γάρ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=([[γε]], [[ἄρα]]), causal Conj., used alone or with other Particles. <span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> introducing the reason or cause of what precedes, [[for]], τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γὰρ Δαναῶν <span class="bibl">Il.1.56</span>, etc.; but freq. in expl. of that wh. is implied in the preceding clause, πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα… τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον <span class="bibl">2.118</span>, etc.: hence, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> in simple explanations, esp. after a Pronoun or demonstr. Adj., ἀλλὰ τόδ' αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γὰρ ποτε φήσει <span class="bibl">8.148</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.2.163</span>; <b class="b3">ὃ δὲ δεινότατον… ὁ Ζεὺς γάρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>514</span>; ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀδικώτατον ἔδοξε· τῶν γὰρ προγε γραμμένων ἠτίμωσε καὶ υἱούς <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Sull.</span>31</span>; freq. in introducing proofs or examples, <b class="b3">μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γὰρ καθαιρομένης</b>… <span class="bibl">Th.1.8</span>; <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γὰρ Λακεδαιμόνιοι</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.2.39</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.20.10</span>, etc.; in full, <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γάρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.58</span>; <b class="b3">παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γάρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Th.1.2</span>; <b class="b3">δηλοῖ δέ μοι τόδε· πρὸ γάρ</b>… ib.<span class="bibl">3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, <b class="b3">ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γὰρ [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα</b>… <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.6.6</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> in answers to questions or [[statement]]s [[challenging]] [[assent]] or [[denial]], [[yes]],... [[no]],…, <b class="b3">οὔκουν… ἀνάγκη ἐστί;—ἀνάγκη γὰρ οὖν, ἔφη</b>, [[ay]] [[doubtless]] [[it is necessary]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.1.7</span>, cf. § <span class="bibl">4</span> and <span class="bibl">13</span>; indicating assent, ἔχει γάρ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>268a</span>; <b class="b3">ἱκανὸς γάρ, ἔφη, συμβαίνει γάρ, ἔφη</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>502b</span>, <span class="bibl">502c</span>,cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ap.</span>41a</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οὔκουν δὴ τό γ' εἰκός.—οὐ γάρ</b>: <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>276c</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> by inversion, preceding the fact explained, [[since]], [[as]], Ἀτρεΐδη, πολλοὶ γὰρ τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί… τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι <span class="bibl">Il.7.328</span>; <b class="b3">χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος</b> (χρῆν γὰρ Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς) <b class="b3"> ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γὰρ σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι</b>… (ὦτα γὰρ τυγχάνει κτλ.) <b class="b3">, ποίει ὅκως</b>… <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.8</span>. cf. <span class="bibl">6.102</span>, al.; <b class="b3">εἶεν, σὺ γὰρ τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν</b>; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>117a</span>; the principal proposition is sometimes </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> blended with the causal one, <b class="b3">τῇ δὲ κακῶς γὰρ ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">ἡ δέ</b> (κακῶς γὰρ οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι) εἶπε <span class="bibl">Hdt. 9.109</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.24</span>, <span class="bibl">4.149</span>, <span class="bibl">200</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.72</span>, <span class="bibl">8.30</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, <b class="b3">οὐδ' εἰ γὰρ ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ ἦν</b>... <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>255</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> repeated, <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γάρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>980</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>659</span> sq., <span class="bibl">1255</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> in elliptical phrases, where that of which [[γάρ]] gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> freq. in Trag. dialogue and Pl., when [[yes]] or [[no]] may be supplied from the context, <b class="b3">καὶ δῆτ' ἐτόλμας τούσδ' ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους;—οὐ γὰρ τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε</b> [yes], [[for]] it was not Zeus, etc., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>450</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>102</span>, etc.; καλῶς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἠγάνισαι <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Smp.</span>194a</span>; freq. in phrase <b class="b3">ἔστι γὰρ οὕτω</b> [yes], [[for]] so it is, i. e. yes certainly: <b class="b3">λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτο γὰρ ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ</b>…; [why,] could there be… ? <span class="bibl">D.4.10</span>; with negs., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>262</span> <b class="b3">τούτῳ γὰρ οὐ νικήσετε</b> [do so], [[yet]] shall ye never prevail by this means: for <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γάρ</b>, v. infr.<span class="bibl">11.1</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> to confirm or strengthen something said, <b class="b3">οἵδ' οὐκέτ' εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται</b> [I say this], [[for]] it will sting thee, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Med.</span>1370</span>: after an Exclamation, ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γὰρ φέρω πήματα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>168</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>857</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted, [[else]], <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν</b> (''[[sc.]]'' <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον</b>) <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>7.6.33</span>; <b class="b3">γίνεται γὰρ ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία</b> [[for in that case]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1280b8</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> in abrupt questions, [[why]], [[what]], <b class="b3">τίς γὰρ σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκεν</b>; [[why]] who hath sent thee? <span class="bibl">Il.18.182</span>; <b class="b3">πῶς γὰρ νῦν… εὕδουσι</b>; <span class="bibl">10.424</span>; <b class="b3">πατροκτονοῦσα γὰρ ξυνοικήσεις ἐμοί</b>; [[what]], wilt thou… ? <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>909</span>: generally, after interrog. Particles, <b class="b3">ἦ γάρ</b>…; [[what]], was it… ? <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1000</span>,<span class="bibl">1039</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τί γάρ</b>; [[quid enim]]? i. e. it must be so, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>539</span>,<span class="bibl">542</span>,<span class="bibl">547</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τί γὰρ δή ποτε</b>; <span class="bibl">D.21.44</span>; also <b class="b3">πῶς γὰρ; πῶς γὰρ οὔ</b>;, v. [[πῶς]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> to strengthen a wish, c. opt., <b class="b3">κακῶς γὰρ ἐξόλοιο</b> <span class="title">O</span> that you might perish ! <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>261</span>; cf. <b class="b3">αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς</b>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> joined with other Particles: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γάρ</b> where [[γάρ]] gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between [[ἀλλά]] and itself, as <b class="b3">ἀλλ' ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ</b>… but [[[far otherwise]]], [[for]]... <span class="bibl">Il.15.739</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκουσ' αἵδ' ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόν</b> but [[[hush]]], [[for]]... <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>861</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλ' οὐ γὰρ σ' ἐθέλω</b>… but [<b class="b2">look out] for</b>... <span class="bibl">Il.7.242</span>; in full, ἀλλ' οὐ γάρ σφιν ἐφαίνετο κέρδιον εἶναι μαίεσθαι προτέρω, τοὶ μὲν πάλιν αὖτις ἔβαινον <span class="bibl">Od.14.355</span>; ἀλλ', οὐ γὰρ ἔπειθε, διδοῖ τὸ φᾶρος <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.109</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[γὰρ ἄρα]] = [[for indeed]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>315d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>205b</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[γὰρ δή]] = [[for of course]], [[for you know]], <span class="bibl">Il.2.301</span>,<span class="bibl">23.607</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.34</span>, <span class="bibl">114</span>, etc.; [[φάμεν γὰρ δή]] = [[yes certainly we say so]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>187e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">164d</span>; οὐ γὰρ δή <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>46</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> γὰρ νυ <span class="bibl">Od.14.359</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> [[γὰρ οὖν]] = [[for indeed]], to [[confirm]] or [[explain]], <span class="bibl">Il.15.232</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.34</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>489</span>,<span class="bibl">771</span>, etc.; [[φησὶ γὰρ οὖν]] = [[yes]] of course he says so, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>170a</span>; γὰρ οὖν δή <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prm.</span>148c</span>, etc.; [[οὐ γὰρ οὖν]] ib.<span class="bibl">134b</span>; cf. [[τοιγαροῦν]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> [[γὰρ που]] = [[for I suppose]], esp. with negs., <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>381c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>62d</span>, etc.; οὐ γὰρ δήπου <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>309c</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">7</span> [[γὰρ ῥα]], = [[γὰρ ἄρα]], <span class="bibl">Il.1.113</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">8</span> [[γὰρ τε]], <span class="bibl">23.156</span>; also τε γὰρ <span class="bibl">D.19.159</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1333a2</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">9</span> [[γὰρ τοι]] = [[for surely]]... <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>93</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Supp.</span>564</span>, etc.; οὐ γὰρ τοι <span class="bibl">Od.21.172</span>, etc.; cf. [[τοιγάρτοι]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> POSITION: [[γάρ]] prop. stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it freq. stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as <b class="b3">ὁ μὲν γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>764</span>; <b class="b3">χἠ ναῦς γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>527</span>; <b class="b3">τό τ' εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1096</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>641</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">753</span>: also in Prose, <b class="b3">τὸ κατ' ἀξίαν γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">EN</span>1163b11</span>: sometimes for metrical reasons, where there is no such connection, as third (<span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>222.729</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>219</span> (all lyr.)), fourth (<span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1545</span>); in later Com. fifth (<span class="bibl">Men.462.2</span>); sixth (<span class="bibl">Antiph.26.22</span>); seventh (<span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Epit.</span>531</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pk.</span>170</span>, <span class="bibl">Athenio 1.5</span>); once sixth in S., καιρὸς καὶ πλοῦς ὅδ' ἐπείγει γὰρ κατὰ πρύμναν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>1451</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> inserted before the demonstr. <b class="b3">-ί</b>, as [[νυνγαρί]] for <b class="b3">νυνὶ γάρ</b>; cf. [[νυνί]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">C</span> QUANTITY: [[γάρ]] is sometimes long in Hom. metri gr., θήσειν γὰρ ἔτ' ἔμελλεν <span class="bibl">Il.2.39</span>; φωνῆς γὰρ ἤκουσα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Cer.</span>57</span>.—In Att. always short: <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>366</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">V.</span>217</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lys.</span>20</span> are corrupt.</span>

