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|lnetxt=durus dura -um, durior -or -us, durissimus -a -um ADJ :: hard, stern; harsh, rough, vigorous; cruel, unfeeling, inflexible; durable | |||
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{{Lewis | {{Lewis | ||
|lshtext=<b>dūrus</b>: a, um, adj. etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. [[root]] dhar, to [[fix]], [[confirm]],<br /><b>I</b> [[hard]].<br /><b>I</b> Lit.<br /> <b>A</b> Orig. as affecting the [[sense]] of [[feeling]]: et validi silices ac duri robora ferri, Lucr. 2, 449; so, [[silex]], Verg. A. 6, 471: [[ferrum]], Hor. C. 3, 11, 31: [[cautes]], Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672: bipennes, Hor. C. 4, 4, 57: ligones, id. Epod. 5, 30: [[aratrum]], id. S. 1, 1, 28: [[compes]], id. Epod. 4, 4: [[pellis]], Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502: arva, id. ib. 2, 341; cf. [[cutis]], Ov. M. 8, 805: [[alvus]], Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: [[aqua]], [[hard]], i. e. containing [[much]] [[earthy]] [[matter]], Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf. [[muria]], [[saturated]] [[with]] [[salt]], Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. [[muria]]: dumeta, i. e. [[rough]], Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.: [[gallina]], [[tough]], not [[yet]] [[boiled]] [[tender]], Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.: fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient, Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.: [[ladanum]] durissimum tactu, Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.: durissimus [[tophus]] vel [[carbunculus]], Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.<br /> <b>(a)</b> E [[duro]] (sc. ligno), of the [[hardened]] [[wood]] of the [[vine]], Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. [[duramentum]].—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—<br /> <b>B</b> Transf.<br /> <b>1</b> As affecting the [[sense]] of [[taste]]: [[vinum]], opp. [[suavis]], [[hard]], [[harsh]], Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.: [[sapor]] Bacchi, Verg. G. 4, 102: [[acetum]], Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—<br /> <b>2</b> As affecting the [[ear]]: vocis genera permulta: ... [[grave]] [[acutum]], flexibile durum, Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., [[hard]], [[rough]] (cf. [[asper]], II.): aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians [[oratio]], Quint. 8, 6, 62: consonantes, id. 11, 3, 35: syllabae, id. 12, 10, 30: verba, id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72: [[compositio]], id. 9, 4, 142.<br /><b>II</b> Trop.<br /> <b>A</b> Opp. to [[cultivated]], [[rough]], rulde, [[uncultivated]]: Q. [[Aelius]] [[Tubero]] ut [[vita]] sic oratione [[durus]], [[incultus]], [[horridus]], Cic. Brut. 31; cf.: (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus, id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29: Attilius poëta durissimus, id. Att. 14, 20, 3: C. [[Marius]], qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.: [[pictor]] [[durus]] in coloribus, Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, [[gens]] [[duro]] robore [[nata]], Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.: terrea [[progenies]] duris [[caput]] extulit arvis, id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—<br /> <b>2</b> But [[sometimes]] as a [[praiseworthy]] [[quality]], opp. to [[soft]], [[weakly]], [[hardy]], [[vigorous]] (esp. freq. in poets): fortes et duri Spartiatae, Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.: [[Ligures]], durum in armis [[genus]], Liv. 27, 48: durum [[genus]] experiensque laborum, [[hardy]], Ov. M. 1, 414: [[unde]] homines nati, durum [[genus]], Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. [[λᾶας]] and [[λαός]], Pind. Ol. 9, 71): [[gens]] dura [[atque]] aspera cultu, a [[hardy]] [[race]], id. A. 5, 730: [[genus]] humanum [[durius]], [[tellus]] [[quod]] dura creāsset, Lucr. 5, 926: Dardanidae, Verg. A. 3, 94: [[Hannibal]], Hor. C. 2, 12, 2: [[Iberia]], id. ib. 4, 14, 50: [[vindemiator]], id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.: [[ilia]] messorum, id. Epod. 3, 4: juvenci, Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —<br /> <b>B</b> Opp. to [[morally]] [[mild]], [[gentle]], [[harsh]], [[rough]], [[stern]], [[unyielding]], [[unfeeling]], [[insensible]], [[obstinate]]: [[quis]] se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc., Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.: [[quis]] [[nostrum]] [[animo]] tam agresti et [[duro]] fuit, ut? etc., id. Arch. 8: [[neque]] sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et [[quasi]] ferream esse quandam volunt, id. Lael. 13 fin.; ingenio esse [[duro]] [[atque]] inexorabili, Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12: [[satis]] [[pater]] [[durus]] fui, id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17: [[Varius]] qui est [[habitus]] judex durior, Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4: [[mala]] vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis, Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the [[end]] of the [[letter]]: se placabiliorem praebere): duri hominis vel [[potius]] vix hominis videtur, [[periculum]] capitis inferre multis, Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7: [[quid]] nos dura refugimus [[aetas]]? id. ib. 1, 35, 34: ōs durum, [[shameless]], [[impudent]], Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451: cor, Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the [[austerity]] of the Stoic [[mode]] of [[living]], v. [[above]], A.—<br /> <b>C</b> Of things, [[hard]], [[severe]], [[toilsome]]; [[troublesome]], [[burdensome]], [[disagreeable]]; [[adverse]], [[unfortunate]]: [[opulento]] homini hoc [[servitus]] dura est, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so, [[servitus]], Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf. lex, Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1: [[condicio]], Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.: [[provincia]], Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf. partes, id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A: [[dolor]], Lucr. 3, 460: [[labor]], id. 5, 1272: subvectiones, Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1: [[venatus]], Ov. M. 4, 307: dura cultu et aspera [[plaga]], Liv. 45, 30 fin.: durissimo tempore anni, Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.: morbum acrem ac durum, Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf. [[valetudo]], Hor. S. 2, 2, 88: dolores, Verg. A. 5, 5: [[frigus]], Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10: [[fames]], Hor. S. 1, 2, 6: [[pauperies]], id. C. 4, 9, 49: [[causa]], Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26: [[nomen]] (opp. molle), Cic. Off. 1, 12: [[verbum]], id. Brut. 79, 274: [[propositio]], Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. [[sing]]., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf. ellipt.: non vanae redeat [[sanguis]] imagini ... Durum: sed levius [[fit]] [[patientia]], etc., Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties: siccis omnia dura [[deus]] proposuit, Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522: ego dura [[tuli]], Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 [[very]] dub.).