σάρξ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=gen. σαρκός, ἡ, Aeol. [[σύρξ]] ''EM''708.31:—<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[flesh]], Hom. always in plural, exc. Od.19.450, cf. Hes.''Sc.''364,461; κορέει κύνας.. δημῷ καὶ σάρκεσσι Il.8.380; ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα Od.9.293, cf. 11.219; σάρκες περιτρομέοντο μέλεσσιν 18.77, cf. Hes.''Th.''538, Pi.''Fr.''168, etc.; τούτου σάρκας λύκοι πάσονται A.''Th.''1040; ὀπτὰς σάρκας Id.''Ag.''1097; σάρκες δ' ἀπ' ὀστέων.. ἀπέρρεον [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Medea|Med.]]'' 1200; sometimes to represent the whole body, μήτε γῆ δέξαιτό μου σάρκας θανόντος Id.''Hipp.''1031, cf. 1239,1343 (anap.): sg. later in same sense, <b class="b3">τοῦ αἵματος.. πηγνυμένου σ. γίνεται</b> (of the foetus) Hp.''Nat.Puer.''15, cf.''Steril.''233; κορέσαι στόμα πρὸς χάριν ἐμᾶς σαρκὸς αἰόλας S.''Ph.''1157 (lyr.); ἔδαπτον σάρκα [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Medea|Med.]]''  1189, cf. ''Ba.''1136, ''Cyc.''344, etc.: also collectively, of the [[body]], γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ' ἡβῶσαν φέρει A.''Th.''622; σαρκὶ παλαιᾶ Id.''Ag.''72 (anap.); <b class="b3">σαρκὸς περιβόλαια, ἐνδυτά</b>, E.''HF''1269, ''Ba.''746:—Pl. uses sg. and pl. in much the same manner, ταῖς σαρξὶ σάρκες προσγένωνται ''Phd.''96d, cf. ''Smp.''211e, ''R.''556d, ''Grg.''518c, etc.; τῆς σαρκὸς διαλυτικόν ''Ti.''60b, cf. 61c, 62b, etc.: [[portion]]s of [[meat]], usually in plural, σάρκας τρεῖς ''IG''12(7).237.17 (Amorgos) (sg., ib.12(2).498.16 (Methymna, iii B.C.)); but, [[piece]]s of [[flesh]] or [[membrane]], βήσσοντα.. ὥστε σάρκας ἐνπύους.. ἀποβάλλειν ''SIG'' 1171.5 (Lebena).<br><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">εἰς σάρκα πημαίνειν</b> to the [[quick]], Phld.''Herc.'' 1289p.60V.<br><span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ἡ σ. τοῦ σκύτεος</b> the [[inner]] or [[flesh]]-[[side]] of [[leather]], Hp.''Art.''33.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[fleshy]], [[pulpy substance of fruit]], [[Theophrastus|Thphr.]] ''[[De Causis Plantarum|CP]]'' 6.8.5, ''HP''1.2.6, 4.15.1, al.<br><span class="bld">II</span> the [[flesh]], as the seat of the affections and lusts, [[fleshly nature]], ἐν τῇ σ. ἡ ἡδονή Epicur.''Sent.''18, cf. ''Sent.Vat.'' 33; [[ἀδούλωτον]] (prob. l.) τῇ σαρκὶ καὶ τοῖς ταύτης πάθεσι Plu.2.107f, cf. 101b; freq. in [[NT]], Ep.Gal.5.19, al.<br><span class="bld">2</span> in [[NT]] also, the [[body]], τῆς σαρκὸς πρόνοια ''Ep.Rom.''13.14; οὔτε ἡ σ. αὐτοῦ εἶδεν διαφθοράν ''Act.Ap.''2.31, etc.: hence (partly as a Hebraism) [[πᾶσα σάρξ]] = [[everybody]], [[LXX]] ''Ge.''6.12, al., ''Ev.Luc.''3.6, etc.; <b class="b3">οὐ.. πᾶσα σάρξ</b> [[nobody]], Ev. Matt.24.22, etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> the [[physical]] or [[natural order]] of things, opp. [[the spiritual or supernatural]], σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα ''1 Ep.Cor.''1.26; ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες ''Ep.Phil.''3.3; <b class="b3">τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων καὶ πάσης σ.</b> ''SIG''1181.3 (ii B.C., Jewish). (Perh. I.-E. twrk̂- '[[portion]]', cf. Avest. θwarəs- '[[cut]]'.)

|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-02-0863.png Seite 863]] σαρκός, ἡ, das Fleisch; Hom., der gew. den plur. braucht, σαρκες περιτρομέοντο μέλεσσιν, Od. 18, 76; ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα, 9, 295 (wie auch die Tragg., vgl. Aesch. Ag. 1068 Ch. 278; Soph. Trach. 1043, u. oft bei Eur.); nur 19, 450 den sing., πολλὸν δὲ διήφυσε σαρκός, wo ein einzelner Fleischtheil, der dicke Muskel auf der vordern Seite des Oberschenkels gemeint ist; Tragg. oft für Körper, Leib, γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ' ἡβῶσαν φέρει, Aesch. Spt. 604; [[ἡμεῖς]] δ' ἀτίτᾳ σαρκὶ παλαιᾷ, Ag. 72; σάρκα τὴν ἐμὴν κατεμπρήσας πυρί, Eur. Herc. Fur. 1151; σαρκὸς περιβόλαια ἡβῶντα, 1269; er vrbdt auch διὰ σάρκα ἐμὰν [[ἔλεος]] ἔμολε ματρός, Phoen. 1292; in Prosa, wo auch der plur. häufig ist, z. B. Plat. ἐπειδὰν ταῖς σαρξὶ σάρκες προσγένωνται ἐκ τῶν σιτίων, Phaed. 96 d; τοιαύτας σάρκας περιβεβλημένος, Luc. D. Mort. 10, 5. – Auch bei den Pflanzen, die weichern Teile, Theophr. – Aeol. [[σύρξ]], dah. von Einigen auf [[σαίρω]], [[σύρω]] zurückgeführt, was man abstreift.

