ἄν: Difference between revisions

{{LSJ1

|Definition=(A), [ᾰ], Ep., Lyr., Ion., Arc., Att.; also κεν) Ep., Aeol., Thess., κᾱ Dor., Boeot., El.; the two combined in Ep. (infr. D. 11.2) and Arc.,<br><span class="bld">A</span> εἰκ ἄν ''IG''5(2).6.2, 15 (iv B. C.):—modal Particle used with Verbs to indicate that the action is limited by circumstances or defined by conditions. In Hom. κε is four times as common as [[ἄν]], in Lyr. about equally common. No clear distinction can be traced, but κε as an enclitic is somewhat less emphatic; [[ἄν]] is preferred by Hom. in negative clauses, κε (ν) with the relative.<br><span class="bld">A</span> In Simple Sentences, and in the Apodosis of Compound Sentences; here [[ἄν]] belongs to the Verb, and denotes that the assertion made by the Verb is dependent on a condition, expressed or implied: thus [[ἦλθεν]] [[he came]], <b class="b3">ἦλθεν ἄν</b> [[he would have come]] (under conditions, which may or may not be defined), and so he might have come; [[ἔλθοι]] [[may he come]], <b class="b3">ἔλθοι ἄν</b> [[he would come]] (under certain conditions), and so [[he might come]].<br><span class="bld">I</span> WITH INDICATIVE:<br><span class="bld">1</span> with historical tenses, generally impf. and aor., less freq. plpf., never pf., v. infr.,<br><span class="bld">a</span> most freq. in apodosis of conditional sentences, with protasis implying nonfulfilment of a past or present condition, and apod. expressing what [[would be]] or [[would have been]] the case if the condition [[were]] or [[had been]] fulfilled. The impf. with [[ἄν]] refers to continued action, in Hom. always in past time, exc. perhaps καί κε θάμ' ἐνθάδ' ἐόντες ἐμισγόμεθ' Od.4. 178; later also in pres. time, first in Thgn.905; <b class="b3">πολὺ ἂν θαυμαστότερον ἦν, εἰ ἐτιμῶντο</b> it [[would be]] far more strange if they were honoured, Pl.''R.''489a; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν</b> he [[would]] not [[have]] been master of islands if he had not had also some naval power, Th.1.9. The aor. strictly refers only to past time, Pi.''N.''11.24, etc.; <b class="b3">εἰ τότε ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, οὐδὲν ἂν ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν ἔπραξεν</b> if he had then come to this opinion, he [[would have]] accomplished nothing of what he has now done, D.4.5, al., but is used idiomatically with Verbs of saying, answering, etc., as we say [[I should have]] said, εἰ μὴ πατὴρ ἦσθ', εἶπον ἄν σ' οὐκ εὖ φρονεῖν [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Antigone|Ant.]]''755, cf. Pl.''Smp.''199d, ''Euthphr.''12d, etc.: the plpf. refers to completed actions, as <b class="b3">ὃ εἰ ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη παρὰ σοῦ τὴν ὁσιότητα ἐμεμαθήκη</b> I [[should have]] already learnt... ib.14c; εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀπέθανεν, δικαίως ἂν ἐτεθνήκει Antipho 4.2.3.<br><span class="bld">b</span> the protasis is freq. understood: <b class="b3">ὑπό κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν</b> fear [[would have]] seized even the stout-hearted (had he heard the sound), Il.4.421; <b class="b3">τὸ γὰρ ἔρυμα τῷ στρατοπέδῳ οὐκ ἂν ἐτειχίσαντο</b> they [[would]] not [[have]] built the wall (if they had not won a battle), Th.1.11; <b class="b3">πολλοῦ γὰρ ἂν ἦν ἄξια</b> for (if that were so) they [[would be]] worth much, Pl.''R.''374d; <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὅ τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε</b> for there was nothing which you [[could have]] done, i. e. [[would have]] done (if you had tried), D.18.43.<br><span class="bld">c</span> with no definite protasis understood, to express what [[would have been likely to happen]], or [[might have happened]] in past time: <b class="b3">ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν Ὀρέστης κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος</b> for either you will find him alive, or else Orestes [[may]] already [[have]] killed him before you, Od.4.546; <b class="b3">ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι</b> every man who saw this (the 'Seven against Thebes') [[would have]] longed to be a warrior, Ar. ''Ra.''1022; esp. with [[τάχα]], [[quod vide|q.v.]], <b class="b3">ἀλλ' ἦλθε μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοὔνειδος τάχ' ἂν ὀργῇ βιασθὲν μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ φρενῶν</b>, i. e. it [[might]] perhaps [[have]] come, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''523; <b class="b3">τάχα ἂν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως πως ἐσπλεύσαντες</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[διέβησαν]]) and they [[might]] also perhaps [[have]] crossed by sea (to Sicily) in some other way, Th.6.2, cf. [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''265b.<br><span class="bld">d</span> [[ἄν]] is freq. omitted in apodosi with Verbs expressing obligation, propriety, or possibility, as <b class="b3">ἔδει, ἐχρῆν, εἰκὸς ἦν</b>, etc., and sometimes for rhetorical effect, <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ . . ᾖσμεν, φόβον παρέσχεν</b> it [[had]] caused (for it [[would have]] caused) fear, [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Hecuba|Hec.]]''1113. This use becomes more common in later Gk.<br><span class="bld">2</span> with fut. ind.:<br><span class="bld">a</span> frequently in Ep., usually with κεν, rarely [[ἄν]], Il.9.167, 22.66, indicating a limitation or condition, <b class="b3">ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι</b> and he [[will likely be]] angry to whom-[[soever]] I shall come, ib.1.139; <b class="b3">καί κέ τις ὧδ' ἐρέει</b> and in that case men will say, 4.176; ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι καταλέξω Od.3.80; so in Lyr., μαθὼν δέ τις ἂν ἐρεῖ Pi.''N.''7.68, cf. ''I.''6(5).59.<br><span class="bld">b</span> rarely in codd. of Att. Prose writers, σαφὲς ἂν καταστήσετε Th.1.140; οὐχ ἥκει, οὐδ' ἂν ἥξει δεῦρο Pl.''R.''615d, cf. ''Ap.''29c, X.''An.''2.5.13; dub. in Hp.''Mul.''2.174: in later Prose, Philostr.V A2.21, S E.''M.''9.225: also in Poetry, E.''El.''484, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Birds|Av.]]''1313; οὐκ ἂν προδώσω Herod.6.36 (corr. <b class="b3">-δοίην</b>):— for [[ἄν]] with fut. inf. and part. v. infr.<br><span class="bld">II</span> WITH SUBJUNCTIVE, only in Ep., the meaning being the same as with the fut. ind. (1.2a), freq. with 1st pers., as <b class="b3">εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι</b> in that case [[I will]] take her myself, Il.1.324; <b class="b3">πείθευ, ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι εἰδέω χάριν</b> obey and [[if so]] I will be grateful, 14.235 (the subj. is always introduced by [[δέ]] in this usage); also with other persons, giving emphasis to the future, οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις 3.54, al.