|btext=<i>conj. touj. placée après un mot</i>;<br />car, en effet :<br /><b>I. 1</b> <i>pour démontrer que ce qui vient d'être dit est naturel ou possible</i> : Ζεὺς πολλῶν [[πολίων]] κατέλυσε κάρηνα· τοῦ γὰρ [[κράτος]] ἐστὶ μέγιστον IL Zeus a renversé les faîtes de beaucoup de villes ; car sa puissance est très grande ; <i>qqf avant la propos. qu’elle explique</i> : Ἀτρείδη, πολλοὶ γὰρ τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί, [[τῷ]] [[σε]] χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι, IL fils d'Atrée, tant de Grecs sont morts déjà qu’il te faut cesser la guerre (<i>litt.</i> il te faut… car beaucoup de Grecs, <i>etc.</i>) ; <i>dans ce cas, le sujet de la propos, principale devient qqf par attract. le rég. de la propos. où se trouve</i> [[γάρ]] : τῶν δὲ [[πᾶν]] γὰρ [[ἦν]] τὸ [[πλῆθος]] αὐτών μεταίτιον [[οὐκ]] ἐδέκοντο (<i>pour</i> οἱ [[δέ]], [[πᾶν]] γὰρ [[ἦν]]… [[οὐκ]] ἐδέκοντο) HDT ceux-ci, car toute la foule était leur complice, n'accueillaient pas, <i>etc.</i> ; τῇ δὲ [[κακῶς]] γὰρ [[ἔδεε]] [[γενέσθαι]] [[εἶπε]] (<i>pour</i> ἡ δὲ, [[κακῶς]] γὰρ…, [[εἶπε]]) HDT celle-ci, car il fallait qu’il lui arrivât malheur, dit ; τῶν δὲ Ἀθηναίων ἔτυχε γὰρ [[πρεσβεία]] [[ἐν]] τῇ Λακεδαίμονι παροῦσα, καὶ [[ὡς]] ᾔσθοντο (<i>pour</i> οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι, ἔτυχε γὰρ [[πρεσβεία]]…, [[ὡς]] ᾔσθοντο) THC les Athéniens, car leur ambassade se trouvait justement à Lacédémone, apprenant que…;<br /><b>2</b> <i>pour justifier une affirmation implicitement contenue dans ce qui vient d'être dit</i> : ἐπιστευόμην ὑπὸ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων· [[οὐ]] γὰρ [[ἄν]] με ἔπεμπον [[πάλιν]] πρὸς [[ὑμᾶς]] (<i>s.e.</i> [[εἰ]] μὴ ἐπίστευον) XÉN j’avais la confiance des Lacédémoniens, car autrement ils ne m'auraient pas renvoyé auprès de vous ; [[οὔκουν]] [[ἀνάγκη]] [[ἐστί]] ; [[ἀνάγκη]] [[γάρ]], ἔφη XÉN n’est-ce pas chose nécessaire ? Oui, en effet, dit-il, cela est nécessaire;<br /><b>II.</b> <i>pour expliquer ce qu’on vient de faire entendre</i> ([[γάρ]] <i>correspond alors au français</i> : c'est que) : λεκτέα ἃ [[γιγνώσκω]]· [[ἔχει]] γὰρ ἡ [[χώρα]] πεδία [[κάλλιστα]] XÉN je dois dire ce que je sais, c'est que le pays a des plaines magnifiques. <i>En ce sens</i> [[γάρ]] <i>est souvent annoncé par les locut.</i> τὸ δὲ μέγιστον, ὃ δὲ μέγιστον <i>ou</i> δεινότατον, <i>etc.</i> : ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀδικώτατον ἔδοξε· τῶν γὰρ προγεγραμμένων ἠτίμωσεν υἱούς PLUT ce qui parut le plus injuste de tout, c'est qu’il déclara infâmes les enfants des proscrits ; [[τούτου]] δὲ [[τεκμήριον]]· [[τόδε]] γὰρ HDT en voici la preuve, c'est que… ; <i>de même, après les formules qui annoncent un avis, une explication, etc.</i> (σκέψασθε [[δέ]], δῆλον [[δέ]], [[μαρτύριον]] [[δέ]], <i>etc.</i> examinez donc, cela est évident, et la preuve, <i>etc.</i>);<br /><b>III.</b> <i>pour tirer une sorte de conclusion de ce qui vient d'être dit ou indiqué, au sens du franç.</i> donc, ainsi donc : ποιμὴν γὰρ [[ἦσθα]] ; SOPH tu étais donc pâtre ? ὄλωλε γὰρ [[δύστηνος]] ; SOPH l'infortuné est-il donc mort ? <i>particul. dans les loc.</i> [[τίς]] γὰρ… ; τί γὰρ… ; ἦ γὰρ… ; <i>etc.</i> : [[τίς]] [[γάρ]] [[σε]] [[θεῶν]] ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἦκεν ; IL quel dieu t’a donc envoyée vers moi en messagère ? τί [[γάρ]] ; SOPH quoi donc en effet ? <i>càd</i> comment n'en serait-il pas ainsi ? cela doit être ; au contraire : [[πῶς]] [[γάρ]] ; [[πόθεν]] [[γάρ]] ; ATT comment donc en effet (cela serait-il) ? <i>càd</i> cela ne peut pas être, cela est impossible;<br /><i>Locutions</i> : <b>1</b> ἀλλὰ [[γάρ]], mais en effet, mais (il n'en est pas ainsi), car, <i>etc.</i> ; ἀλλ’ [[οὐ]] [[γάρ]] σ’ [[ἐθέλω]] [[βαλέειν]] [[λάθρῃ]] ὀπιπτεύσας IL mais (ne crains pas), car je ne veux pas te frapper après t'avoir guetté en cachette;<br /><b>2</b> γὰρ [[ἄρα]], [[γάρ]] [[ῥα]], γὰρ [[δή]], [[γάρ]] [[νυ]], oui certes, car (cela est);<br /><b>3</b> [[γάρ]] [[τε]], et en effet;<br /><b>4</b> γὰρ [[οὖν]], car en vérité.<br />'''Étymologie:''' [[γε]], [[ἄρα]].