— Comp.: hi, si [[quid]] erat [[durius]], concurrebant, if [[any]] [[unusual]] [[difficulty]] occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.—Adv. [[posit]]. in [[two]] forms: dūrĭter and dūre.<br /> <b>A</b> (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly: juga premunt [[duriter]] colla (boum), Vitr. 10, 8.—Comp.: [[durius]], Vitr. 10, 15 fin.—<br /> <b>B</b> (Acc. to II. A.-C.)<br /> <b>1</b> Hardly, [[stiffly]], [[awkwardly]]: membra moventes Duriter, Lucr. 5, 1401: [[duriter]], Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15: [[dure]], Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.—Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—<br /> <b>b</b> Hardily, [[rigorously]], [[austerely]]: vitam [[parce]] ac [[duriter]] agebat, Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; [[Novius]] ap. Non. 512.—<br /> <b>2</b> Harshly, roughly, [[sternly]]: [[quam]] [[tibi]] ex [[ore]] orationem [[duriter]] dictis dedit, Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.: [[duriter]], Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.—Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—<br /> <b>3</b> Hardly, unfavorably, [[unfortunately]]: [[durius]] cadentibus rebus, Suet. Tib. 14 fin.> | |lshtext=<b>dūrus</b>: a, um, adj. etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. [[root]] dhar, to [[fix]], [[confirm]],<br /><b>I</b> [[hard]].<br /><b>I</b> Lit.<br /> <b>A</b> Orig. as affecting the [[sense]] of [[feeling]]: et validi silices ac duri robora ferri, Lucr. 2, 449; so, [[silex]], Verg. A. 6, 471: [[ferrum]], Hor. C. 3, 11, 31: [[cautes]], Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672: bipennes, Hor. C. 4, 4, 57: ligones, id. Epod. 5, 30: [[aratrum]], id. S. 1, 1, 28: [[compes]], id. Epod. 4, 4: [[pellis]], Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502: arva, id. ib. 2, 341; cf. [[cutis]], Ov. M. 8, 805: [[alvus]], Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: [[aqua]], [[hard]], i. e. containing [[much]] [[earthy]] [[matter]], Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf. [[muria]], [[saturated]] [[with]] [[salt]], Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. [[muria]]: dumeta, i. e. [[rough]], Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.: [[gallina]], [[tough]], not [[yet]] [[boiled]] [[tender]], Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.: fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient, Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.: [[ladanum]] durissimum tactu, Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.: durissimus [[tophus]] vel [[carbunculus]], Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.<br /> <b>(a)</b> E [[duro]] (sc. ligno), of the [[hardened]] [[wood]] of the [[vine]], Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. [[duramentum]].—<br /> <b>(b)</b> Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—<br /> <b>B</b> Transf.<br /> <b>1</b> As affecting the [[sense]] of [[taste]]: [[vinum]], opp. [[suavis]], [[hard]], [[harsh]], Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.: [[sapor]] Bacchi, Verg. G. 4, 102: [[acetum]], Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—<br /> <b>2</b> As affecting the [[ear]]: vocis genera permulta: ... [[grave]] [[acutum]], flexibile durum, Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., [[hard]], [[rough]] (cf. [[asper]], II.): aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians [[oratio]], Quint. 