<br><span class="bld">III</span> WITH OPTATIVE (never fut., rarely pf. <b class="b3">πῶς ἂν λελήθοι [με</b>]; X.''Smp.''3.6):<br><span class="bld">a</span> in apodosis of conditional sentences, after protasis in opt. with [[εἰ]] or some other conditional or relative word, expressing a fut. condition: ἀλλ' εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη Il.7.28; οὐ πολλὴ ἂν ἀλογία εἴη, εἰ φοβοῖτο τὸν θάνατον; [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''68b:—in Hom. pres. and aor. opt. with κε or [[ἄν]] are sometimes used like impf. and aor. ind. with [[ἄν]] in Attic, with either regular ind. or another opt. in the protasis: <b class="b3">καί νύ κεν ἔνθ' ἀπόλοιτο . . εἰ μὴ . . νόησε κτλ</b>., i. e. he [[would have]] perished, had she not perceived, etc., Il.5.311, cf. 5.388, 17.70; <b class="b3">εἰ νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ' ἂν ἐγὼ . . κλισίηνδε φεροίμην</b> if we were now contending in another's honour, I [[should]] now carry... ib.23.274: so rarely in Trag., <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἂν σὺ φαίης, εἴ σε μὴ κνίζοι λέχος</b> (for <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ἔκνιζε</b>) E.''Med.''568.<br><span class="bld">b</span> with protasis in pres. or fut., the opt. with [[ἄν]] in apodosi takes a simply future sense: <b class="b3">φρούριον δ' εἰ ποιήσονται, τῆς μὲν γῆς βλάπτοιεν ἄν τι μέρος</b> they [[might perhaps]] damage, Th.1.142, cf. 2.60, Pl.''Ap.''25b, ''R.''333e; ἢν οὖν μάθῃς . . οὐκ ἂν ἀποδοίην Ar.''Nu.''116, cf. D.1.26, al.<br><span class="bld">c</span> with protasis understood: φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γάρ κεν ἀλύξαιμεν κακὸν ἦμαρ Od.10.269; <b class="b3">οὔτε ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν· διαρραγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν</b> for (if they should do so) they [[would]] burst, X. ''Cyr.''8.2.21; <b class="b3">τὸν δ' οὔ κε δύ' ἀνέρε . . ἀπ' οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν</b> two men [[could]] not heave the stone from the ground, i. e. [[would]] not, if they should try, Il.12.447; οὐδ' ἂν δικαίως ἐς κακὸν πέσοιμί τι [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Antigone|Ant.]]''240, cf. D.2.8: in Hom. sometimes with ref. to past time, Τυδεΐδην οὐκ ἂν γνοίης ποτέροισι μετείη Il.5.85.<br><span class="bld">d</span> with no definite protasis implied, in potential sense: <b class="b3">ἡδέως δ' ἂν ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην</b> but I [[would]] gladly ask Leptines, D.20.129; <b class="b3">βουλοίμην ἄν</b> I [[should]] like, Lat. [[velim]] (but <b class="b3">ἐβουλόμην ἄν</b> I [[should]] wish, if it were of any avail, [[vellem]]); <b class="b3">ποῖ οὖν τραποίμεθ' ἄν;</b> which way then [[can]] we turn? Pl.''Euthd.''290a; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν μεθείμην τοῦ θρόνου</b> I [[will]] not give up the throne, Ar.''Ra.''830; idiomatically, referring to the past, <b class="b3">αὗται δὲ οὐκ ἂν πολλαὶ εἶεν</b> but these [[would]] not (on investigation) prove to be many, Th.1.9; <b class="b3">εἴησαν δ' ἂν οὗτοι Κρῆτες</b> these [[would]] be (i. e. [[would have]] been) Cretans, Hdt.1.2: used in order to soften assertions by giving them a less positive form, as <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν οὖν πάνυ γέ τι σπουδαῖον εἴη ἡ δικαιοσύνη</b>, i.e. it [[would]] not [[prove to be]], etc. (for, it [[is]] not, etc.), Pl.''R.'' 333e.<br><span class="bld">e</span> in questions, expressing a wish: τίς ἂν θεῶν . . δοίη; [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Coloneus|OC]]'' 1100, cf.A.''Ag.''1448; πῶς ἂν θάνοιμι; S.''Aj.''389: hence (with no question) as a mild command, exhortation, or entreaty, τλαίης κεν Μενελάῳ ἐπιπροέμεν ταχὺν ἰόν Il.4.94; <b class="b3">σὺ μὲν κομίζοις ἂν σεαυτὸν ᾗ θέλεις</b> you [[may]] take yourself off (milder than <b class="b3">κόμιζε σεαυτόν</b>), [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Antigone|Ant.]]''444; <b class="b3">χωροῖς ἂν εἴσω</b> you [[may]] go in, ''El.''1491; <b class="b3">κλύοις ἂν ἤδη, Φοῖβε</b> hear me now, Phoebus, ib.637; <b class="b3">φράζοις ἄν, λέγοις ἄν</b>, Pl.''Phlb.''23c, 48b.<br><span class="bld">f</span> in a protasis which is also an apodosis: <b class="b3">εἴπερ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἀνθρώπων πειθοίμην ἄν, καὶ σοὶ πείθομαι</b> if I [[would]] trust any (other) man (if he gave me his word), I trust you, Id.''Prt.''329b; <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ποιήσαιτ' ἂν τοῦτο</b> if you [[would]] not do this (if you could), D.4.18, cf. X.''Mem.''1.5.3, Plot.6.4.16.<br><span class="bld">g</span> rarely omitted with opt. in apodosis: ῥεῖα θεός γ' ἐθέλων καὶ τηλόθεν ἄνδρα σαώσαι Od.3.231, cf. 14.123, Il.5.303; also in Trag., θᾶσσον ἢ λέγοι τις E.''Hipp.''1186; τεὰν δύνασιν τίς . . κατάσχοι; [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Antigone|Ant.]]''605.<br><span class="bld">h</span> [[ἄν]] c. fut. opt. is prob. always corrupt (cf. 1.2b), as <b class="b3">τὸν αὐτὸν ἂν ἐπαινέσοι</b> ([[ἐπαινέσαι]] Bekk.) [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Leges|Lg.]]''719e; <b class="b3">εἰδὼς ὅτι οὐδέν' ἂν καταλήψοιτο</b> ([[οὐδένα]] Bekk.) Lys.1.22.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> WITH INF. and PART. (sts. ADJ. equivalent to part., τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι Pl.''R.''577b) representing ind. or opt.:<br><span class="bld">1</span> pres. inf. or part.:<br><span class="bld">a</span> representing impf. ind., <b class="b3">οἴεσθε τὸν πατέρα . . οὐκ ἂν φυλάττειν;</b> do you think he [[would]] not [[have]] kept them safe? (οὐκ ἂν ἐφύλαττεν), D.49.35; <b class="b3">ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων [ὑμῶν] ἐπιβοηθεῖν</b> when you [[would have]] been unable, Th.1.73, cf. 4.40.<br><span class="bld">b</span> representing pres. opt., <b class="b3">πόλλ' ἂν ἔχων</b> (representing <b class="b3">ἔχοιμ' ἄν</b>) ἕτερ' εἰπεῖν παραλείπω D. 18.258, cf. X.''An.''2.3.18: with Art., τὸ ἐθέλειν ἂν ἰέναι ἄκλητος ἐπὶ δεῖπνον Pl.''Smp.''174b.<br><span class="bld">2</span> aor. inf. or part.:<br><span class="bld">a</span> representing aor. ind., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ' αὐτὸν κἂν ἐπιδραμεῖν;</b> do you not think he [[would]] even [[have]] run thither? (καὶ ἐπέδραμεν ἄν), D.27.56; <b class="b3">ἴσμεν ὑμᾶς ἀναγκασθέντας ἄν</b> we know you [[would have]] been compelled, Th.1.76, cf. 3.89; <b class="b3">ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἀφεθείς</b> when he [[might]] easily [[have]] been acquitted, X.''Mem.''4.4.4.