durus: Difference between revisions

|lshtext=<b>dūrus</b>: a, um, adj. etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. [[root]] dhar, to [[fix]], [[confirm]],<br /><b>I</b> [[hard]].<br /><b>I</b> Lit.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Orig. as affecting the [[sense]] of [[feeling]]: et validi silices ac duri robora ferri, Lucr. 2, 449; so, [[silex]], Verg. A. 6, 471: [[ferrum]], Hor. C. 3, 11, 31: [[cautes]], Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672: bipennes, Hor. C. 4, 4, 57: ligones, id. Epod. 5, 30: [[aratrum]], id. S. 1, 1, 28: [[compes]], id. Epod. 4, 4: [[pellis]], Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502: arva, id. ib. 2, 341; cf. [[cutis]], Ov. M. 8, 805: [[alvus]], Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: [[aqua]], [[hard]], i. e. containing [[much]] [[earthy]] [[matter]], Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf. [[muria]], [[saturated]] [[with]] [[salt]], Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. [[muria]]: dumeta, i. e. [[rough]], Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.: [[gallina]], [[tough]], not [[yet]] [[boiled]] [[tender]], Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.: fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient, Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.: [[ladanum]] durissimum tactu, Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.: durissimus [[tophus]] vel [[carbunculus]], Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(a)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E [[duro]] (sc. ligno), of the [[hardened]] [[wood]] of the [[vine]], Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. [[duramentum]].—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(b)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Transf.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As affecting the [[sense]] of [[taste]]: [[vinum]], opp. [[suavis]], [[hard]], [[harsh]], Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.: [[sapor]] Bacchi, Verg. G. 4, 102: [[acetum]], Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As affecting the [[ear]]: vocis genera permulta: ... [[grave]] [[acutum]], flexibile durum, Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., [[hard]], [[rough]] (cf. [[asper]], II.): aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians [[oratio]], Quint. 8, 6, 62: consonantes, id. 11, 3, 35: syllabae, id. 12, 10, 30: verba, id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72: [[compositio]], id. 9, 4, 142.<br /><b>II</b> Trop.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Opp. to [[cultivated]], [[rough]], rulde, [[uncultivated]]: Q. [[Aelius]] [[Tubero]] ut [[vita]] sic oratione [[durus]], [[incultus]], [[horridus]], Cic. Brut. 31; cf.: (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus, id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29: Attilius poëta durissimus, id. Att. 14, 20, 3: C. [[Marius]], qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.: [[pictor]] [[durus]] in coloribus, Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, [[gens]] [[duro]] robore [[nata]], Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.: terrea [[progenies]] duris [[caput]] extulit arvis, id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But [[sometimes]] as a [[praiseworthy]] [[quality]], opp. to [[soft]], [[weakly]], [[hardy]], [[vigorous]] (esp. freq. in poets): fortes et duri Spartiatae, Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.: [[Ligures]], durum in armis [[genus]], Liv. 27, 48: durum [[genus]] experiensque laborum, [[hardy]], Ov. M. 1, 414: [[unde]] homines nati, durum [[genus]], Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. [[λᾶας]] and [[λαός]], Pind. Ol. 9, 71): [[gens]] dura [[atque]] aspera cultu, a [[hardy]] [[race]], id. A. 5, 730: [[genus]] humanum [[durius]], [[tellus]] [[quod]] dura creāsset, Lucr. 5, 926: Dardanidae, Verg. A. 3, 94: [[Hannibal]], Hor. C. 2, 12, 2: [[Iberia]], id. ib. 4, 14, 50: [[vindemiator]], id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.: [[ilia]] messorum, id. Epod. 3, 4: juvenci, Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Opp. to [[morally]] [[mild]], [[gentle]], [[harsh]], [[rough]], [[stern]], [[unyielding]], [[unfeeling]], [[insensible]], [[obstinate]]: [[quis]] se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc., Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.: [[quis]] [[nostrum]] [[animo]] tam agresti et [[duro]] fuit, ut? etc., id. Arch. 8: [[neque]] sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et [[quasi]] ferream esse quandam volunt, id. Lael. 13 fin.; ingenio esse [[duro]] [[atque]] inexorabili, Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12: [[satis]] [[pater]] [[durus]] fui, id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17: [[Varius]] qui est [[habitus]] judex durior, Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4: [[mala]] vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis, Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the [[end]] of the [[letter]]: se placabiliorem praebere): duri hominis vel [[potius]] vix hominis videtur, [[periculum]] capitis inferre multis, Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7: [[quid]] nos dura refugimus [[aetas]]? id. ib. 1, 35, 34: ōs durum, [[shameless]], [[impudent]], Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451: cor, Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the [[austerity]] of the Stoic [[mode]] of [[living]], v. [[above]], A.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>C</b> Of things, [[hard]], [[severe]], [[toilsome]]; [[troublesome]], [[burdensome]], [[disagreeable]]; [[adverse]], [[unfortunate]]: [[opulento]] homini hoc [[servitus]] dura est, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so, [[servitus]], Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf. lex, Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1: [[condicio]], Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.: [[provincia]], Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf. partes, id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A: [[dolor]], Lucr. 3, 460: [[labor]], id. 5, 1272: subvectiones, Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1: [[venatus]], Ov. M. 4, 307: dura cultu et aspera [[plaga]], Liv. 45, 30 fin.: durissimo tempore anni, Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.: morbum acrem ac durum, Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf. [[valetudo]], Hor. S. 2, 2, 88: dolores, Verg. A. 5, 5: [[frigus]], Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10: [[fames]], Hor. S. 1, 2, 6: [[pauperies]], id. C. 4, 9, 49: [[causa]], Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26: [[nomen]] (opp. molle), Cic. Off. 1, 12: [[verbum]], id. Brut. 79, 274: [[propositio]], Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. [[sing]]., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf. ellipt.: non vanae redeat [[sanguis]] imagini ... Durum: sed levius [[fit]] [[patientia]], etc., Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties: siccis omnia dura [[deus]] proposuit, Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522: ego dura [[tuli]], Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 [[very]] dub.).— Comp.: hi, si [[quid]] erat [[durius]], concurrebant, if [[any]] [[unusual]] [[difficulty]] occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.—Adv. [[posit]]. in [[two]] forms: dūrĭter and dūre.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly: juga premunt [[duriter]] colla (boum), Vitr. 10, 8.—Comp.: [[durius]], Vitr. 10, 15 fin.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> (Acc. to II. A.-C.)<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hardly, [[stiffly]], [[awkwardly]]: membra moventes Duriter, Lucr. 5, 1401: [[duriter]], Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15: [[dure]], Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.—Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> Hardily, [[rigorously]], [[austerely]]: vitam [[parce]] ac [[duriter]] agebat, Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; [[Novius]] ap. Non. 512.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Harshly, roughly, [[sternly]]: [[quam]] [[tibi]] ex [[ore]] orationem [[duriter]] dictis dedit, Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.: [[duriter]], Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.—Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hardly, unfavorably, [[unfortunately]]: [[durius]] cadentibus rebus, Suet. Tib. 14 fin.>