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|btext=σαρκός (ἡ) :<br /><b>1</b> [[chair de l'homme et des animaux]];<br /><b>2</b> [[le corps]];<br /><b>3</b> [[la chair considérée comme aliment]] ; αἱ σάρκες morceaux de chair <i>ou</i> de viande.<br />'''Étymologie:''' DELG *twrk « couper ».

|elnltext=σάρξ σαρκός, ἡ vlees, bij Hom. vaak plur.; vlezig deel. Hp. Art. 33. lichaam, steeds sing.: γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ’ ἡβῶσαν φύει (Lasthenes), een rijp man qua geest, maar hij heeft een lichaam in de kracht van zijn jeugd Aeschl. Sept. 622; σάρξ παλαιά het oude lijf Aeschl. Ag. 72. spec. NT lichamelijke natuur, menselijke natuur:; ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῆς σαρκός de lichamelijke begeerte NT 1 Io. 2.16; σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα wijs naar menselijke maatstaf NT 1 Cor. 1.26; mens (van vlees en bloed). οὐ πᾶσα σάρξ geen enkele mens NT Marc. 13.20; ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο het woord is vlees geworden NT Io. 1.14; ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ tijdens zijn aardse leven NT Hebr. 5.7.

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|elrutext='''σάρξ:''' σαρκός ἡ (Hom. преимущ. pl. с dat. σάρκεσσι)<br /><b class="num">1</b> [[мясо]], [[плоть]] (σάρκες τε καὶ ὀστέα Hom.);<br /><b class="num">2</b> [[тело]]: σάρκα ἡβῶσαν φέρειν ([[varia lectio|v.l.]] φύειν) Aesch. иметь молодое тело, т. е. быть молодым годами.

|sltr=[[σάρξ]] pl. [[flesh]] “καὶ τότ' ἐγὼ σαρκῶν τ ἐνοπὰν λτ;γτ; ἠδ ὀστέων στεναγμὸν βαρύν” (of Herakles, [[devouring]] an ox) fr. 168. 5. διοίγετο σάρκες fr. 246b.

|astxt=[[σάρξ]], σαρκός, ἡ [in [[LXX]] [[chiefly]] for בָּשָׂר;] <br />[[flesh]];<br /><b class="num">1.</b>as in cl. [[generally]],<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>[[prop]]., of the [[soft]] [[substance]] of the [[animal]] [[body]]: I Co 15:39, II Co 12:7, Ga 6:13, al.; σ. καὶ [[αἷμα]], I Co 5:50; σ. καὶ ὀστέα, Lk 24:39; pl., of the [[flesh]] of [[many]] or parts of the [[flesh]] of [[one]] (cl.), Re 17:16 19:18; [[φαγεῖν]], Re, ll. c. (cf. κατεσθίειν, IV Ki 9:36, al., and βιβρώσκειν, freq. in l.); metaph., Ja 5:3; mystically, φ. (τρώγειν) τὴν σ. τοῦ υἱοῦ τ. ἀνθρώπου,Jo 6:52-56; <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>Of the [[whole]] [[substance]] of the [[body]], = [[σῶμα]]: Ac 2:26 (LXX), 31, II Co 12:7, Ga 4:14, Eph 5:29; [[μία]] σ., Mk 10:8; εἰς σ. μίαν (Ge 2:24), Mt 19:5, Mk 10:8, I Co 6:16, Eph 5:31; [[hence]], of the [[material]] as opp. to the [[immaterial]] [[part]] of [[man]] (cf. Lft., Notes, 88): opp. to [[πνεῦμα]], I Co 5:5, II Co 7:1, Col 2:5, I Pe 3:18, 4:6; to ψύχη, Ac 2:31, Rec.; of the [[present]] [[life]], ἐν (τῇ) σ., Ro 7:5, Ga 2:20, Phl 1:22, 24 I Pe 4:2; of Christ's [[life]] on [[earth]], αἱ ἡμέραι τ. σαρκὸς [[αὐτοῦ]], He 5:7; of things pertaining to the [[body]], ἐν (τῇ) σ., Ga 6:12, 13 Phl 3:3, 4. <br /><b class="num">2.</b>As in Heb. idiom,<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>of a [[living]] [[creature]]: [[πᾶσα]] σ. (Heb. כָּל־בָּשָׂר; cf. Bl., §47, 9), Mt 24:22, Mk 13:20, I Pe 1:24; especially of [[man]] and his [[mortality]] (Ps 55 (56):5, Si 28:5, al.), Jo 1:14; [[πᾶσα]] σ. (v. supr.), Lk 3:6, Jo 17:2, Ac 2:17, ἐν σ., I Jo 4:2, I Ti 3:16; <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>of [[natural]] [[origin]] and [[relationship]] (Ge 2:24, Is 58:7, al.): τέκνα τῆς σ., Ro 9:8; κατὰ σάρκα, ib. 3, 5, I Co 10:18, Ga 4:23, 29; ἡ σ. μου, Ro 11:14 (cf. Jg 9:2, II Ki 5:1, al.). <br /><b class="num">3.</b>Of the [[physical]] [[nature]] as [[subject]] to [[sensation]] and [[desire]] (Plut.),<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>[[without]] [[any]] [[ethical]] [[disparagement]]: Ro 7:18 13:14; opp. to [[πνεῦμα]], Mt 26:41, Mk 14:38; τ. [[θέλημα]] τῆς σ., Jo 1:13; ἡ [[ἐπιθυμία]] τῆς σ., I Jo 2:16; pl., II Pe 2:18; [[παθεῖν]] σαρκί, I Pe 4:1; <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>in [[ethical]] [[sense]], especially in Pauline Epp., of the [[flesh]] as the [[seat]] and [[vehicle]] of [[sinful]] desires: opp. to [[νοῦς]], Ro 7:25; to [[πνεῦμα]], Ro 8:4-9, 12, 13, Ga 5:16, 17 19 6:8 (cf. DB, ii, 14f.; iv, 165f.; Cremer, 844ff.).