<br><span class="bld">b</span> representing aor. opt., <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι</b> I think they [[would]] not even be masters of the land (οὐδ' ἂν κρατήσειαν), Th.6.37, cf. 2.20; <b class="b3">ὁρῶν ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτὸ ληφθέν</b> (ληφθείη ἄν) Id.7.42; <b class="b3">οὔτε ὄντα οὔτε ἂν γενόμενα</b>, i.e. things which are not and never [[could]] happen (ἃ οὔτε ἂν γένοιτο), Id.6.38.<br><span class="bld">3</span> pf. inf. or part. representing:<br><span class="bld">a</span> plpf. ind., <b class="b3">πάντα ταῦθ' ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι</b> (φήσειεν ἄν) he [[would]] say that all these [[would have]] been destroyed by the barbarians (ἑαλώκη ἄν), D.19.312.<br><span class="bld">b</span> pf. opt., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν ἡγοῦμαι αὐτοὺς δίκην ἀξίαν δεδωκέναι, εἰ . . καταψηφίσαισθε</b> I do not believe they [[would]] (then) have suffered (δεδωκότες ἂν εἶεν) punishment enough, etc., Lys.27.9.<br><span class="bld">4</span> fut. inf.or part., never in Ep., and prob. always corrupt in Att., <b class="b3">νομίζων μέγιστον ἂν σφᾶς ὠφελήσειν</b> (leg. <b class="b3">-ῆσαι</b>) Th.5.82, cf. 6.66, 8.25,71; part. is still more exceptional, ὡς ἐμοῦ οὐκ ἂν ποιήσοντος ἄλλα Pl.''Ap.''30c (codd.), cf. D.19.342 ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]); both are found in later Gk., νομίσαντες ἂν οἰκήσειν οὕτως ἄριστα Plb.8.30.8, cf. Plu.''Marc.''15, Arr.''An.''2.2.3; with part., Epicur. ''Nat.''14.1, Luc.''Asin.''26, Lib.''Or.''62.21, dub. l. in Arr.''An.''6.6.5.<br><span class="bld">B</span> IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES.<br><span class="bld">I</span> In the protasis of conditional sentences with [[εἰ]], regularly with the subjunctive. In Attic <b class="b3">εἰ ἄν</b> is contracted into [[ἐάν]], [[ἤν]], or [[ἄν]] (ᾱ) ([[quod vide|q.v.]]): Hom. has generally <b class="b3">εἴ κε</b> (or <b class="b3">αἴ κε</b>), sometimes [[ἤν]], once εἰ δ' ἄν Il.3.288, twice εἴπερ ἄν 5.224, 232. The protasis expresses either future condition (with apod. of fut. time) or general condition (with apod. of repeated action): <b class="b3">εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἔρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ' ὅς</b> . . if thus thou shalt do... ib.2.364; <b class="b3">ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν</b> if death (ever) come near... [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Alcestis|Alc.]]''671.<br><span class="bld">2</span> in relative or temporal clauses with a conditional force; here [[ἄν]] coalesces with <b class="b3">ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή</b>, cf. [[ὅταν]], [[ὁπόταν]], [[ἐπήν]] or [[ἐπάν]] (Ion. [[ἐπεάν]]) <b class="b3">, ἐπειδάν</b>: Hom. has <b class="b3">ὅτε κε</b> (sts. <b class="b3">ὅτ' ἄν</b>) <b class="b3">, ὁππότε κε</b> (sts. <b class="b3">ὁπότ' ἄν</b> or <b class="b3">ὁππότ' ἄν</b>) <b class="b3">, ἐπεί κε</b> (ἐπεὶ ἄν Il.6.412), <b class="b3">ἐπήν, εὖτ' ἄν;</b> v. also [[εἰσόκε]] (εἰς ὅ κε):<b class="b3">—τάων ἥν κ' ἐθέλωμι φίλην ποιήσομ' ἄκοιτιν</b> whomsoever of these I [[may]] wish... Il.9.397; <b class="b3">ὅταν δὴ μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι</b> when I shall have no strength... [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Antigone|Ant.]]''91; <b class="b3">ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος . . ὅς χ' ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ</b> who[[ever]] conceals one thing in his mind and speaks another, Il.9.312, cf. D.4.6, Th.1.21. —Hom. uses subj. in both the above constructions (''1'' and 2) without <b class="b3">ἄν;</b> also Trag. and Com., S.''Aj.''496, Ar.''Eq.''805; [[μέχρι]] and [[πρίν]] occasionally take subj. without [[ἄν]] in prose, e.g. Th.1.137,4.16 (μέχρι οὗ), [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''62c, Aeschin.3.60.<br><span class="bld">3</span> in final clauses introduced by relative Advbs., as [[ὡς]], [[ὅπως]] (of Manner), [[ἵνα]] (of [[place]]), [[ὄφρα]], [[ἕως]], etc. (of [[time]]), freq. in Ep., σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι Il.1.32; ὄφρα κεν εὕδῃ Od.3.359; ὅπως ἂν εἰδῇ . . φράσω [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''824; ὅπως ἂν φαίνηται κάλλιστος Pl.''Smp.''198e; μηχανητέον ὅπως ἂν διαφύγῃ ''Grg.'' 481a (where [[ὅπως]] with fut. ind. is the regular constr.); also after [[ὡς]] in Hdt., Trag., X.''An.''2.5.16, al., once in Th.6.91 (but fut. ind. is regular in Att.); [[ἵνα]] final does not take [[ἄν]] or κε exc. ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν ἤ κεν . . φύγοιμεν Od.12.156 ([[ἵνα]] = [[where]] in [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Coloneus|OC]]''405). [[μή]], = [[lest]], takes [[ἄν]] only with opt. in apodosis, as S.''Tr.''631, Th.2.93.<br><span class="bld">II</span> in Ep. sometimes with OPTATIVE as with subj. (always κε (ν), exc. εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν Il.2.597), εἴ κεν Ἄρης οἴχοιτο Od.8.353; <b class="b3">ὥς κε . . δοίη ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι</b> that he [[might]] give her to whomsoever he [[might]] please, ib.2.54: so in Hdt. in final clauses, 1.75,99:—in Od.23.135 <b class="b3">ὥς κέν τις φαίη, κέν</b> belongs to Verb in apod., as in ὡς δ' ἂν ἥδιστα ταῦτα φαίνοιτο X.''Cyr.''7.5.81.<br><span class="bld">2</span> rarely in [[oratio obliqua]], where a relat. or temp. word retains an [[ἄν]] which it would have with subj. in direct form, S.''Tr.''687, X.''Mem.''1.2.6, Isoc.17.15; ἐπειδὰν δοκιμασθείην D.30.6:—similarly after a preceding opt., οὐκ ἀποκρίναιο ἕως ἂν . . σκέψαιο [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''101d.<br><span class="bld">III</span> rarely with [[εἰ]] and INDICATIVE in protasis, only in Ep.:<br><span class="bld">1</span> with fut. ind. as with subj.: αἴ κεν Ἰλίου πεφιδήσεται Il.15.213:—so with relat., οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι 1.175.<br><span class="bld">2</span> with [[εἰ]] and a past tense of ind., once in Hom., εἰ δέ κ' ἔτι προτέρω γένετο δρόμος Il.23.526; so <b class="b3">Ζεὺς γάρ κ' ἔθηκε νῆσον εἴ κ' ἐβούλετο</b> Orac. ap. Hdt.1.174, cf. Ar.''Lys.'' 1099 (cod. R), A.R.1.197.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> in later Greek, [[ἄν]] with relative words is used with INDICATIVE in all tenses, as ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο ''Ev.Marc.''6.56; ὅσ' ἂν πάσχετε ''PFay.''136 (iv A. D.); ἔνθ' ἂν πέφυκεν ἡ ὁλότης εἶναι Phlp. ''in Ph.''436.19; cf. [[ἐάν]], [[ὅταν]].