8, 6, 62: consonantes, id. 11, 3, 35: syllabae, id. 12, 10, 30: verba, id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72: [[compositio]], id. 9, 4, 142.<br /><b>II</b> Trop.<br /> <b>A</b> Opp. to [[cultivated]], [[rough]], rulde, [[uncultivated]]: Q. [[Aelius]] [[Tubero]] ut [[vita]] sic oratione [[durus]], [[incultus]], [[horridus]], Cic. Brut. 31; cf.: (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus, id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29: Attilius poëta durissimus, id. Att. 14, 20, 3: C. [[Marius]], qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.: [[pictor]] [[durus]] in coloribus, Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, [[gens]] [[duro]] robore [[nata]], Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.: terrea [[progenies]] duris [[caput]] extulit arvis, id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—<br /> <b>2</b> But [[sometimes]] as a [[praiseworthy]] [[quality]], opp. to [[soft]], [[weakly]], [[hardy]], [[vigorous]] (esp. freq. in poets): fortes et duri Spartiatae, Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.: [[Ligures]], durum in armis [[genus]], Liv. 27, 48: durum [[genus]] experiensque laborum, [[hardy]], Ov. M. 1, 414: [[unde]] homines nati, durum [[genus]], Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. [[λᾶας]] and [[λαός]], Pind. Ol. 9, 71): [[gens]] dura [[atque]] aspera cultu, a [[hardy]] [[race]], id. A. 5, 730: [[genus]] humanum [[durius]], [[tellus]] [[quod]] dura creāsset, Lucr. 5, 926: Dardanidae, Verg. A. 3, 94: [[Hannibal]], Hor. C. 2, 12, 2: [[Iberia]], id. ib. 4, 14, 50: [[vindemiator]], id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.: [[ilia]] messorum, id. Epod. 3, 4: juvenci, Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —<br /> <b>B</b> Opp. to [[morally]] [[mild]], [[gentle]], [[harsh]], [[rough]], [[stern]], [[unyielding]], [[unfeeling]], [[insensible]], [[obstinate]]: [[quis]] se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc., Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.: [[quis]] [[nostrum]] [[animo]] tam agresti et [[duro]] fuit, ut? etc., id. Arch. 8: [[neque]] sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et [[quasi]] ferream esse quandam volunt, id. Lael. 13 fin.; ingenio esse [[duro]] [[atque]] inexorabili, Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12: [[satis]] [[pater]] [[durus]] fui, id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17: [[Varius]] qui est [[habitus]] judex durior, Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4: [[mala]] vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis, Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the [[end]] of the [[letter]]: se placabiliorem praebere): duri hominis vel [[potius]] vix hominis videtur, [[periculum]] capitis inferre multis, Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7: [[quid]] nos dura refugimus [[aetas]]? id. ib. 1, 35, 34: ōs durum, [[shameless]], [[impudent]], Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451: cor, Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the [[austerity]] of the Stoic [[mode]] of [[living]], v. [[above]], A.