κεφαλή: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ἡ, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[head]] of man or beast, Hom. (v.infr.), <span class="bibl">Alc.15</span>, etc.; once in <span class="bibl">A., <span class="title">Th.</span>525</span> (lyr.), once in <span class="bibl">S., <span class="title">Aj.</span>238</span> (anap.), also in <span class="bibl">E., <span class="title">Fr.</span>308</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Rh.</span>226</span> (lyr.), al.; ἄλλου οὐδενὸς ἐμψύχου κ. γεύσεται Αἰγυπτίων οὐδείς <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.39</span>; <b class="b3">κεφαλῇ… μείζονες</b> taller <b class="b2">in stature</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.3.168</span>; so <b class="b3">μείων… κεφαλήν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">193</span> Aristarch.: freq. with Preps., </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> <b class="b3">κατὰ κεφαλῆς</b>, Ep. <b class="b3">κὰκ κεφαλῆς</b>, [[down over the head]], κόνιν… χεύατο κὰκ κεφαλῆς <span class="bibl">Il.18.24</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.8.85</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">κατὰ κεφαλήν</b>, Ep. <b class="b3">κὰκ κεφαλήν</b> <b class="b2">on the head</b>, Ἐρύλαον… βάλε πέτρῳ μέσσην κὰκ κεφαλήν <span class="bibl">Il.16.412</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">20.387</span>, <span class="bibl">475</span>: in Prose, <b class="b2">from above</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>7.2.8</span>: c.gen., [[above]], <b class="b3">κ. κ. τινῶν γενέσθαι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">7.2.11</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ κ. κ. ὕδωρ</b>, of rain water, <span class="bibl">Thphr. <span class="title">HP</span>4.10.7</span> (-ὴν codd.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">CP</span>6.18.10</span> (-ῆς): in Archit., [[upright]], IG22.463.42; also, <b class="b2">per head, each person</b> (cf. infr. 1.2), <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1272a14</span>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ex.</span>16.16</span>; κατὰ κεφαλὴν τῶν κωμητῶν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PPetr.</span>2p.17</span> (iii B. C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">ἐς πόδας ἐκ κεφαλῆς</b> from [[head]] to foot, <span class="bibl">Il.23.169</span>; τὰ πράγματα ἐκ τῶν ποδῶν ἐς τὴν κ. σοι πάντ' ἐρῶ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>650</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> <b class="b3">ἐπὶ κεφαλήν</b> <b class="b2">head foremost</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπὶ κ. κατορύξαι</b> to bury <b class="b2">head downwards</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.35</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπὶ κ. ὠθέεσθαι</b> to be thrust [[headlong]], <span class="bibl">Id.7.136</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hyp.<span class="title">Fr.</span>251</span>; ἐπὶ κ. ὠθεῖν τινα ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>553b</span>; ἐπὶ τὴν κ. εἰς κόρακας ὦσον <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Sam.</span> 138</span>; εὐθὺς ἐπὶ κ. εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον βαδίζειν <span class="bibl">D.42.12</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ βουλόμενος πολίτας ἄνδρας ἐπὶ κ. εἰσπράττειν τὸν μισθόν</b> [[recklessly]], <span class="bibl">Hyp.<span class="title">Lyc.</span>17</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπὶ ταῖς κεφαλαῖς περιφέρειν</b> carry <b class="b2">on high</b>, in token of admiration, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">R.</span>600d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> as the noblest part, periphr. for the whole person, πολλὰς ἰφθίμους κ. <span class="bibl">Il.11.55</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.1.343</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἶσον ἐμῇ κ</b>. no less than my[[self]], <span class="bibl">Il.18.82</span>; ἑᾷ κ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>7.67</span>; esp. in salutation, φίλη κ. <span class="bibl">Il.8.281</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">18.114</span>; ἠθείη κ. <span class="bibl">23.94</span>; Ἄπολλον, ὦ δία κ. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Rh.</span>226</span> (lyr.): in Prose, Φαῖδρε, φίλη κ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>264a</span>; τῆς θείας κ. <span class="bibl">Jul.