<br><span class="bld">C</span> with impf. and more rarely aor. ind. in ITERATIVE construction, to express elliptically a condilion fulfilled whenever an opportumty offered; freq. in Hdt. (not in Pi. or A.), <b class="b3">κλαίεσκε ἂν καὶ ὀδυρέσκετο</b> she [[would]] (i. e. [[used to]]) weep and lament, 3.119; εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν S.''Ph.''295; <b class="b3">εἴ τινες ἴδοιεν... ἀνεθάρσησαν ἄν</b> whenever they saw it, on each occasion, Th.7.71; διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν Pl.''Ap.''22b: inf. representing impf. of this constr., <b class="b3">ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους τότε ἐμβαλόντας ἂν . . ἀναχωρεῖν</b>, i. e. I hear they [[used to]] retire (ἀνεχώρουν ἄν), D.9.48.<br><span class="bld">D</span> GENERAL REMARKS:<br><span class="bld">I</span> POSITION OF [[ἄν]].<br><span class="bld">1</span> in A, when [[ἄν]] does not coalesce with the relat. word (as in [[ἐάν]], [[ὅταν]]), it follows directly or is separated only by other particles, as [[μέν]], [[δέ]], [[τε]], [[γάρ]], [[καί]], [[νυ]], [[περ]], etc.; as εἰ μέν κεν . . εἰ δέ κε Il.3.281-4; rarely by τις, as ὅποι τις ἄν, οἶμαι, προσθῇ D.2.14:—in Hom. and Hes. two such Particles may precede κε, as εἴ περ γάρ κεν Od.8.355, cf. Il.2.123; <b class="b3">εἰ γάρ τίς κε, ὃς μὲν γάρ κε</b>, Hes.''Op.''280,357; rarely in Prose, ὅποι μὲν γὰρ ἄν D.4.45; ὁπότερος οὖν ἄν Ar.''Ra.''1420: also ὁπόσῳ πλέον ἄν [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Leges|Lg.]]''647e, cf. 850a; ὅπου τὸ πάλαι λεγόμενον ἂν γίγνηται 739c.<br><span class="bld">2</span> in apodosis, [[ἄν]] may stand either next to its Verb (before or after it), or after some other emphatic word, esp. an interrog., a negative (e. g. <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἂν εἷς, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι</b>, etc.), or an important Adjective or Adverb; also after a participle which represents the protasis, <b class="b3">λέγοντος ἄν τινος πιστεῦσαι οἴεσθε;</b> do you think they [[would have]] believed it if any one had told them? (εἴ τις ἔλεγεν, ἐπίστευσαν ἄν), D.6.20.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[ἄν]] is freq. separated from its inf. by such Verbs as <b class="b3">οἴομαι, δοκέω, φημί, οἶδα</b>, etc., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν οἴει</b> . .; freq. in Pl., ''Grg.''486d, al.; <b class="b3">καὶ νῦν ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι</b> I think that I [[should]], X.''Cyr.''8.7.25; οὕτω γὰρ ἄν μοι δοκεῖ ἥ τε πόλις ἄριστα διοικεῖσθαι Aeschin.3.2; <b class="b3">ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ' ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι</b> (where [[ἄν]] belongs to [[ῥηθῆναι]]) D. 18.225:—in the phrase <b class="b3">οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ</b>, or <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ, ἄν</b> belongs not to [[οἶδα]], but to the Verb which follows, <b class="b3">οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι</b>, for <b class="b3">οὐκ οἶδα εἰ πείσαιμι ἄν</b>, E.''Med.''941, cf. ''Alc.''48; οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ δυναίμην Pl. ''Ti.''26b; οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ ἐκτησάμην X.''Cyr.''5.4.12.<br><span class="bld">4</span> [[ἄν]] never begins a sentence, or even a clause after a comma, but may stand first after a parenthetic clause, ἀλλ', ὦ μέλ', ἄν μοι σιτίων διπλῶν ἔδει Ar.''Pax'' †37.<br><span class="bld">II</span> REPETITION OF [[ἄν]]:—in apodosis [[ἄν]] may be used twice or even three times with the same Verb, either to make the condition felt throughout a long sentence, or to emphasize certain words, ὥστ' ἄν, εἰ σθένος λάβοιμι, δηλώσαιμ' ἄν S.''El.''333, cf. ''Ant.''69, A.''Ag.'' 340, Th.1.76 (fin.), 2.41, Pl.''Ap.''31a, Lys.20.15; ἀφανεῖς ἂν ὄντες οὐκ ἂν ὑμνήθημεν ἄν E.''Tr.''1244, cf. [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Fragments|Fr.]]''739; attached to a parenthetical phrase, <b class="b3">ἔδρασ' ἄν, εὖ τοῦτ' ἴσθ' ἄν, εἰ</b> . . Id.''OT''1438.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[ἄν]] is coupled with κε (ν) a few times in Hom., as Il.11.187,202, Od.5.361, al.; cf. <b class="b3">ἤν περ γάρ κ' ἐθέλωσιν</b> [[varia lectio|v.l.]] ib.18.318.<br><span class="bld">III</span> ELLIPSIS OF VERB:—sts. the Verb to which [[ἄν]] belongs must be supplied, in Hom. only [[εἰμί]], as <b class="b3">τάτ' ἔλδεται ὅς κ' ἐπιδευής</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[ᾖ]]) Il.5.481; <b class="b3">ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν πρὸ τοῦ</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[ἔρρεγκον]]) Ar.''Nu.''5; <b class="b3">τί δ' ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[πρᾶξαι]]), εἰ τάδ' ἤνυσεν; A.''Ag.''935:—so in phrases like [[πῶς γὰρ ἄν]]; and <b class="b3">πῶς οὐκ ἄν</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[εἴη]]); also in <b class="b3">ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ</b> (or [[ὡσπερανεί]]), as <b class="b3">φοβούμενος ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ παῖς</b> (i. e. <b class="b3">ὥσπερ ἂν ἐφοβήθη εἰ παῖς ἦν</b>) Pl.''Grg.''479a; so <b class="b3">τοσοῦτον ἐφρόνησαν, ὅσον περ ἂν</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[ἐφρόνησαν]]) εἰ . . Isoc.10.48:—so also when <b class="b3">κἂν εἰ</b>( = [[καὶ ἂν εἰ]]) has either no Verb in the apod. or one to which [[ἄν]] cannot belong, Pl.''R.''477a, ''Men.''72c; cf. [[κἄν]]:—so the Verb of a protasis containing [[ἄν]] may be understood, <b class="b3">ὅποι τις ἂν προσθῇ, κἂν μικρὰν δύναμιν</b> (i. e. <b class="b3">καὶ ἐὰν προσθῇ</b>) D.2.14; <b class="b3">ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[ἴητε]]) X.''An.''1.3.6.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> ELLIPSIS OF [[ἄν]]:—when an apodosis consists of several co-ordinate clauses, [[ἄν]] is generally used only in the first and understood in the others: πείθοι' ἂν εἰ πείθοι'· ἀπειθοίης δ' ἴσως A.''Ag.''1049: even when the construction is continued in a new sentence, Pl.''R.''352e, cf. 439b codd.: but [[ἄν]] is repeated for the sake of clearness or emphasis, ib. 398a, cf. D.19.156 (where an opt. is implied with the third [[ὡς]]): rarely expressed with the second of two co-ordinate Verbs and understood with the first, <b class="b3">τοῦτον ἂν . . θαρσοίην ἐγὼ καλῶς μὲν ἄρχειν, εὖ δ' ἂν ἄρχεσθαι θέλειν</b> (i. e. <b class="b3">καλῶς μὲν ἂν ἄρχοι, εὖ δ' ἂν θέλοι ἄρχεσθαι</b>) [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Antigone|Ant.]]''669.<br><br>(B), [ᾱ], Att., = [[ἐάν]], [[ἤν]], Th.4.46 codd., al.; freq. in Pl., ἂν σωφρονῇ ''Phd.''61b; <b class="b3">ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ</b> ib.80d, cf. D.4.50; ἄν τ' . . ἄν τε Arist. ''Ath.''48.4: not common in earlier Att. Inscrr., ''IG''1.2a5, 2.179b49, al.: but freq. later, ''SIG''1044.27 (iv/iii B. C.), ''PPetr.''2p.47 (iii B. C.), ''PPar.''32.19 (ii B. C.), ''PTeb.''110.8 (i B. C.), ''Ev.Jo.''20.23, etc.<br><br>(C) or ἀν, Epic form of [[ἀνά]], [[quod vide|q.v.]]<br><br>(D), shortened from [[ἄνα]], v. sub [[ἀνά]] G.