|txtha=σαρκός, ἡ (Aeolic, συρξ; [[hence]], it seems to be [[derived]] from [[σύρω]], [[akin]] to [[σαίρω]], 'to [[draw]],' 'to [[draw]] [[off]],' and to [[signify]] [[what]] [[can]] be stripped [[off]] from the bones (Etym. Magn. 708,34; sed quis subsignabit (Lob. Paralip., p. 111))), from Homer down, [[Hebrew]] בָּשָׂר;<br /><b class="num">1.</b> [[properly]], [[flesh]] (the [[soft]] [[substance]] of the [[living]] [[body]], [[which]] covers the bones and is permeated [[with]] [[blood]]) of [[both]] men and beasts: Tdf.; [[σάρξ]] [[καί]] [[αἷμα]] (on [[which]] [[expression]] [[see]] [[below]], 2a.; 3bis; 4at the [[end]] (cf. Winer's Grammar, 19)), and from bones, [[πνεῦμα]] σάρκα [[καί]] ὀστέα [[οὐκ]] [[ἔχει]], οὐ [[γάρ]] [[ἔτι]] σάρκας τέ [[καί]] ὀστέα ἰνες ἔχουσιν, [[Homer]], [[Odyssey]] 11,219). [[φαγεῖν]] τάς σάρκας τίνος: [[properly]], κατεσθίειν, Sept.; in classical Greek [[frequently]] βιβρώσκειν σάρκας; σαρκῶν [[ἐδωδή]], [[Plutarch]], septem [[sap]]. couviv. c. 16); tropically, to [[torture]] [[one]] [[with]] [[eternal]] [[penal]] torments, [[φαγεῖν]] and τρώγειν [[τήν]] σάρκα τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, in figurative [[discourse]], to [[appropriate]] to [[oneself]] the [[saving]] results of the [[violent]] [[death]] endured by Christ, ἀπέρχεσθαι or πορεύεσθαι [[ὀπίσω]] σαρκός, to [[follow]] [[after]] the [[flesh]], is used of those [[who]] are on the [[search]] for persons [[with]] whom [[they]] [[can]] [[gratify]] [[their]] [[lust]] ([[see]] [[ὀπίσω]], 2a.), τό [[σῶμα]] τῆς σαρκός, the [[body]] compacted of [[flesh]] (cf. Winer's Grammar, 188 (177)), [[σάρξ]] is<br /><b class="num">2.</b> equivalent to the [[body]], [[not]] designating it, [[however]], as a [[skilful]] [[combination]] of [[related]] parts (`an organism,' [[which]] is denoted by the [[word]] [[σῶμα]]), [[but]] signifying the [[material]] or [[substance]] of the [[living]] [[body]] (cf. [[Aeschylus]], Sept.622γέροντα [[τόν]] [[νοῦν]] σάρκα δ' ἡβωσαν φέρει);<br /><b class="num">a.</b> [[universally]], [[πνεῦμα]], 2, p. 520a [[middle]]); [[μία]] [[σάρξ]], [[one]] [[body]], of [[husband]] and [[wife]], εἰς σάρκα μίαν (from [[ψυχή]], ἔδωκεν ... Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν ... [[τήν]] σάρκα [[ὑπέρ]] τῆς σαρκός [[ἡμῶν]] [[καί]] [[τήν]] ψυχήν [[ὑπέρ]] τῶν ψυχῶν [[ἡμῶν]], Clement of [[Rome]], 1 Corinthians 49,6 [ET] (cf. Irenaeus 5,1, 1; [[but]] G L T Tr WH [[drop]] ἡ [[ψυχή]] [[αὐτοῦ]] in Acts, the [[passage]] cited)); opposed to πενυμα (the [[human]]), [[σάρξ]] [[καί]] [[αἷμα]], equivalent to ψυχικόν [[σῶμα]], ἡ [[περιτομή]] ἐν σαρκί, τό [[πρόσωπον]] μου ἐν σαρκί (A. V. my [[face]] in the [[flesh]]), my [[bodily]] [[countenance]], [[ἀσθένεια]] σαρκός, of [[disease]], ἐν τῇ θνητῇ σαρκί [[ἡμῶν]], ἐν τῷ σώματι [[ἡμῶν]], ἐν τῇ σαρκί [[αὐτοῦ]], by giving up his [[body]] to [[death]], [[διά]] τῆς σαρκός [[αὐτοῦ]], προσφέρειν [[τήν]] σάρκα μου, to [[offer]] in [[sacrifice]] my [[flesh]] — Christ is [[speaking]], the Epistle of Barnabas 7,5 [ET]; [[τήν]] σάρκα παραδοῦναι εἰς καταφθοράν, ibid. 5,1 [ET]). [[life]] on [[earth]], [[which]] is passed in the [[body]] ([[flesh]]), is designated by the [[following]] phrases: ἐν σαρκί [[εἶναι]], [[ζῆν]] ἐν σαρκί, ἐπιμένειν ἐν σαρκί, ὁ ἐν σαρκί [[χρόνος]], αἱ ἡμέραι τῆς σαρκός [[αὐτοῦ]], of Christ's [[life]] on [[earth]], ἐν σαρκί or ἐν τῇ σαρκί, in things pertaining to the [[flesh]] ([[body]]), [[such]] as circumcision, [[descent]], etc.: πεποιθέναι, ἔχειν πεποίθησιν, οἱ συγγενεῖς [[κατά]] σάρκα, Winer's Grammar, § 20,2a.); τέκνα τῆς σαρκός, children by [[bird]], [[natural]] [[posterity]], ἀδελφόν ἐν σαρκί [[καί]] ἐν κυρίῳ, a [[natural]] [[brother]] (as it were) and a Christian [[brother]], οἱ τῆς σαρκός [[ἡμῶν]] πατέρες, [[our]] [[natural]] [[fathers]] (opposed to God ὁ [[πατήρ]] τῶν πνευμάτων, [[see]] [[πατήρ]], 