—<br /> <b>C</b> Of things, [[hard]], [[severe]], [[toilsome]]; [[troublesome]], [[burdensome]], [[disagreeable]]; [[adverse]], [[unfortunate]]: [[opulento]] homini hoc [[servitus]] dura est, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so, [[servitus]], Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf. lex, Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1: [[condicio]], Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.: [[provincia]], Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf. partes, id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A: [[dolor]], Lucr. 3, 460: [[labor]], id. 5, 1272: subvectiones, Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1: [[venatus]], Ov. M. 4, 307: dura cultu et aspera [[plaga]], Liv. 45, 30 fin.: durissimo tempore anni, Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.: morbum acrem ac durum, Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf. [[valetudo]], Hor. S. 2, 2, 88: dolores, Verg. A. 5, 5: [[frigus]], Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10: [[fames]], Hor. S. 1, 2, 6: [[pauperies]], id. C. 4, 9, 49: [[causa]], Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26: [[nomen]] (opp. molle), Cic. Off. 1, 12: [[verbum]], id. Brut. 79, 274: [[propositio]], Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. [[sing]]., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf. ellipt.: non vanae redeat [[sanguis]] imagini ... Durum: sed levius [[fit]] [[patientia]], etc., Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties: siccis omnia dura [[deus]] proposuit, Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522: ego dura [[tuli]], Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 [[very]] dub.).— Comp.: hi, si [[quid]] erat [[durius]], concurrebant, if [[any]] [[unusual]] [[difficulty]] occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.—Adv. [[posit]]. in [[two]] forms: dūrĭter and dūre.<br /> <b>A</b> (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly: juga premunt [[duriter]] colla (boum), Vitr. 10, 8.—Comp.: [[durius]], Vitr. 10, 15 fin.—<br /> <b>B</b> (Acc. to II. A.-C.)<br /> <b>1</b> Hardly, [[stiffly]], [[awkwardly]]: membra moventes Duriter, Lucr. 5, 1401: [[duriter]], Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15: [[dure]], Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.—Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—<br /> <b>b</b> Hardily, [[rigorously]], [[austerely]]: vitam [[parce]] ac [[duriter]] agebat, Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; [[Novius]] ap. Non. 512.—<br /> <b>2</b> Harshly, roughly, [[sternly]]: [[quam]] [[tibi]] ex [[ore]] orationem [[duriter]] dictis dedit, Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.: [[duriter]], Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.—Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—<br /> <b>3</b> Hardly, unfavorably, [[unfortunately]]: [[durius]] cadentibus rebus, Suet. Tib. 14 fin.> | ||
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{{Gaffiot | |||
|gf=<b>dūrus</b>,⁷ a, um,<br /><b>1</b> dur [au toucher], [[ferme]], rude, âpre : durum [[ferrum]] Lucr. 2, 499, le [[fer]] dur ; dura [[gallina]] Ov. M. 2, 418, poule coriace ; dura [[alvus]] Cels. Med. 6, 18, 9, ventre serré, constipé ; durum cacare Mart. 3, 89, 2, avoir des selles dures ; dura [[pellis]] Lucr. 6, 1194, peau rude ; durissimis pedibus Cic. de Or. 1, 28, avec des pieds tout à fait endurcis || subst<sup>t</sup> n. durum, ī, le bois dur de la vigne : Col. Rust. 5, 6, etc.<br /><b>2</b> âpre [au goût, à l’oreille] : durum [[vocis]] [[genus]] Cic. Nat. 2, 146, voix rude ; [[durus]] [[sapor]] Bacchi Virg. G. 4, 102, âpre saveur du vin || durum [[verbum]] Cic. Br. 274, mot dur, choquant, désagréable à entendre<br /><b>3</b> grossier, sans art : [[poeta]] durissimus Cic. Att. 14, 20, 3, poète des [[plus]] rocailleux ; dura [[oratio]] Quint. 8, 6, 62, style dur ; [[durus]] ([[pictor]]) in coloribus Plin. 35, 40, (peintre) au coloris dur ; duriora fecit [[Callon]] Quint. 