|auten=(3): by apocope [[for]] [[ἀνά]], [[before]] ν (Il. 10.298), [[before]] τ (Il. 5.167), [[before]] [[στόμα]] (Od. 5.456); and in ἂν δέ (''[[sc.]]'' [[ὤρνυτο]]), Il. 3.268, Il. 23.709,, Od. 8.110, 115, 118.<br />1): modal adv., indicating a [[condition]]; [[essentially]] equivalent to [[κέν]], and of [[less]] [[frequent]] [[occurrence]]. The [[use]] of ἄν is [[less]] [[exactly]] defined in [[Homer]] [[than]] in Attic Greek; [[besides]] the [[regular]] usages in Attic (viz. in conclusions expressed by the [[secondary]] tenses of the ind., and by the opt., or by the inf. representing these, and joined to εἰ or [[relative]] words, [[ἐάν]], [[ὅταν]], etc., in conditional clauses [[that]] [[take]] the subjunctive), [[Homer]] employs ἄν [[with]] the subj. in [[independent]] sentences, and κέ ([[rarely]] ἄν) [[with]] the fut. indicative. In [[final]] clauses the [[use]] of ἄν or κέ prevails, and is [[not]] [[uncommon]] [[even]] [[with]] the opt. in conditions. On the [[other]] [[hand]] the potential opt. occurs [[without]] ἄν (κέ) oftener [[than]] in Attic. The [[following]] examples [[will]] [[illustrate]] the [[most]] [[important]] of these peculiarities of [[usage]]:—(1) ἄν w. subj. in [[independent]] [[sentence]], [[οὐκ]] ἄν [[τοι]] χραίσμῃ [[κίθαρις]], ‘[[perchance]] the [[harp]] [[may]] [[avail]] thee [[not]],’ Il. 3.54, cf. Il. 1.205.— (2) ἄν w. fut. ind., αὐτὸν δ' ἂν πύματόν με κύνες.. ἐρύουσι, [[ἐπεί]] κε [[τις]] κτλ., ‘me [[like]] [[enough]] [[last]] of [[all]] [[will]] dogs [[drag]] [[about]], [[after]] I am [[slain]],” etc., Il. 22.66.—(3) ἄν w. opt. in [[final]] [[clause]], σὺ δέ με προΐεις.. ὄφρ' ἂν [[ἑλοίμην]] δῶρα, Od. 24.334.—(4) ἄν w. opt. in [[condition]], στεῦτο γὰρ εὐχόμενος νῖκήσεμεν, [[εἴπερ]] ἂν αὐταὶ &#x007C; Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν, Il. 2.597.

|sltr=<b>ἄν</b> <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b> in [[principal]] clauses<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a</b> c. opt. ἀποίητον οὐδ' ἂν [[χρόνος]] δύναιτο [[θέμεν]] (O. 2.16) [[λάθα]] δὲ πότμῳ σὺν εὐδαίμονι γένοιτ' ἄν (O. 2.18) [[τίς]] ἂν φράσαι δύναιτο; (O. 2.100) κεῖνα δὲ [[κεῖνος]] ἂν εἴποι ἔργα (O. 8.62) [[[varia lectio|v.l.]] διαλλάξαιντ' ἄν (διαλλάξαιντο codd. cett.) (O. 11.20) ] τά τ' ἐσσόμενα τότ ἂν φαίην σαφές (O. 13.103) ὡς μὰν σαφὲς [[οὐκ]] ἂν [[εἰδείην]] λέγειν (O. 13.46) φιλέων δ' ἂν εὐχοίμαν Κρονίδαις Παρθ. 1. 11.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> c. ind. aor. [[ἐπεὶ]] [[ἀντίον]] [[πῶς]] ἂν τριόδοντος [[Ἡρακλέης]] [[σκύταλον]] τίναξε χερσίν (O. 9.30) παρ' εὐδένδρῳ μολὼν ὄχθῳ Κρόνου [[κάλλιον]] ἂν δηριώντων ἐνόστησ ἀντιπάλων (N. 11.26) <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>c</b> [[dub]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>I</b> c. ind. fut. [μαθὼν δέ [[τις]] ἂν ἐρεῖ (codd., quorum lectionem recepit Snell, conferens Schwyz-Debr. 2. 351. 2.: ἀνερεῖ Gildersleeve, cf. infra 3.) (N. 7.68) ]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>II</b> [[μέλανος]] ἂν (δ' ἂν codd.: δ del. Er. Schmid: ἂν om. codex unus: μέλανα δ coni. Hermann: [[μέλανος]] ὅγ Bowra.) ἐσχατιὰν καλλίονα θανάτουλτ;στείχοι&gt; (coni. Wil.: ἐν codd.: θανάτοἰ ἔσχε Shackle: θάνατόν γ' ἔσχε Boeckh: ἄν vel ἀν edd.) (P. 11.56) Χρομίῳ κεν ὑπασπίζων ἔκρινας ἂν κίνδυνον (sic Σ: alii [[post]] ἔκρινας distinxerunt, ἄν = ἀνὰ interpretati.) (N. 9.35) <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b> in subord. [[clause]]. (cf. [[ὅταν]], [[ὁπόταν]].)<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a</b> c. subj.,<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>I</b> [[temporal]] οἱ ὤπασε θησαυρὸν δίδυμον μαντοσύνας, [[τόκα]] μὲν φωνὰν ἀκούειν, εὖτ' ἂν δὲ [[Ἡρακλέης]] πατρὶ ἑορτὰν κτίσῃ, τότ αὖ [[χρηστήριον]] [[θέσθαι]] κέλευσεν (O. 6.67) [[ὄλβος]] [[οὐκ]] ἐς μακρὸν [[ἀνδρῶν]] ἔρχεται [[σάος]], πολὺς εὖτ' ἂν ἐπιβρίσαις ἕπηται (P. 3.106) — εὖτ' ἂν μόλῃ (P. 4.76) τάκομαι, εὖτ' ἂν [[ἴδω]] fr. 123. 11.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>II</b> [[relative]] ἀμφοτέροισι δ' ἀνὴρ ὃς ἂν ἐγκύρσῃ καὶ [[ἕλῃ]], στέφανον ὕψιστον δέδεκται (P. 1.100) δίδωσί τε Μοῖσαν [[οἶς]] ἂν ἐθέλῃ (P. 5.65) [[εὐδαίμων]] δὲ καὶ ὑμνητὸς [[οὗτος]] ἀνὴρ γίνεται σοφοῖς, ὃς ἂν τὰ μέγιστ' ἀέθλων [[ἕλῃ]] (P. 10.23) [τὰ δ' αὐτὸς ἄν [[τις]] τύχῃ (codd. contra metr.: ἀντιτύχῃ Mingarelli) (N. 4.91) ]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> c. opt., in [[relative]] [[clause]]. [[εἶπε]] δ' ἐν μέσσοις ἀπάγεσθαι, ὃς ἂν [[πρῶτος]] θορὼν [[ἀμφί]] οἱ ψαύσειε πέπλοις (P. 9.119) in [[object]] [[clause]]. ἔντειλεν φυλάξασθαι [[χρέος]] παισὶν φίλοις, ὡς ἂν θεᾷ πρῶτοι κτίσαιεν βωμὸν (O. 7.42) <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>3</b> dub., [[due]] to false [[division]] of words. cf. (N. 7.68), (I. 8.47) [περ ἂν codd.: [[πέραν]] corr. Hermann (N. 7.75) ἂν ἔχοι codd.: ἀνέχοι corr. Tiersch (N. 7.89) ἂν ἀξίαις codd.: ἀναξίαις corr. Alberti (N. 8.10) ]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>4</b> frag. ][[οὐκ]] ἂν παρ[ Θρ. 2. 3.