1a. and 3b.), τά ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί, Gentiles by [[birth]], [[Ἰσραήλ]] [[κατά]] σάρκα, [[Ἰσραήλ]] τοῦ Θεοῦ, of Christians, is [[found]] in τό [[κατά]] σάρκα, as respects the [[flesh]] i. e. [[human]] [[origin]], Clement of [[Rome]], 1 Corinthians 32,2 [ET]; Irenaeus haer. 4,4, 1and [[fragment]] 17 ed; Stieren, p. 836)); γενομένου ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυίδ [[κατά]] σάρκα, ὁ [[κατά]] σάρκα γεννηθείς, [[born]] by [[natural]] [[generation]] (opposed to γεννηθείς ... [[τόν]] [[κατά]] [[πνεῦμα]], i. e. by the [[supernatural]] [[power]] of God, operating in the [[promise]]), τό γεγεννήμενοι ἐκ τῆς σαρκός [[σάρξ]] ἐστιν, [[that]] [[which]] has been [[born]] of the [[natural]] [[man]] is a [[natural]] [[man]] (opposed to [[one]] [[who]] has been [[born]] [[again]] by the [[power]] of the [[Holy Spirit]]), ἡ [[σάρξ]] μου, those [[with]] whom I [[share]] my [[natural]] [[origin]], my [[fellow]]-countrymen, [[ἰδού]] [[ὀστᾶ]] [[σου]] [[καί]] σάρκες [[σου]], [[εἶναι]] ἐκ τῆς σαρκός [[καί]] ἐκ τῶν ὀστέων τίνος, [[which]] in its [[proper]] [[use]] signifies to be 'formed [[out]] of [[one]]'s [[flesh]] and bones' (R G Tr marginal [[reading]] brackets).<br /><b class="num">c.</b> the [[sensuous]] [[nature]] of Prayer of Manasseh, 'the [[animal]] [[nature]]': [[without]] [[any]] [[suggestion]] of [[depravity]], τό [[θέλημα]] τῆς σαρκός, of [[sexual]] [[desire]], the [[animal]] [[nature]] [[with]] cravings [[which]] [[incite]] to [[sin]]: τά [[μέλη]] is used in ὁ [[νοῦς]], ἡ [[ἐπιθυμία]] τῆς σαρκός, ἡ [[ἐπιθυμία]] τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν; (others [[regard]] [[this]] [[last]] as a [[new]] specification; cf. Westcott at the [[passage]])); plural τά τῆς σαρκός [[πάθη]], τό μή δεδουλωσθαι σαρκί [[καί]] τοῖς πάθεσι [[ταύτης]] διάγειν, ὑφ' ὧν κατασπωμενος ὁ [[νοῦς]] τῆς θνητης ἀναπιμπλαται φλυαριας, ἐυδαιμον τί [[καί]] μακάριον, Plur. consol. ad Apoll c. 13; τῆς σαρκός [[ἡδονή]], opposed to [[ψυχή]], [[Plutarch]], de virt. et vit. c. 3; [[add]], [[Philo]] de gigant. § 7; ([[Diogenes]] Laërtius 10,145; animo cum hac carne [[grave]] certamen est, Seneca, consol. ad Marc. 21; [[animus]] liber habitat; nunquam me cato ista compellet ad metum, Seneca, epistles 65 (7,3, 22); non est summa felicitatis nostrae in carne ponenda, ibid. 74 (9,3, 16)). the [[physical]] [[nature]] of [[man]] as [[subject]] to [[suffering]]: [[παθεῖν]] σαρκί, ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου, in [[that]] my [[flesh]] suffers afflictions, Lightfoot)); θλῖψιν ἔχειν τῇ σαρκί, a [[living]] [[creature]] ([[because]] [[possessed]] of a [[body]] of [[flesh]]), [[whether]] [[man]] or [[beast]]: [[πᾶσα]] [[σάρξ]] (in [[imitation]] of the [[Hebrew]] כָּל־בָּשָׂר (Winer's Grammar, 33)), [[every]] lving [[creature]], οὐ [[preceding]] (qualifying the [[verb]] (Winer's Grammar, § 26,1; Buttmann, 121 (106))), no [[living]] [[creature]], a [[man]] ([[ἄνθρωπος]] for בָּשָׂר, ἐν τῷ Θεῷ [[ἤλπισα]], οὐ φοβηθήσομαι τί ποιήσει μοι [[σάρξ]], ἐμνήσθη, [[ὅτι]] [[σάρξ]] εἰσιν, [[σάρξ]] [[καί]] [[αἷμα]], [[γενεά]] σαρκός [[καί]] αἵματος, ἡ [[μέν]] τελευτᾷ, ἑτέρα δέ γεννᾶται, ὁ [[λόγος]] [[σάρξ]] ἐγένετο, entered [[into]] [[participation]] in [[human]] [[nature]], [[σάρξ]], [[not]] [[ἄνθρωπος]], [[apparently]] in [[order]] to [[indicate]] [[that]] he [[who]] [[possessed]] [[supreme]] [[majesty]] did [[not]] [[shrink]] from [[union]] [[with]] [[extreme]] [[weakness]]); εὑρίσκειν τί [[κατά]] σάρκα, to [[attain]] to [[anything]] [[after]] the [[manner]] of a ([[weak]]) Prayer of Manasseh, i. e. by the [[use]] of [[merely]] [[human]] powers, ἐξ ἔργων in [[πᾶσα]] [[σάρξ]], [[all]] men, Winer's Grammar, § 30,1a.); οὐ or μή [[preceding]] (qualifying the [[verb]] (Winer's Grammar, and Buttmann, as referred to [[above]])), no Prayer of Manasseh, no [[mortal]], [[man]] as he appears, [[such]] as he presents [[himself]] to [[view]], [[man]]'s [[external]] [[appearance]] and [[condition]]: [[κατά]] σάρκα κρίνειν, Winer's Grammar, 583 (542)) (equivalent to κρίνειν κατ' ὄψιν, γινώσκειν or [[εἰδέναι]] τινα [[κατά]] σάρκα, οἱ [[κατά]] σάρκα κυρίου ([[see]] [[κατά]], II:3b.), [[human]] [[nature]], the [[soul]] included: ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκός ἁμαρτίας, in a [[visible]] [[form]], [[like]] [[human]] [[nature]] [[which]] is [[subject]] to [[sin]], [[ὁμοίωμα]], b.); ἐν σαρκί ἔρχεσθαι, to [[appear]] clothed in [[human]] [[nature]], in 3; φανερουσθαι, κεκοινωνηκεναι αἵματος [[καί]] σαρκός, [[σάρξ]], [[when]] [[either]] [[expressly]] or [[tacitly]] opposed to τό [[πνεῦμα]] (τοῦ Θεοῦ), has an [[ethical]] [[sense]] and denotes "[[mere]] [[human]] [[nature]], the [[earthly]] [[nature]] of [[man]] [[apart]] from [[divine]] [[influence]], and [[therefore]] [[prone]] to [[sin]] and opposed to God"; [[accordingly]] it includes [[whatever]] in the [[soul]] is [[weak]], [[low]], [[debased]], tending to [[ungodliness]] and [[vice]] ("Thou [[must]] [[not]] [[understand]] '[[flesh]]', [[therefore]], as [[though]] [[that]] [[only]] were '[[flesh]]' [[which]] is [[connected]] [[with]] [[unchastity]], [[but]] St. Paul uses '[[flesh]]' of the [[whole]] Prayer of Manasseh, [[body]] and [[soul]], [[reason]] and [[all]] his faculties included, [[because]] [[all]] [[that]] is in him longs and strives [[after]] the [[flesh]] (Luther, Preface to the Epistle to the Romans); [[note]] [[that]] '[[flesh]]' signifies the [[entire]] [[nature]] of Prayer of Manasseh, [[sense]] and [[reason]], [[without]] the [[Holy Spirit]]" (Melanchthon, Loci, edition of 1535, in Corpus Reform. xxi., p. 277). This [[definition]] is strikingly supported by these [[two]] utterances of Paul: οὐδεμίαν ἔσχηκεν ἄνεσιν ἡ [[σάρξ]] [[ἡμῶν]], [[οὐκ]] [[ἔσχηκα]] ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματι μου, τό [[πνεῦμα]] (τοῦ Θεοῦ), [[ἀκροβυστία]], c.); [[πλησμονή]]); [[ἐπιθυμία]] σαρκός, αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι and τά θελήματα τῆς σαρκός, ὁ [[νοῦς]] τῆς σαρκός, [[σῶμα]] τῆς σαρκός, a [[body]] given up to the [[control]] of the [[flesh]], i. e. a [[body]] whose members [[our]] [[nature]], estranged from God, used as its instruments (cf. G L T Tr WH; τά τῆς σαρκός (opposed to τά τοῦ πνεύματος), the things [[which]] [[please]] the [[flesh]], [[which]] the [[flesh]] craves, σαρκί ἐπιτελοῦμαι, to [[make]] for [[oneself]] an [[end]] ([[see]] [[ἐπιτελέω]], 1tim) by devoting [[oneself]] to the [[flesh]], i. e. by [[gradually]] losing the [[Holy Spirit]] and giving [[oneself]] up to the [[control]] of the [[flesh]], σταυρουν [[τήν]] σάρκα [[αὐτοῦ]] ([[see]] [[σταυρόω]], 3b.), ἐν σαρκί [[εἶναι]] (opposed to ἐν πνεύματι, [[namely]], τοῦ Θεοῦ), to be in the [[power]] of the [[flesh]], [[under]] the [[control]] of the [[flesh]], οἱ [[κατά]] σάρκα ὄντες, [[who]] [[exhibit]] the [[nature]] of the [[flesh]], equivalent to οἱ σαρκικοί (opposed to οἱ [[κατά]] [[πνεῦμα]] ὄντες), [[κατά]] σάρκα περιπατεῖν, to [[live]] according to the [[standard]] of the [[flesh]], to [[comply]] in [[conduct]] [[with]] the [[impulse]] of the [[flesh]], [[κατά]] [[πνεῦμα]], βουλεύεσθαι, καυχᾶσθαι, [[κατά]] [[πνεῦμα]]) [[ζῆν]], ἐν σαρκί τυγχάνουσιν, ἀλλ' οὐ [[κατά]] σάρκα ζῶσιν, of Christians, Ep. ad Diogn. 