|mdlsjtxt=<br />for, Lat. [[enim]], and like it, [[regularly]] placed [[after]] the [[first]] [[word]] of a [[sentence]]: to [[introduce]] the [[reason]]:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> ARGUMENTATIVE, to [[introduce]] the [[reason]] for a [[statement]], [[which]] [[usually]] precedes:—[[when]] it precedes the [[statement]], it may be rendered [[since]], as, Ἀτρείδη, πολλοὶ γὰρ τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί, χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι Il.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> the [[statement]] of [[which]] γάρ gives the [[reason]] may be omitted, οὐ γάρ τί μοι [[Ζεύς|Ζεὺς]] ἦν ὁ κηρύξας [[τάδε]] [yes], for it was not [[Zeus]], etc., Soph.; ἔστι γὰρ [[οὕτω]] [yes], for so it is, i. e. yes [[certainly]], Plat.; οἵδ' οὐκέτ' [[εἰσί]]: [[τοῦτο]] γάρ σε δήξεται [I say [[this]], for it [[will]] [[sting]] thee, Eur.: —in Conditional Propositions, [[where]] the Condition is omitted, it may be transl. for [[otherwise]], [[else]], οὐ γὰρ ἄν με ἔπεμπον [[πάλιν]], (''[[sc.]]'' εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον), Xen.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> EPEXEGETIC, [[where]] γάρ is used to [[begin]] a promised [[narration]], λεκτέα ἃ [[γιγνώσκω]]: [[ἔχει]] γὰρ ἡ [[χώρα]] πεδία [[κάλλιστα]] I must [[relate]] [[what]] I [[know]]; now, the [[country]] has [[most]] [[beautiful]] plains, Xen.; so, [[after]] the introductory forms, σκέψασθε δέ, δῆλον δέ, [[τεκμήριον]] δέ, [[μαρτύριον]] δέ, μέγιστον δέ, Plat., etc.; [[τούτου]] δὲ [[τεκμήριον]]: [[τόδε]] γάρ…, Hdt.:—in ἀλλὰ γάρ, a [[clause]] must be supplied [[between]] [[ἀλλά]] and γάρ, as, ἀλλὰ γὰρ [[ἤκουσα]] but [say no [[more]], for I [[heard]], Aesch.<br /><b class="num">III.</b> STRENGTHENING,<br /><b class="num">1.</b> a [[question]], like Lat. nam, Engl. why, [[what]], τίς γάρ σε ἧκεν; why who hath sent thee? Il.; τί γάρ; [[quid]] [[enim]]? i. e. it must be so, Soph.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> a [[wish]], with the opt., [[κακῶς]] γὰρ ἐξόλοιο O that you [[might]] [[perish]]! Eur.; in Hom. [[mostly]] αἲ γάρ, [[attic]] εἰ or [[εἴθε]] γάρ, Lat. [[utinam]], O that! so also πῶς γάρ would that.

|txtha=a [[conjunction]], [[which]] according to its [[composition]], γέ and [[ἄρα]] (equivalent to ἀρ), is [[properly]] a [[particle]] of [[affirmation]] and [[conclusion]], denoting [[truly]] [[therefore]], [[verily]] as the [[case]] stands, "the [[thing]] is [[first]] affirmed by the [[particle]] γέ, and [[then]] is referred to [[what]] precedes by the [[force]] of the [[particle]] [[ἄρα]] (Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1, p. 232; cf. Kühner, ii., p. 724; (Jelf, § 786; Winer's Grammar, 445f (415f))). Now [[since]] by a [[new]] [[affirmation]] [[not]] [[infrequently]] the [[reason]] and [[nature]] of [[something]] [[previously]] mentioned are [[set]] [[forth]], it comes to [[pass]] [[that]], by the [[use]] of [[this]] [[particle]], [[either]] the [[reason]] and [[cause]] of a foregoing [[statement]] is added, [[whence]] arises the causal or [[argumentative]] [[force]] of the [[particle]], for (Latinnam, enim; German denn); or [[some]] [[previous]] [[declaration]] is explained, [[whence]] [[γάρ]] takes on an explicative [[force]]: for, the [[fact]] Isaiah, [[namely]] (Latin videlicet, German