|txtha=<b class="num">(1)</b> (ἄν (2)) [[contracted]] from [[ἐάν]], if; followed by the subjunctive: [[ἐάν]]. Also by the ([[present]]) indicative in Buttmann, 223 (192); Winer's Grammar, 295 (277)). Further, L T Tr WH [[have]] [[received]] ἄν in WH Winer's Grammar, 291 (274); Buttmann, 72 (63)).

|lsmtext='''ἄν:''' [ᾱ], Αττ. συνδ. [[ἐάν]], <i>ἤν</i>, [[συχνά]] στον Πλάτ. κ.λπ.· πρβλ. [[κἄν]].<br /><b class="num">• ἄν:</b> [ᾰ], Επικ. και Λυρ. κε ή κεν, Δωρ. κα (<i>ᾱ</i>), ως υποθετικό [[μόριο]] στην Αττ. δεν συντάσσεται με οριστ. ενεστ. ή παρακ., [[ούτε]] με προστ. οποιουδήποτε χρόνου. Στην [[πράξη]] [[τρεις]] χρήσεις του <i>ἄν</i> πρέπει να διακριθούν: α) μαζί με συνδέσμους και αναφορικά. β) στην [[απόδοση]] των υποθετικών λόγων. γ) στις επαναληπτικές προτάσεις.<br /><b class="num">Α.</b> ΜΑΖΙ ΜΕ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΦΟΡΙΚΑ:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> τέτοιες λέξεις κανονικά ακολουθ. από υποτ., όπως τα [[ἐάν]] (= <i>εἰ ἄν</i>), <i>ἤν</i>, <i>ἄν</i>, [[ἐπεάν]] (= [[ἐπεὶ]] ἄν), [[ἐπήν]]· <i>ὃς ἄν</i> quicunque, <i>πρὶν ἄν</i> κ.λπ.· [[ἐπειδάν]], [[ὅταν]], [[ὁπόταν]]· η [[πρόταση]] γενικά έχει μέλλοντα στην [[απόδοση]], <i>εἰδέ κεν ὣς ἔρξῃς</i>, [[γνώσῃ]], αν κατά [[τύχη]] εσύ πράξεις έτσι, εσύ θα γνωρίζεις, σε Ομήρ. Ιλ.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> στους Επικ. μερικές φορές με ευκτ., <i>ὥς κε δοίη ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι</i>, ώστε να τη δώσει σε οποιονδήποτε ήθελε, σε Ομήρ. Οδ.· σε τέτοιες περιπτώσεις το <i>κε</i> ή το <i>ἄν</i> δεν επηρεάζουν το [[ρήμα]].<br /><b class="num">III.</b> στους Επικ. μερικές φορές <i>εἰ</i> και οριστ., <i>οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι</i>, σε Ομήρ. Ιλ.<br /><b class="num">IV.</b> στα μεταγεν. ελληνικά το [[ἐάν]] κ.λπ. παίρνουν οριστική, <i>ἐὰν οἴδαμεν</i>, σε Καινή Διαθήκη <b>Β.</b> ΜΑΖΙ ΜΕ ΤΟ ΡΗΜΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΠΟΔΟΣΗ: δηλώνοντας ότι η [[υπόθεση]] εξαρτάται από κάποια [[κατάσταση]]· <i>ἦλθεν</i>, ήρθε, <i>ἦλθεν ἄν</i>, θα είχε έρθει, <i>ἔλθοι</i>, μπορεί να έρθει, <i>ἔλθοι ἄν</i>, θα ερχόταν·<br /><b class="num">I.</b> με οριστ.,<br /><b class="num">1.</b> με παρατ. και αόρ. η [[πρόταση]] δηλώνει μη [[εκπλήρωση]] μιας κατάστασης, και η [[απόδοση]] εκφράζει αυτό που θα ήταν ή θα μπορούσε να ήταν, αν ο όρος είχε εκπληρωθεί. Ο παρατ. με <i>ἄν</i> αναφέρεται σε συνεχόμενη [[πράξη]] σε παροντικό ή παρελθοντικό χρόνο, ενώ ο αόρ. γενικά για [[πράξη]] στο [[παρελθόν]]· <i>οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει</i>, <i>εἰ μὴ ναυτικόν εἶχεν</i>, δεν θα είχε την [[κυριαρχία]] των νησιών, αν δεν είχε στόλο, σε Θουκ.· <i>εἰ ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην</i>, <i>οὐδὲν ἂν ἔπραξεν</i>, αν είχε σχηματίσει αυτή τη [[γνώμη]], δε θα είχε επιτύχει [[τίποτα]], σε Δημ.· η [[πρόταση]] [[συχνά]] εννοείται, οὐ γὰρ ἦν [[ὅτι]] ἂν ἐποιεῖτε, [[γιατί]] δεν υπήρχε [[τίποτα]] που μπορούσες να είχες κάνει (δηλ. αν είχες προσπαθήσει), στον ίδ.· απ' όπου η οριστ. με το <i>ἄν</i> αντιπροσωπεύει δυνητική [[χροιά]]· ἦλθε [[τοῦτο]] [[τοὔνειδος]] τάχ' ἄν, αυτή η [[μομφή]] πιθανόν να είχε έρθει, σε Σοφ.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> στους Επικ. με οριστ. μέλ. ώστε να μετατρέψει το απλό μέλ· [[καί]] κέ τις ὧδ' ἐρέει, και [[κάποιος]] [[τάχα]] θα μιλήσει έτσι, σε Ομήρ. Ιλ.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> με υποτ. στους Επικ. όπως στην οριστ. μέλ., <i>εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν</i>, [[ἐγώ]] δέ κεν αὐτὸς [[ἕλωμαι]], δηλ. θα την πάρω [[μόνος]] μου, στο ίδ.<br /><b class="num">III.</b> με ευκτ.,<br /><b class="num">1.</b> [[μετά]] από [[πρόταση]] σε ευκτ. με το <i>εἰ</i> ή κάποια αναφορική [[λέξη]], εἴ [[μοί]] τι πίθοι, <i>τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη</i>, αν θα μου ήταν [[υπάκουος]] θα ήταν [[πολύ]] καλύτερα, στο ίδ.