5,8 [ET]); ἐν σαρκί περιπατοῦντες οὐ [[κατά]] σάρκα στρατευόμεθα, [[although]] the [[nature]] in [[which]] we [[live]] is [[earthly]] and [[therefore]] [[weak]], [[yet]] we do [[not]] [[carry]] on [[our]] [[warfare]] according its [[law]], οὐ [[κατά]] σάρκα γράφειν, [[ἀλλά]] [[κατά]] γνώμην Θεοῦ, Ignatius ad Romans 8,3 [ET]); [[with]] the [[suggestion]] of [[weakness]] as respects [[knowledge]]: [[σάρξ]] [[καί]] [[αἷμα]], a [[man]] [[liable]] to [[err]], [[fallible]] [[man]]: ἡ [[ἀσθένεια]] τῆς σαρκός, σοφοί [[κατά]] σάρκα, [[σάρξ]] als Quelle der Sünde, in the Theol. Studien und Kritiken for 1855, p. 477ff; C. Holsten, Die Bedeut. des Wortes [[σάρξ]] im Lehrbegriffe des Paulus, 4to, Rostock 1855 (reprinted in his Zum Evang. des Paul. u. Petr., p. 365ff. (Rostock, 1867); [[see]] [[also]] ([[with]] [[especially]] [[reference]] to Holsten) Lüdemann, Die Anthropologie des Apest. Paul. (Kiel, 1872)); Ritschl, Entstehung der altkathol. Kirche, edition 2, p. 66ff; Baur in the Theol. Jahrbb. for 1857, p. 96ff, and in his Biblical Theol. des [[NT|N.T.]], p. 142ff, etc.; Wieseler, Br. an [[die]] Galater, pp. 443ff, 448ff (cf. Riddle in Schaff's Lange's Commentary on Romans, p. 235f) Weiss, Biblical Theol. des [[NT|N.T.]] (3rd edition) § 68, p. 243ff, § 100, p. 414 f; Rich. Schmidt, Paulin. Christologie, p. 8ff; Eklund, [[σάρξ]] vocabulum quid ap. Paulum apost. significet (Lund, 1872); Pfleiderer, Paulinismus, p. 47ff. (English translation, vol. i., p. 47ff); Wendt, Die Begrifle Fleisch u. Geist im Biblical Sprachgebr. (Gotha, 1878); (Cremer in Herzog edition 2under the [[word]] Fleisch, [[but]] [[especially]] in his Biblical-theol. Wörterbuch, 3te (or 4te) Aufl., [[under]] the [[word]]; Laidlaw, The Bible Doctr. of Man (Edinb. 1879), pp. 74ff, 373 f; [[Philippi]], Glaubensl. edition 2, vol. iii., pp. 231-250; [[especially]] Dickson, St. Paul's [[use]] of the terms Flesh and Spirit (Glasgow, 1883)); and the references in Meyer on Romans 4:1 (6te Aufl.).

{{ls

|lstext='''σάρξ''': ἡ, γεν. σαρκός, Αἰολικ. σὺρξ Ἐτυμολ. Μέγ. 708. 31· (ἐτυμολ. ἀμφίβολ.)· ― Λατιν. caro, Ὅμ., κλ.· παρ’ Ὁμήρ. ἀεὶ ἐν χρήσει τὸ πληθ., πλὴν ἐν Ὀδ. Τ. 450, [[ἔνθα]] (ὡς παρ’ Ἡσιόδ. ἐν Ἀσπ. Ἡρ. 364, 461) σημαίνει τὸν πρόσθιον μῦν τοῦ μηροῦ· [[διότι]] διὰ τοῦ πληθ. σημαίνονται πάντες οἱ μυῶνες τοῦ σώματος, κορέει κύνας... δημῷ καὶ σάρκεσσι Ἰλ. Θ. 380, Ν. 832· ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα Ὀδ. Ι. 293, πρβλ. Λ. 219· σάρκες περιτρομέοντο μέλεσσιν Σ. 76· οὕτω παρ’ Ἡσ. ἐν Θεογ. 538, Πινδ. Ἀποσπ. 150, καὶ τοῖς Ἀττ.· τούτου σάρκας λύκοι πάσονται Αἰσχύλ. Θήβ. 1035· ὀπτὰς σάρκας ὁ αὐτ. ἐν Ἀγ. 1097· σάρκες δ’ ἀπ’ ὀστέων... ἀπέρρεον Εὐρ. Μήδ. 1200· ἀλλ’ [[ἐνίοτε]] σημαίνει τὸ ὅλον [[σῶμα]], [[μήτε]] γῆ δέξαιτό μου σάρκας θανόντος ὁ αὐτ. ἐν Ἱππολ. 1031, πρβλ. 1239, 1343, κτλ.· ― τὸ ἑνικ. [[εἶναι]] ἐν χρήσει παρὰ τοῖς [[μετέπειτα]] ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς σημασίας, τοῦ αἵματος... πηγνυμένου σὰρξ γίνεται Ἱππ. 237. 13, κτλ.· κορέσαι [[στόμα]] πρὸς [[χάριν]] ἐμᾶς σαρκὸς αἰόλας Σοφ. Φιλ. 1157· ἔδαπτον σάρκα Εὐρ. Μήδ. 1189, πρβλ. Βάκχ. 1136, Κύκλ. 344, κτλ.· [[ὡσαύτως]] περιληπτικῶς, ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματος, γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ’ ἡβῶσαν φέρει Αἰσχύλ. Θήβ. 622· σαρκὶ παλαιᾷ ὁ αὐτ. ἐν Ἀγ. 72· σαρκὸς περιβόλαια, ἐνδυτὰ Εὐρ. Ἡρ. Μαιν. 1269, Βάκχ. 746· ― ὁ [[Πλάτων]] χρῆται τῷ ἑνικ. καὶ πληθ. σχεδὸν ὁμοίως, ταῖς σαρξὶ σάρκες προσγίγνονται Φαίδων 96D, πρβλ. Συμπ. 211Ε, Πολ. 556D, κτλ.· τῆς σαρκὸς διαλυτικὸν Τίμ. 60Β, πρβλ. 61C, 62B, κτλ. 2) ἡ σὰρξ τοῦ σκύτεος, τὸ ἐσωτερικὸν ἢ τὸ πρὸς τὴν σάρκα [[μέρος]] τοῦ δέρματος, Ἱππ. π. Ἄρθρ. 799. 3) τὸ σαρκῶδες, [[μαλακὸν]] [[μέρος]] τῶν καρπῶν, Θεοφρ. π. Φυτ. Αἰτ. 6. 8, 5, πρβλ. π. Φυτ. Ἱστ. 1. 2, 6., 4. 15, 1, κτλ. ΙΙ. ἡ σὰρξ ὡς [[ἕδρα]] τῶν αἰσθημάτων, παθῶν καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν, ἡ σαρκικὴ [[φύσις]], σαρκὶ δουλεύειν καὶ τοῖς πάθεσι Πλούτ. 2. 107F, πρβλ. 101Β· συχν. ἐν τῇ καινῇ Διαθ. 2) ἐν τῇ καιν. Διαθ. [[ὡσαύτως]], ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως [[καθόλου]], ὁ [[ἄνθρωπος]], πᾶσα [[σάρξ]], πᾶν τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος ἢ [[εἶδος]], Α΄ Ἐπιστ. Πέτρ. α΄, 24.