12, 10, 7, les ouvrages de [[Callon]] [statuaire] sont d’un style trop sec<br /><b>4</b> dur à la fatigue, à la peine, etc. : duri Spartiatæ Cic. Tusc. 1, 102, les durs [[Spartiates]], cf. Tusc. 2, 17 || qui ne se plie pas ; ad hæc studia Cic. Arch. 20, rebelle, insensible à ce genre d’études<br /><b>5</b> dur, sévère, cruel, endurci, insensible : [[animus]] [[durus]] Cic. Arch. 17, cœur insensible ; [[virtus]] dura Cic. Læl. 48, vertu sauvage || impudent : os durum Cic. Quinct. 77, impudence<br /><b>6</b> dur, [[difficile]], pénible, rigoureux [en parl. des choses] : dura [[servitus]] Cic. Rep. 1, 68, rude esclavage, cf. de Or. 1, 256 || durissima [[rei]] publicæ [[tempora]] Cic. Domo 93, situation politique si pénible ; durissimo tempore anni Cæs. G. 7, 8, 2, dans la saison la [[plus]] [[dure]] ; [[annona]] fit durior Cic. Domo 15, les cours deviennent [[plus]] durs, les vivres enchérissent ; si [[quid]] erat [[durius]] Cæs. G. 1, 48, 6, si la situation était quelque peu [[difficile]], critique || pl. n. dura, choses difficiles, peines, fatigues, etc. : Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 141 ; Virg. En. 8, 522 ; Ov. M. 9, 544.||subst<sup>t</sup> n. durum, ī, le bois dur de la vigne : Col. Rust. 5, 6, etc.<br /><b>2</b> âpre [au goût, à l’oreille] : durum [[vocis]] [[genus]] Cic. Nat. 2, 146, voix rude ; [[durus]] [[sapor]] Bacchi Virg. G. 4, 102, âpre saveur du vin||durum [[verbum]] Cic. Br. 274, mot dur, choquant, désagréable à entendre<br /><b>3</b> grossier, sans art : [[poeta]] durissimus Cic. Att. 14, 20, 3, poète des [[plus]] rocailleux ; dura [[oratio]] Quint. 8, 6, 62, style dur ; [[durus]] ([[pictor]]) in coloribus Plin. 35, 40, (peintre) au coloris dur ; duriora fecit [[Callon]] Quint. 12, 10, 7, les ouvrages de [[Callon]] [statuaire] sont d’un style trop sec<br /><b>4</b> dur à la fatigue, à la peine, etc. : duri Spartiatæ Cic. Tusc. 1, 102, les durs [[Spartiates]], cf. Tusc. 2, 17||qui ne se plie pas ; ad hæc studia Cic. Arch. 20, rebelle, insensible à ce genre d’études<br /><b>5</b> dur, sévère, cruel, endurci, insensible : [[animus]] [[durus]] Cic. Arch. 17, cœur insensible ; [[virtus]] dura Cic. Læl. 48, vertu sauvage||impudent : os durum Cic. Quinct. 77, impudence<br /><b>6</b> dur, [[difficile]], pénible, rigoureux [en parl. des choses] : dura [[servitus]] Cic. Rep. 1, 68, rude esclavage, cf. de Or. 1, 256||durissima [[rei]] publicæ [[tempora]] Cic. Domo 93, situation politique si pénible ; durissimo tempore anni Cæs. G. 7, 8, 2, dans la saison la [[plus]] [[dure]] ; [[annona]] fit durior Cic. Domo 15, les cours deviennent [[plus]] durs, les vivres enchérissent ; si [[quid]] erat [[durius]] Cæs. G. 1, 48, 6, si la situation était quelque peu [[difficile]], critique||pl. n. dura, choses difficiles, peines, fatigues, etc. : Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 141 ; Virg. En. 8, 522 ; Ov. M. 9, 544. | |||
}} | |||
{{Georges | |||
|georg=dūrus, a, um (vgl. altind. dāruṇá-ḥ, [[hart]], [[rauh]], [[streng]]), Adi. m. Compar. u. Superl., [[hart]] (Ggstz. [[mollis]], [[weich]]), I) eig.: A) [[hart]] [[für]] das [[Gefühl]], a) adi.: [[corium]] attactu [[non]] asperum ac durum, [[Varro]]: [[ferrum]], Hor.: [[cautes]], Verg.: [[via]], Ov.: [[lapis]], Plin.: [[alvus]], harter [[Leib]], Cels.: [[ovum]], hartes, [[hart]] gesottenes, Cels.: [[gallina]], [[noch]] [[nicht]] [[weich]] gekochte, Cels.: [[aqua]], hartes (viele mineralische Teile enthaltendes), Cels.: [[muria]], [[mit]] [[Salz]] übersättigte, Col.: oculi, harte (Ggstz. umidi), Plin., od. starre, [[stier]] [[vor]] [[sich]] hinblickende Glotzaugen, Plaut. – durum (adverbiell) cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2. – b) subst., dūrum, ī, n., das verhärtete [[Holz]] der Weinrebe, Col. 3, 2, 6 u.a. – B) [[von]] [[Geschmack]] [[hart]], [[derb]], [[vinum]], [[Cato]] u. (Ggstz. [[suave]] [[vinum]]) Pallad.: [[sapor]] Bacchi, Verg.: [[acetum]], Ser. Samm. – C) [[für]] das [[Gehör]] [[hart]], [[derb]], [[schwerfällig]], in der [[Rhetor]]., [[vocis]] [[genus]] (Ggstz. flexibile [[vocis]] [[genus]], das Geschmeidige), Cic.: u. so [[vox]], Quint. ([[neben]] rigida [[vox]], der steifen). – dah. der [[Aussprache]] [[nach]], [[consonans]] ([[wie]] l, n, r), Quint.: syllabae, Quint. – u. der [[Bildung]], [[Zusammensetzung]] [[nach]], [[verbum]], Cic.: verba ([[beatitas]], [[beatitudo]]), Cic.: [[oratio]], [[compositio]], Cic. – D) [[für]] das [[Auge]] [[hart]], v. Werken der [[Kunst]], [[als]] t.t. der Bildhauerei u. [[Malerei]], [[hart]] = [[ungefällig]], [[steif]] in der Behandlung (Ggstz. [[mollis]], [[weich]]), Calamidis signa dura, [[sed]] [[tamen]] molliora [[quam]] Canachi, Cic.: duriora [[Callon]] [[atque]] [[Hegesias]], [[iam]] [[minus]] rigida [[Calamis]], molliora [[adhuc]] [[supra]] dictis [[Myron]] fecit, Quint. – u. prägn. v. [[Künstler]] [[selbst]], [[voll]] [[Härte]], [[steif]], [[pictor]] [[durus]] in coloribus, Plin. – E) [[für]] das [[innere]] [[Gefühl]] [[hart]], [[steif]], in der [[Poesie]] poëta durissimus, Cic.: u. so [[mit]] Infin., [[durus]] componere [[versus]], [[hart]] im [[Versbau]], Hor.<br />'''II)''' übtr.: 1) [[körperlich]] [[abgehärtet]], [[stark]], [[kräftig]], um große Anstrengungen zu [[ertragen]], ausdauernd (s. Thiel Verg. Aen. 3, 94. Obbarius Hor. ep. 1, 7, 91), [[von]] Menschen u. Tieren, Verg., Hor. u.a.: Scipiadae duri [[bello]], Verg.: [[durus]] [[aliquis]] et [[agrestis]], Plin. ep.: durum a stirpe [[genus]], Verg.: [[Atlas]] d., Verg.: durissimus [[bos]] (Ggstz. mollissimus), [[Varro]]: [[ilia]] messorum, Hor.: [[mit]] Genet., durior oris [[equus]], Ov. [[amor]]. 2, 9, 30. – 2) in [[Sprache]], Gebärden u. im [[Benehmen]], a) plumb, [[derb]], [[schroff]], [[roh]], [[ungebildet]], horridiores, asperiores, duriores et oratione et moribus, Cic.: et moribus et ipso dicendi genere durior, Cic.: ut vitā [[sic]] oratione [[durus]], [[incultus]], [[horridus]], Cic.: [[doctrina]] ([[Schule]], [[System]]) [[paulo]] asperior et durior, Cic. – dah. ne [[quid]] durum et rusticum sit, plumpes (linkisches) u. bäuerisches (tölpelhaftes) [[Wesen]], -[[Benehmen]], Cic.: duri [[tibi]] [[videor]] ingenii, [[ich]] erscheine dir [[sehr]] [[linkisch]] ([[ungeschickt]]), Sen. – vom epischen Dichter und der heroischen, epischen [[Poesie]], [[derb]], [[rauh]] (Ggstz. [[mollis]]), poëta, Prop.: [[cothurnus]], Ov.: [[versus]], Prop. (vgl. Burmann Prop. 2, 1, 41). – b) harthäutig, [[unverschämt]], [[dreist]], os, Ter. u. Ov.: populi [[frons]] durior huius, Iuven.: durae buccae fuit, Petron.: u. [[caput]] d., Petron. – 3) [[von]] der Unempfindlichkeit [[gegen]] seinere Genüsse, a) im guten Sinne, [[streng]] [[gegen]] [[sich]] u. seinen [[Körper]], [[hart]] gewöhnt, an [[Entsagung]] gewöhnt, [[auf]] Genüsse und [[Erholung]] verzichtend, dah. [[auch]] [[streng]] in [[dieser]] [[Hinsicht]] [[gegen]] [[andere]] (s. Obbarius Hor. ep. 1, 7, 91. Beier Cic. or. in Clod. et Cur. 4, 1), [[homo]] [[durus]] ac [[priscus]], Cic.: [[triste]] [[supercilium]] durique severa Catonis [[frons]], Mart.: [[durus]] [[nimis]] attentusque [[esse]] videris [[mihi]], Hor.: [[aula]] [[omnis]] Spartanis gymnasiis durior, Pacat. pan. 