· μερικές φορές με οριστ. στην [[πρόταση]], [[καί]] νύ κεν ἔνθ' ἀπόλοιτο, <i>εἰ μὴ νόησε</i>, θα είχε χαθεί, αν αυτή δεν καταλάβαινε, στο ίδ.· μερικές φορές ο [[χρόνος]] στην [[πρόταση]] είναι ενεστ. ή μέλ. και η ευκτ. με το <i>ἄν</i>στην [[απόδοση]], μέλ. [[φρούριον]] εἰ ποιήσονται, <i>βλάπτοιεν ἄν</i>, αν [[τυχόν]] θα χτίσουν [[φρούριο]], μπορεί να βλάψουν, σε Θουκ.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> η [[πρόταση]] [[συχνά]] εννοείται· <i>τόνδ' οὔ κε δύ' ἀνέρε ἀχλίσσειαν</i>, [[δύο]] άνδρες δε θα μπορύσαν να σηκώσουν την [[πέτρα]] (δηλ. αν το επιχειρούσαν), σε Ομήρ. Ιλ.· απ' όπου η ευκτ. με το <i>ἄν</i> αποκτά δυνητική [[σημασία]], <i>βουλόμην ἄν</i>, θα ήθελα, Λατ. [[velim]] ([[αλλά]] <i>ἐβουλόμην ἄν</i>, θα επιθυμούσα, αν ήταν για οποιαδήποτε [[ωφέλεια]], vellem).<br /><b class="num">3.</b> η ευκτ. με <i>ἄν</i> αποκτά τη [[δύναμη]] ήπιας προσταγής ή παράκλησης, χωροῖς ἂν [[εἴσω]], μπορείς να προχωρήσεις, σε Σοφ.· κλύοις ἂν [[ἤδη]], άκουσέ με [[τώρα]], στον ίδ.<br /><b class="num">IV.</b>με απαρ. και μτχ.· το απαρ. ενεστ. ή μτχ. αντιπροσωπεύει την οριστ. παρατ., φησὶν αὐτοὺς ἐλευθέρους ἂν [[εἶναι]], εἰ [[τοῦτο]] ἔπραξαν, λέει ότι [[τώρα]] θα ήταν ελεύθεροι, αν είχαν κάνει αυτό, σε Δημ.· <i>ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων</i> ([[ὑμῶν]]) <i>ἐπιβοηθεῖν</i>, όταν θα γινόσαστε ανίκανοι να βοηθήσετε, σε Θουκ.· ή αντικαθιστά την ευκτ. ενεστ. φησὶν αὐτοὺς ἐλευθέρους ἂν [[εἶναι]], εἰ [[τοῦτο]] πράξειαν, λέει πως στο [[εξής]] θα ήταν ελεύθεροι, αν έκαναν αυτό, σε Ξεν.· το απαρ. ή μτχ. αορ. αντικαθιστά την οριστ. ή εύκτ. αορ., οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ' αὐτὸν κἂν [[ἐπιδραμεῖν]], δεν το νομίζεις, [[ακόμα]] και αν είχε τρέξει προς τα [[εκεί]]; σε Δημ.· <i>οὐδ' ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι</i>, [[νομίζω]] πως δεν θα ήταν καν αφέντες της γης, σε Θουκ.· [[οὔτε]] [[ὄντα]] [[οὔτε]] ἂν [[γενόμενα]], δηλ. πράγματα που δεν είναι και δε θα συμβούν [[ποτέ]], στον ίδ.· ομοίως απαρ. ή παρακ. (ή υπερσ.), πάντα ταῦθ' ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι (<i>φήσειεν ἄν</i>), θα έλεγε ότι όλα αυτά θα είχαν καταστραφεί από τους βαρβάρους, σε Δημ. <b>Γ.</b> ΣΤΙΣ ΕΠΑΝΑΛΗΠΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ: με οριστ. παρατ. και αορ., για να εκφράσει όρο εκπληρωμένο [[οποτεδήποτε]] προκύπτει η [[συνθήκη]]· [[εἶτα]] [[πῦρ]] ἂν οὐ [[παρῆν]], [[έπειτα]] δεν θα υπήρχε [[καθόλου]] [[φωτιά]] αναμμένη, δηλ. δεν υπήρξε [[ποτέ]], σε Σοφ.· <i>διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν</i>, σε Πλάτ. <b>Δ.</b> ΓΕΝΙΚΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> [[θέση]] του <i>ἄν:</i><br /><b class="num">1.</b> Το <i>ἄν</i> μπορεί να χωρίζεται από τα απαρ. του από ρήματα όπως το [[οἴομαι]], [[δοκέω]], ώστε να παρουσιάζεται ότι ανήκει στην οριστ. ενεστ.· καὶ [[νῦν]] [[ἡδέως]] ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι, [[νομίζω]] πως θα έπρεπε, σε Ξεν.· στην παράδοξη [[περίπτωση]] του <i>οὐκ οἶδ' ἄν εἰ</i>, το <i>ἄν</i> ανήκει όχι στο [[οἶδα]], [[αλλά]] στο [[ρήμα]] που ακολουθεί, οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι = οὐκ [[οἶδα]] εἰ πείσαιμι ἄν, σε Ευρ.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> Το <i>ἄν</i> δεν ξεκινά [[ποτέ]] [[πρόταση]].<br /><b class="num">II.</b> [[επανάληψη]] του <i>ἄν:</i> στην [[απόδοση]] το <i>ἄν</i> μπορεί να επαναλαμβάνεται με το ίδιο [[ρήμα]], <i>ὥστ' ἄν</i>, εἰ [[σθένος]] λάβοιμι, <i>δηλώσαιμ' ἄν</i>, σε Σοφ.<br />'''ἄν:''' συγκεκ. αντί [[ἄνα]], βλ. [[ἀνά]] VI.2.

|etymtx=Grammatical information: pcle<br />Meaning: very differing uses (Ion.-Att., Arc.)<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: Identified with the questioning particle Lat. [[an]], Goth. [[an]]; denied by Lee, AmJPh. 88, 1967, 45ff. See DELG. From <b class="b2">*ken/kn̥</b>, <b class="b3">*οὐ καν</b> giving <b class="b3">οὐκ αν</b>, Forbes, Glotta 37, 1958, 179-182.