|etymtx=σαρκός<br />Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).<br />Meaning: [[flesh]], [[piece(s) of meat]] (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.<br />Other forms: Aeol. [[σύρκες]] pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.<br />Compounds: Many compp., e.g. <b class="b3">σαρκο-φάγος</b> [[eating flesh]] (Arist.), <b class="b3">λίθος σαρκοφάγος</b> des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there [[coffin]] (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] [[sarcophagus]], OHG [[sarch]] etc.; <b class="b3">ἄ-σαρκος</b> [[without flesh]], [[thin]] (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίον</b> (Hp., Arist. a. o.), <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> (Arist. etc.) n. [[piece of flesh]], <b class="b3">-ίς</b> f. [[meat]], [[food]] (late pap.); <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. <b class="b3">σάρκ-ινος</b> (Att. etc.), <b class="b3">-ικός</b> (hell. a. late), <b class="b3">-ειος</b> (late) [[fleshy]], [[made of flesh]]; <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> [[flesh-like]] (Hp., X. etc.), <b class="b3">-ήρης</b> [[consisting of flesh]] (Trag. Adesp.). 3a <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίζω</b> [[to scrape clean of flesh]] (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), <b class="b3">περι-</b> σαρκός with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> (medic.), <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> σαρκός (LXX); b. <b class="b3">-όω</b> (<b class="b3">περι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> a. o.) [[to make fleshy]], [[to change into flesh]] with <b class="b3">-ωμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ωσις</b>, <b class="b3">-ωτικός</b> (medic. a. o.); c. <b class="b3">-άζω</b> s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] <b class="b2">*tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> [[cut]]<br />Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. [[ʮwarǝs-]], pres. [[ʮwǝrǝsaiti]] prop. [[cut]] ([[upa-]], [[us-]] a. o.), as simplex [[shape]], [[create]], [[destine etc.]], IE <b class="b2">tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. [[carō]] <b class="b2">(piece) of meat</b> = Umbr. [[karu]] [[pars]], [[piece of meat]] to [[κείρω]] [[cut]] etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. [[tuekkaš]] [[body]] [with assumed loss of [[r]] before k] is discussed; s. however on [[σάκος]]): to [[ʮwarǝs-]] in the (clearly secondary) meaning [[create]], [[build]]; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. [[tvaṣṭar-]] contains a zero grade (with a < <b class="b2">r̥</b>), like Av. [[ʮworǝštar-]] (from <b class="b2">*ʮwǝrǝštar-</b>). OIr. [[torc]] [[boar]] has the same origin, for which he reconstructs <b class="b2">*turḱos</b>. L. discusses also the rise of <b class="b3">-αρ-</b>, <b class="b3">-υρ-</b> (rejecting a reconstr. <b class="b2">*tu̯orḱ-</b>). - From [[σάρξ]] Alb. [[šark]] [[flesh of a fruit]] (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).<br />σαρκός<br />Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).<br />Meaning: [[flesh]], [[piece(s) of meat]] (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.<br />Other forms: Aeol. [[σύρκες]] pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.<br />Compounds: Many compp., e.g. <b class="b3">σαρκο-φάγος</b> [[eating flesh]] (Arist.), <b class="b3">λίθος σαρκοφάγος</b> des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there [[coffin]] (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] [[sarcophagus]], OHG [[sarch]] etc.; <b class="b3">ἄ-σαρκος</b> [[without flesh]], [[thin]] (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίον</b> (Hp., Arist. a. o.), <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> (Arist. etc.) n. [[piece of flesh]], <b class="b3">-ίς</b> f. [[meat]], [[food]] (late pap.); <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. <b class="b3">σάρκ-ινος</b> (Att. etc.), <b class="b3">-ικός</b> (hell. a. late), <b class="b3">-ειος</b> (late) [[fleshy]], [[made of flesh]]; <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> [[flesh-like]] (Hp., X. etc.), <b class="b3">-ήρης</b> [[consisting of flesh]] (Trag. Adesp.). 3a <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίζω</b> [[to scrape clean of flesh]] (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), <b class="b3">περι-</b> σάρξ with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> (medic.), <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> σάρξ (LXX); b. <b class="b3">-όω</b> (<b class="b3">περι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> a. o.) [[to make fleshy]], [[to change into flesh]] with <b class="b3">-ωμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ωσις</b>, <b class="b3">-ωτικός</b> (medic. a. o.); c. <b class="b3">-άζω</b> s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] <b class="b2">*tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> [[cut]]<br />Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. [[ʮwarǝs-]], pres. [[ʮwǝrǝsaiti]] prop. [[cut]] ([[upa-]], [[us-]] a. o.), as simplex [[shape]], [[create]], [[destine etc.]], IE <b class="b2">tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. [[carō]] <b class="b2">(piece) of meat</b> = Umbr. [[karu]] [[pars]], [[piece of meat]] to [[κείρω]] [[cut]] etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. [[tuekkaš]] [[body]] [with assumed loss of [[r]] before k] is discussed; s. however on [[σάκος]]): to [[ʮwarǝs-]] in the (clearly secondary) meaning [[create]], [[build]]; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. [[tvaṣṭar-]] contains a zero grade (with a < <b class="b2">r̥</b>), like Av. [[ʮworǝštar-]] (from <b class="b2">*ʮwǝrǝštar-</b>). OIr. [[torc]] [[boar]] has the same origin, for which he reconstructs <b class="b2">*turḱos</b>. L. discusses also the rise of <b class="b3">-αρ-</b>, <b class="b3">-υρ-</b> (rejecting a reconstr. <b class="b2">*tu̯orḱ-</b>). - From [[σάρξ]] Alb. [[šark]] [[flesh of a fruit]] (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).