13, 4. – b) im üblen Sinne, [[unempfänglich]] = [[ohne]] [[Sinn]] od. [[Geschmack]] [[für]] [[etwas]], C. [[Marius]], [[qui]] durior ad [[haec]] studia videbatur, [[für]] diese St. keine rechte [[Empfänglichkeit]] zu [[haben]] schien, Cic. Arch. 19. – 4) [[von]] der [[Stumpfheit]] [[für]] tiefere u. zartere Gefühle und Gemütsregungen, [[hart]], [[rauh]], [[unempfindlich]], [[gefühllos]], [[unfreundlich]], [[hartherzig]], [[streng]], [[unbeugsam]] [[von]] [[Charakter]] (Ggstz. [[mollis]], [[placabilis]]), [[satis]] [[pater]] [[durus]] fui, Ter.: [[Varius]] est [[habitus]] [[iudex]] durior, Cic.: [[animo]] agresti et [[duro]] [[esse]], Cic.: durum agrestemque se praebere, Cic.: duriorem se praebere alcis miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. in Cic. ep.: [[genus]], Verg.: [[ingenium]], Hor.: mentes, Val. Flacc.: [[vultus]], supercilia, Ov. (s. Ruhnken Ov. her. 16, 12): [[durius]] ferro [[pectus]], Ov. – dah. durum est, es ist [[hart]], [[unfreundlich]], [[mit]] folg. Infin., admittere, Ov.: negare, Plin. ep. – Compar. neutr. pl. subst., duriora, rauhere Empfindungen (Ggstz. mitiora), Cic. orat. § 131. – 5) vom harten, drückenden Zustande [[einer]] [[Sache]], u. [[zwar]]: a) v. der [[Jahreszeit]] u.v. [[Wetter]], [[rauh]], [[unfreundlich]], [[streng]], [[durius]] [[tempus]], durissimum anni [[tempus]], Caes.: tempestates, Caes. – b) v. [[Boden]], [[rauh]] und [[streng]] zu [[bearbeiten]], [[haec]] [[omnis]] dura cultu et aspera [[plaga]] est, Liv.: u. so glebae, Verg. – c) v. [[Arbeiten]] usw., [[hart]], [[drückend]], [[lästig]], [[beschwerlich]], mühsam, [[labor]], Lucr. u. Verg.: [[subvectio]], Caes.: [[provincia]], Ter.: munera belli, [[venatus]], Ov.: ferri in duras vias, Ov.: u. so [[iter]], Lucan. (vgl. Burmann Lucan. 9, 39). – d) [[von]] Zuständen usw. [[aller]] [[Art]], [[hart]], [[drückend]], [[schwer]], [[peinlich]], [[mißlich]], [[ungünstig]], [[gefährlich]], [[servitus]], Plaut. u. Cic.: [[vita]], Ter.: [[pauperies]], Hor.: [[res]] (Plur.), hartes [[Geschick]], [[Unglück]], Ov.: [[valetudo]], Hor.: [[morbus]], Plaut.: [[frigus]], Plaut. u. Lucr.: [[condicio]] durior, Cic.: fortunā duriore conflictari, Cic.: ne [[Dolabella]] possit [[durius]] [[vobis]] efficere [[negotium]], [[erschweren]], Cic. – v. Zeitumständen, [[tempora]], harte, schwere u. bedrängte Zeiten, Cic. u.a.: [[initium]] adulescentiae, Nep. – v. Seelenzuständen, curae, dolores, Verg. – v. Gesetzen, [[hart]], [[drückend]], [[lex]], Plaut. – v. Ausdrücken, [[hart]], das [[Gefühl]] beleidigend, [[nomen]] durum (Ggstz. [[nomen]] molle), Cic.: [[fortasse]] posset durum videri dicere ›quaere [[quod]] agas‹, molle et humanum est, ›habes [[quod]] agas‹, Plin. ep. – dah. durum est, durum id est u. vgl., es ist od. das ist [[hart]], Ter., Quint. u.a. – durum est m. folg. Infin., contendere cum victore, dem [[Sieger]] [[sich]] zu [[widersetzen]], ist [[ein]] gefährliches (mißliches) [[Stück]] [[Arbeit]], Hor. [[sat]]. 1, 9, 42. – si [[quid]] erat [[durius]], [[wenn]] es [[hart]] herging = [[wenn]] [[sie]] ins [[Gedränge]] (in [[Gefahr]]) kamen, Caes.: si [[nihil]] sit [[durius]], [[wenn]] es [[weiter]] keine Schwierigkeiten gäbe, Caes. – subst., dūra, ōrum, n., α) harte Behandlung, [[multa]] dura timere, Prop. – β) harte-, bedrängte [[Lage]], herbe [[Pein]], [[Mühsal]], [[Elend]] und [[Not]] u. dgl., Hor. u.a. Dichter. | |||
}} | |||
{{LaZh | |||
|lnztxt=durus, a, um. ''adj''. ''c''. ''s''. :: 硬。粗。兇。壯。 㤓。— homo 粗魯人。— sapor 酸澀之味。— ad studia 㤓于讀書。Poeta durus 無巧之詩人。Duros componere versus 作詩無趣。Dura alvus 大便結燥。Dura servitus 難當之奴。 Dura annona 糧歉。 | |||
}} | }} | ||