζω ποιῆσαι D. 27.61; τὴν ἐφαπτίδα σὺν τῇ σακκοπήρᾳ ἐν ᾗ ἐνῆν together with.., PEnteux.32.7, cf. 89.9 (iii B.C.); οἱ γραμματεῖς σὺν τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις ''Ev.Luc.''20.1, cf. ''Ep.Gal.''5.24.<br><span class="bld">B</span> POSITION:—[[σύν]] sometimes follows its case, Il.10.19, Od.9.332, 15.410. It freq. stands between Adj. and Subst., as Od.11.359, Il.9.194, etc.; more rarely between Subst. and Adj., Od.13.258, Pi.''P.'' 8.7.<br><span class="bld">2</span> freq. in tmesis in Hom., as Il.23.687, Od.14.296, etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> in late Gr. <b class="b3">σὺν καὶ</b> c. dat., στεφανηφορήσας σὺν καὶ Αὐρ. Ἰάσονι ''IG''12(7).259 (Amorgos, iii A.D.), cf. ''Supp.Epigr.''4.535 (Ephesus, ii/iii A.D.), ''Rev.Phil.''50.11 (Sardis, i/iii A.D.), ''CPR''26.16 (ii A.D.); cf. infr. c. 2.<br><span class="bld">C</span> [[σύν]] AS ADV., [[together]], [[at once]], κενεὰς σὺν Χεῖρας ἔχοντες Od.10.42; mostly followed by [[δέ]] or τε, σὺν δὲ πτερὰ πυκνὰ λίασθεν Il.23.879; σὺν τε δύ' ἐρχομένω 10.224 (cf. [[σύνδυο]]); ξ. τε διπλοῖ βασιλῆς [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''960 (lyr.). It is sometimes hard to distinguish this from tmesis, e.g. in Il.23.879; so <b class="b3">ξὺν κακῶς ποιεῖν</b> is = [[Ξυγκακοποιεῖν]] in Th.3.13. In Old Testament Gr. it is sometimes used to translate the Hebr. 'ēth (particle prefixed to the definite accus.) through confusion with the Prep. 'ēth 'with', ἐμίσησα σὺν τὴν ζωήν [[LXX]] ''Ec.''2.17; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐμνήσθη σὺν τοῦ ἀνδρός</b> ib.9.15; ἔκτισεν ὁ θεὸς σὺν τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ σὺν τὴν γῆν Aq.''Ge.''1.1, etc.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[besides]], [[also]], σὺν δὲ πλουτίζειν ἐμέ A.''Ag.''586; σὺν δ' αὔτως ἐγώ S.''Ant.'' 85, etc.; σὺν δ' ἐγὼ παρών Id.''Aj.''1288, cf. ''El.''299; Δίρκα τε.. σὺν τ' Ἀσωπιάδες κόραι E.''HF''785 (lyr.); in later Poetry σὺν καί A.R.1.74, Herod.4.3, Nic.''Th.''8, D.P.843 (also in late Prose, Ath.2.49a; cf. supr. B. 3).<br><span class="bld">D</span> IN COMPOS.<br><span class="bld">I</span> [[with]], [[along with]], [[together]], [[at the same time]], hence of any kind of union, connection, or participation in a thing, and metaph. of agreement or unity. In Compos. with a trans. Verb [[σύν]] may refer to the Object as well as the Subject, as [[συγκατακτείνειν]] may mean [[kill one person as well as another]], or, [[join with another in killing]].<br><span class="bld">2</span> of the completion of an action, [[altogether]], [[completely]], as in συνάγνυμι, συνασκέω 2, <b class="b3">συνθρύπτω, συγκόπτω, συμπατέω, συμπληρόω, συντελέω, συντέμνω</b>; sts., therefore, it seems only to strengthen the force of the simple word.<br><span class="bld">3</span> joined with numerals, [[σύνδυο]] [[two together]], which sense often becomes distributive, [[by twos]], [[two and two]]; so [[σύντρεις]], [[σύμπεντε]], etc., like Lat. [[bini]], [[terni]], etc.<br><span class="bld">II</span> [[σύν]] in Compos., before <b class="b3">β μ π φ ψ</b>, becomes <b class="b3">συμ-</b>; before <b class="b3">γ κ ξ Χ, συγ-</b>; before <b class="b3">λ συλ-</b>; before σ usually <b class="b3">συσ-</b>; but becomes <b class="b3">συ-</b> before σ followed by a conson. (e.g. [[συστῆναι]]), before ζ, and perhaps sometimes before ξ. In a ''poet.'' passage, ap.Pl.''Phdr.''237a, we have [[ξύμ]] alone in tmesi, <b class="b3">ξύμ μοι λάβεσθε</b> for <b class="b3">συλλάβεσθέ μοι</b>; cf. [[ὅτε]] ξὺμ πρῶτ' ἐφύοντο Emp.95: in Inscrr. and Papyri these assimilations are freq. not found.