|ftr='''σάρξ''': σαρκός<br />{sárks}<br />'''Forms''': (äol. σύρκες pl. H., ''EM''; zum Lautlichen Schwyzer 308)<br />'''Grammar''': f., oft (Hom. fast nur) pl.<br />'''Meaning''': ‘Fleisch, Fleischstück(e)’ (seit Il.); zum Numerus Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.<br />'''Composita''': Zahlreiche Kompp., z.B. [[σαρκοφάγος]] [[fleischfressend]] (seit Arist.), [[λίθος]] [[σαρκοφάγος]] Bez. eines bei Assos (Troas) gebrochenen Steins, der zu Särgen gebraucht wurde und die Leichname verzehrt haben soll (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. u. a.); zum umstrittenen physiologischchemischen Prozesse s. R. Müller bei Kretschmer G1otta 22, 265; daraus [[Sarg]] (Inschr.), lat. LW ''sarcophagus'', ahd. ''sarch'' usw.; [[ἄσαρκος]] [[ohne Fleisch]], [[mager]] (ion. att.); zum Hinterglied ausführlich Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.<br />'''Derivative''': Davon 1. [[σαρκίον]] (Hp., Arist. u. a.), -ίδιον (Arist. usw.) n. [[Stück Fleisch]], -ίς f. [[Fleisch]], [[Essen]] (sp. Pap.); -ῖτις f. N. eines Steins (Plin.; nach der Farbe, Redard 60). 2. [[σάρκινος]] (att. usw.), -ικός (hell. u. sp.), -ειος (sp.) [[fleischig]], [[fleischern]]; -ώδης [[fleischartig]] (Hp., X. usw.), -[[ήρης]] [[aus Fleisch bestehend]] (''Trag''. ''Adesp''.). 3a. [[σαρκίζω]] [[entfleischen]] (Hdt.; zur privativen Bed. Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; nicht richtig Schwyzer 736), περι- ~ mit -ισμός (Mediz.), ἐκ- ~ (LXX); b. -όω (περι-, ἐκ- u. a.) [[fleischig machen]], [[ins Fleisch verwandeln]] mit -ωμα, -ωσις, -ωτικός (Mediz. u. a.); c. -άζω s. bes.<br />'''Etymology''': Ohne sichere außergriech. Entsprechung. Nach einer allgemeinen, sehr erwägenswerten Auffassung (seit v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) zu aw. ''ϑwarəs''-, Präs. ''ϑwərəsaiti'' eig. [[schneiden]] (''upa''-, ''us''- u. a.), als Simplex ‘gestalten, erschaffen, be- stimmen’, idg. ''tu̯erḱ''-, ''tu̯r̥ḱ''- (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); somit eig. *’Schnitt’ wie lat. ''carō'' ‘Fleisch(stück)’ = umbr. ''karu'' [[pars]], [[Stück Fleisch]] zu [[κείρω]] [[schneiden]] usw. Andere Begründung von Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (wo auch heth. ''tuekkaš'' [[Körper]] [mit angebl. Schwund eines ''r'' vor ''k''] herangezogen wird; s. indessen zu [[σάκος]]): zu ''ϑwarəs''- in der (offenbar sekundären) Bed. [[erschaffen]], [[bilden]]; somit "Fleisch als das, was dem menschlichen Körper Gestalt und Formung gibt"; gewiß nicht vorzuziehen. — Aus [[σάρξ]] alb. ''šark'' ‘Frucht- fleisch’ (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).<br />'''Page''' 2,679-680

{{mantoulidis

|mantxt=Ἡ [[ἐτυμολογία]] της εἶναι ἀμφίβολη. Ἀρχική ρίζα [[ἴσως]] ἡ τϝαρκ-.<br><b>Παράγωγα:</b> [[σαρκάζω]], [[σαρκασμός]], [[σαρκικός]], [[σάρκινος]], [[σαρκοβόρος]], [[σαρκοειδής]], [[σαρκοφάγος]], [[σαρκόω]] (=[[δυναμώνω]]), [[σαρκώδης]], [[σάρκωσις]], [[ἄσαρκος]].

|trtx====[[flesh]]===