|mdlsjtxt=1<br />[[Perseus]].<br />conditional Particle. In Attic, it is not joined with pres. or perf. ind., nor with imperat. of any tense. Three uses of ἄν must be [[distinguished]] in [[practice]]:<br />A. in [[combination]] with Conjunctions and Relatives.<br />B. in Apodosis.<br />C. in Iterative sentences.<br />A. in combinations with Conjunctions and Relatives:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> [[such]] words are [[regularly]] foll. by the subj., viz. ἐάν (= εἰ ἄν) ἤν, ἄν, [[ἐπήν]]; ὃς ἄν quicunque, πρὶν ἄν, etc.; [[ἐπειδάν]], [[ὅταν]], [[ὁπόταν]]: the [[protasis]] [[generally]] has a fut. in [[apodosis]], εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἔρξηις, γνώσηι if [[perchance]] thou do [[thus]], thou shalt [[know]], Il.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> in epic [[sometimes]] with Opt., ὥς κε δοίη ὧι κ' ἐθέλοι that he [[might]] [[give]] her to whomsoever he [[might]] [[please]], Od.: in [[such]] cases κε or ἄν does not [[affect]] the Verb.<br /><b class="num">III.</b> in epic, [[sometimes]] with εἰ and Ind., οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι Il.<br /><b class="num">IV.</b> in [[late]] Greek, ἐάν, etc., [[take]] Ind., ἐὰν οἴδαμεν NTest.<br />B. combined IN APODOSIS with the Verb, denoting that the [[assertion]] is [[dependent]] on [[some]] [[condition]]; ἦλθεν he came, ἦλθεν ἄν he would [[have]] [[come]]; ἔλθοι may he [[come]], ἔλθοι ἄν he would [[come]]:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> with Ind.:<br /><b class="num">1.</b> with imperf. and aor., the [[protasis]] implies non-[[fulfilment]] of a [[condition]], and the apod. expresses [[what]] would be or would [[have]] been the [[case]] if the [[condition]] were or had been [[fulfilled]]. The imperf. with ἄν refers to continued [[action]] in [[present]] or [[past]] [[time]], the aor. [[generally]] to [[action]] in [[past]] [[time]]; οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μὴ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν he would not [[have]] been [[master]] of islands if he had not had a [[fleet]], Thuc.; εἰ ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, οὐδὲν ἂν ἔπραξεν if he had [[come]] to [[this]] [[opinion]], he would [[have]] [[accomplished]] [[nothing]], Dem.:—the [[protasis]] is often understood, οὐ γὰρ ἦν [[ὅ τι]] ἂν ἐποιεῖτε for [[there]] was [[nothing]] [[which]] you could [[have]] done (i. e. if you had [[tried]]), Dem.:—[[hence]] the Ind. with ἄν represents a potential [[mood]]; ἦλθε [[τοῦτο]] [[τοὔνειδος]] τάχ' ἄν [[this]] [[reproach]] [[might]] [[perhaps]] [[have]] [[come]], Soph.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> in epic, with fut. ind., so as to [[modify]] the [[simple]] fut.; καί κέ τις ὧδ' ἐρέει and [[some]] one [[will]] [[perchance]] [[speak]] [[thus]], Il.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> with Subj., in epic, [[much]] like fut. ind., εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώηισιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς [[ἕλωμαι]], i. e. I [[will]] [[take]] her [[myself]], Il.<br /><b class="num">III.</b> with Opt.:<br /><b class="num">1.</b> [[after]] [[protasis]] in opt. with εἰ or [[some]] [[relative]] [[word]], εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη if he should [[obey]] me, it would be [[much]] [[better]], Il.; [[sometimes]] with ind. in [[protasis]], καί νύ κεν ἔνθ' ἀπόλοιτο, εἰ μὴ νόησε he would [[have]] perished, had she not perceived, Dem.:—[[sometimes]] the tense in [[protasis]] is pres. or fut., and the opt. with ἄν in [[apodosis]]= fut., [[φρούριον]] εἰ ποιήσονται, βλάπτοιεν ἄν if they shall [[build]] a [[fort]], they [[might]] [[perhaps]] [[damage]], Thuc.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> the [[protasis]] is often understood: τὸν δ' οὔ κε δύ' ἀνέρε [[ὀχλίσσειαν]] two men could not [[heave]] the [[stone]] (i. e. if they should try), Il.:—[[hence]] the opt. with ἄν becomes a potential [[mood]], βουλοίμην ἄν I should like, Lat. [[velim]] (but ἐβουλόμην ἄν I should [[wish]], if it were of any [[avail]], vellem).<br /><b class="num">3.</b> the opt. with ἄν [[comes]] to [[have]] the [[force]] of a [[mild]] [[command]] or [[entreaty]], χωροῖς ἂν [[εἴσω]] you may go in, Soph.; κλύοις ἂν ἤδη [[hear]] me now, Soph.<br /><b class="num">IV.</b> with inf. and [[part]].:—the pres. inf. or [[part]]. represents imperf. ind., φησὶν αὐτοὺς ἐλευθέρους ἂν [[εἶναι]], εἰ [[τοῦτο]] ἔπραξαν he says they would (now) be [[free]], if they had done [[this]], Dem.; ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων [[ὑμῶν]] ἐπιβοηθεῖν [[when]] you would [[have]] been [[unable]] to [[assist]], Thuc.;—or represents pres. opt., φησὶν αὐτοὺς ἐλευθέρους ἂν [[εἶναι]], εἰ [[τοῦτο]] πράξειαν he says they would ([[hereafter]]) be [[free]], if they should do [[this]], Xen.;—the aor. inf. or [[part]]. represents aor. ind. or opt., οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ' αὐτὸν κἂν [[ἐπιδραμεῖν]]; do you not [[think]] he would [[even]] [[have]] run [[thither]]? Dem.; οὐδ' ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι I [[think]] they would not [[even]] be masters of the [[land]], Thuc.; [[οὔτε]] [[ὄντα]] [[οὔτε]] ἂν [[γενόμενα]], i. e. things [[which]] are not and [[never]] could [[happen]], Thuc.:—so the perf. (or plup.) inf. or partic., πάντα ταῦθ' ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι [φήσειεν ἄν] he would say that all these would [[have]] been destroyed by the barbarians, Dem.<br />C. with imperf. and aor. ind. in the ITERATIVE [[construction]], to [[express]] a [[condition]] [[fulfilled]] [[whenever]] an [[opportunity]] offered; [[εἶτα]] πῦρ ἂν οὐ [[παρῆν]] then [[there]] would be no [[fire]] at [[hand]], i. e. [[there]] [[never]] was, Soph.; διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν Plat.<br />D. GENERAL REMARKS:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> Position of ἄν.<br /><b class="num">1.</b> ἄν may be separated from its inf. by [[such]] verbs as [[οἴομαι]], [[δοκέω]], so that ἄν has the [[appearance]] of belonging to the pres. ind., καὶ νῦν [[ἡδέως]] ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι I [[think]] that I should, Xen.:—in the [[peculiar]] [[case]] of οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ, ἄν belongs not to [[οἶδα]] but to the Verb [[which]] follows, οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι = οὐκ [[οἶδα]] εἰ πείσαιμι ἄν, Eur.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> ἄν [[never]] begins a [[sentence]].<br /><b class="num">II.</b> Repetition of ἄν:— in [[apodosis]] ἄν may be [[repeated]] with the [[same]] verb, ὥστ' ἄν, εἰ [[σθένος]] λάβοιμι, δηλώσαιμ' ἄν Soph. <br />2 = ἐάν, ἤν, often in Plat., etc.; cf. κἄν.]

|ftr='''ἄν''': (ion. att., ark.),<br />{án}<br />'''Meaning''': Modalpartikel,<br />'''Etymology''': mit den Fragepartikeln lat. ''an'', got. ''an'' etymologisch identisch. Vgl. Schwyzer-Debrunner 305f., 558 m. weiterer Literatur, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2 (s. Index).<br />'''Page''' 1,100