nämlich). Thus the [[force]] of the [[particle]] is [[either]] [[conclusive]], or [[demonstrative]], or explicative and declaratory; cf. Rost in Passow's Lexicon, i., p. 535ff; Kühner, ii., pp. 724ff, 852ff; (cf. Liddell and Scott, [[under]] the [[word]]). The [[use]] of the [[particle]] in the N. T. does [[not]] [[differ]] from [[that]] in the classics. I. Its [[primary]] and [[original]] Conclusive [[force]] is [[seen]] in questions (in Greek writings [[also]] in exclamations) and answers expressed [[with]] [[emotion]]; [[where]], according to the connexion, it [[may]] be [[freely]] represented by [[assuredly]], [[verily]], [[forsooth]], [[why]], [[then]], etc.: ἐν [[γάρ]] [[τούτῳ]] etc. ye [[profess]] [[not]] to [[know]] [[whence]] he is; herein [[then]] is [[assuredly]] a [[marvellous]] [[thing]], [[why]], herein etc. οὐ [[γάρ]], [[ἀλλά]] etc. by no [[means]] in [[this]] [[state]] of things, [[nay]] [[verily]], [[but]] etc. L T Tr WH. It is joined to interrogative particles and pronouns: μή [[γάρ]] etc. μή [[γάρ]] ... [[οὐκ]], [[since]] ye are so [[eager]] to [[eat]] and [[drink]], [[have]] ye [[not]]," etc.?); [[τίς]] [[γάρ]], τί [[γάρ]]: τί [[γάρ]] [[κακόν]] ἐποίησεν, ye [[demand]] [[that]] he be crucified [[like]] a [[malefactor]], Why, [[what]] [[evil]] hath he done?); [[which]] [[then]] do ye [[suppose]] to be the easier, etc.?); τί [[γάρ]]; for τί [[γάρ]] ἐστι, [[what]] [[then]]? i. e. [[what]], [[under]] these circumstances, [[ought]] to be the [[conclusion]]? [[πῶς]] [[γάρ]], Jelf, ii., p. 608); Winer's Grammar, 447 (416). Here belongs [[also]] the vexed [[passage]] ἤ [[γάρ]] [[ἐκεῖνος]] (so G T Tr marginal [[reading]], [[but]] L WH Tr [[text]] παῥ ἐκεῖνον) or do ye [[suppose]] [[then]] [[that]] [[that]] [[man]] went down approved of God? cf. Winer's Grammar, 241 (226). II. It adduces the Cause or gives the Reason of a [[preceding]] [[statement]] or [[opinion]];<br /><b class="num">1.</b> [[universally]]: [[γάρ]] assigns the [[reason]] [[why]] [[now]] at [[length]] Jesus betook [[himself]] [[into]] Galilee; for the [[authority]] denied to a [[prophet]] in his [[own]] [[country]] (Galilee), he had [[previously]] to [[seek]] and [[obtain]] [[among]] strangers; cf. [[γάρ]] annexes the [[reason]] [[why]] the [[thing]] [[must]] [[either]] be done or avoided: [[γάρ]] connects the [[verse]] [[with]] [[γάρ]] annexes the [[reason]] [[why]] the [[question]] is asked: [[τίς]], τί [[γάρ]]: τί [[γάρ]] for τί [[γάρ]] ἐστι, [[ἵνα]] τί [[γάρ]], ποίᾳ [[γάρ]], WH [[text]] omits; Tr brackets [[γάρ]]).<br /><b class="num">6.</b> Sometimes in answers it is so used to [[make]] [[good]] the [[substance]] of a [[preceding]] [[question]] [[that]] it [[can]] be rendered [[yea]], [[assuredly]]: [[assuredly]], [[yea]]: εὐδόκησαν [[γάρ]]); so [[also]] [[καί]] [[γάρ]], [[γάρ]] introduces the [[cause]], or renders the [[reason]], is [[not]] expressed, [[but]] [[must]] be gathered from the context and supplied in [[thought]]. But [[that]] [[this]] ellipsis is [[wholly]] [[imaginary]] is [[clearly]] shown by Klotz ad Devar. ii. 1, p. 236f, cf. Winer's Grammar, 446f (415f). The [[particle]] is [[everywhere]] used in [[reference]] to [[something]] [[expressly]] stated. Suffice it to [[append]] a [[very]] [[few]] examples; the true [[nature]] of [[many]] others is shown [[under]] the [[remaining]] heads of [[this]] [[article]]: In [[γάρ]] [[some]] [[supply]] '[[nor]] does [[this]] [[happen]] to [[you]] [[alone]]'; [[but]] the [[reason]] is added [[why]] a [[great]] [[reward]] in [[heaven]] is [[reserved]] for those [[who]] [[suffer]] [[persecution]], [[which]] [[reason]] consists in [[this]], [[that]] the prophets [[also]] suffered [[persecution]], and [[that]] [[their]] [[reward]] is [[great]] no [[one]] [[can]] [[doubt]]. In [[γάρ]] [[here]], [[see]] III.<br /><b class="num">a.</b> [[below]]. On T Tr WH [[omit]]; L brackets [[γάρ]]), [[where]] [[before]] [[καί]] [[γάρ]] [[some]] [[supply]] '[[but]] [[help]] me,' or '[[yet]] we do [[not]] [[suffer]] [[even]] the dogs to [[perish]] [[with]] [[hunger]],' [[see]] 10b. [[below]]. In [[γάρ]] [[many]] [[supply]] 'he [[will]] [[listen]] to thee'; [[but]] it introduces the [[reason]] for the [[preceding]] [[command]].<br /><b class="num">9.</b> When in [[successive]] statements [[γάρ]] is [[repeated]] [[twice]] or [[thrice]], or [[even]] [[four]] or [[five]] times, [[either]] a. [[one]] and the [[same]] [[thought]] is confirmed by as [[many]] arguments, [[each]] having its [[own]] [[force]], as [[there]] are repetitions of the [[particle]] (Meyer denies the coordinate [[use]] of [[γάρ]] in the N. T., asserting [[that]] the [[first]] is [[argumentative]], the [[second]] explicative, [[see]] his commentaries on the [[passage]] to [[follow]], [[also]] on G L T Tr WH); Winer's Grammar, 453 (422)); WH [[text]] omits; Tr brackets the [[first]] [[γάρ]], L WH marginal [[reading]] [[omit]] the [[second]]).<br /><b class="num">10.</b> [[καί]] [[γάρ]] (on [[which]] cf. Kühner, ii., p. 854 f; Winer's Grammar, 448 (417); (Ellicott on for, and [[truly]] (etenim, namque, (the [[simple]] [[rendering]] for is regarded as inexact by [[many]]; cf. Meyer on Krüger, § 69,32, 21)): L Tr brackets [[γάρ]]); for [[also]], for [[even]] (nam etiam): [[καί]] [[γάρ]] (R G L brackets) τά κυνάρια etc. the [[woman]], by adducing an [[example]], confirms [[what]] Christ had said, [[but]] the [[example]] is of [[such]] a [[sort]] as [[also]] to [[prove]] [[that]] her [[request]] [[ought]] to be granted. τέ [[γάρ]] for [[indeed]] (German denn ja): Winer's Grammar, 448 (417). [[ἰδού]] [[γάρ]], [[see]] [[under]] [[ἰδού]]. III. It serves to [[explain]], [[make]] [[clear]], [[illustrate]], a [[preceding]] [[thought]] or [[word]]: for equivalent to [[that]] Isaiah, [[namely]];<br /><b class="num">a.</b> so [[that]] it begins an [[exposition]] of the [[thing]] [[just]] announced (cf. Winer's Grammar, 454 f (423 f)): R G); [[γάρ]] introduces a [[statement]] setting [[forth]] the [[nature]] of the συνδοξασθῆναι [[just]] mentioned.<br /><b class="num">b.</b> so [[that]] the [[explanation]] is intercalated [[into]] the [[discourse]], or [[even]] added by [[way]] of appendix: ἦν [[γάρ]] [[μέγας]] [[σφόδρα]] is added to [[throw]] [[light]] on [[all]] [[that]] has been [[previously]] said (in IV. As respects [[position]]: [[γάρ]] [[never]] occupies the [[first]] [[place]] in a [[sentence]], [[but]] the [[second]], or [[third]], or [[even]] the [[fourth]] (ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ [[γάρ]] [[υἱός]], [[not]] the [[number]] [[but]] the [[nature]] of the [[word]] [[after]] [[which]] it stands is the [[point]] to be noticed, Hermann on [[Sophocles]] Philippians 1437.