<span class="title">Or.</span> 7.212a</span>: in bad sense, ὦ κακαὶ κεφαλαί <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.29</span>; ὦ μιαρὰ κ. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span> 285</span>: periphr. in Prose, πεντακοσίας κεφαλὰς τῶν Ξέρξεω πολεμίων <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.99</span>: in bad sense, ἡ μιαρὰ καὶ ἀναιδὴς αὕτη κ. <span class="bibl">D.21.117</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">18.153</span>; ἡ κ. τῶν αὐτοῦ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PRein.</span>57.8</span> (iv A.D.); <b class="b3">μεγάλη κ</b>. a great [[personage]], Vett. Val.<span class="bibl">74.7</span>; cf. supr. <span class="bibl">1</span> b fin. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[life]], ἐμῇ κ. περιδείδια <span class="bibl">Il.17.242</span>; σύν τε μεγάλῳ ἀπέτεισαν, σὺν σφῇσιν κεφαλῇσι <span class="bibl">4.162</span>; <b class="b3">παρθέμενοι κεφαλάς</b> staking <b class="b2">their heads</b> on the cast, <span class="bibl">Od.2.237</span>; <b class="b3">τὴν κ</b>. ἀποβαλέεις <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.65</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> in imprecations, <b class="b3">ἐς κεφαλὴν τράποιτ' ἐμοί</b> on my [[head]] be it! <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>833</span>; ἐς τὴν κ. ἅπαντα τὴν σὴν τρέψεται <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Nu.</span>40</span>; ἃ σοὶ καὶ τοῖς σοῖς οἱ θεοὶ τρέψειαν εἰς κ. <span class="bibl">D.18.290</span>; <b class="b3">ἐς κ. σοί</b> (sc. <b class="b3">τράποιτο</b>) <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span>1063</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pl.</span>526</span>; σοὶ εἰς κ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Euthd.</span>283e</span>; τὰ μὲν πρότερον… ἐγὼ κεφαλῇ ἀναμάξας φέρω <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.155</span>; οἷς ἂν… τὴν αἰτίαν ἐπὶ τὴν κ. ἀναθεῖεν <span class="bibl">D.18.294</span>; τὸ αἷμα ὑμῶν ἐπὶ τὴν κ. ὑμῶν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span> 18.6</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> of things, [[extremity]], </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> in Botany, <b class="b3">κ. σκορόδου</b> [[head]] ( = [[inflorescence]]) of garlic, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>718</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Plb.12.6.4</span>; κ. μήκωνος <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>9.8.2</span>; <b class="b3">ῥίζα κ. ἔχουσα πλείονας</b> [[tubers]], Dsc.3.120. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> in Anatomy, <b class="b3">κεφαλαὶ τῆς κάτω γνάθου</b>, prob. the condyloid and coronoid processes, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Art.</span>30</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ κ. τοῦ ὄρχεως</b>, = [[ἐπιδιδυμίς]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>510a14</span>, cf. Gal.4.565; <b class="b3">μηροῦ, κνήμης κ</b>., <span class="bibl">Poll.2.186</span>, <span class="bibl">188</span>; of the [[base]] of the heart, <span class="bibl">Gal.<span class="title">UP</span>6.16</span>; but, [[apex]], <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Cord.</span>7</span>; of the [[sac]] in poulps, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">PA</span>654a23</span>, <span class="bibl">685a5</span>; of muscles, [[origin]], <span class="bibl">Gal.<span class="title">UP</span>7.14</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> generally, [[top]], [[brim]] of a vessel, <span class="bibl">Theoc.8.87</span>; [[coping]] of a wall, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.3.68</span>; [[capital]] of a column, <span class="title">CIG</span>2782.31 (Aphrodisias), <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">3 Ki.</span>7.16</span>, <span class="bibl">Poll.7.121</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> in pl., [[source]] of a river, <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.91</span> (butsg., [[mouth]], οἶδα Γέλα ποταμοῦ κεφαλῇ ἐπικείμενον ἄστυ Call.<span class="title">Aet.Oxy.</span>2080.48): generally, [[source]], [[origin]], <b class="b3">Ζεὺς κ</b>. (v.l. [[ἀρχή]]) <b class="b3">, Ζεὺς μέσσα, Διὸς δ' ἒκ πάντα τελεῖται τέτυκται</b> codd.) <span class="bibl">Orph.<span class="title">Fr.</span>21a</span>; <b class="b2">starting-point</b>, κ. χρόνου <span class="title">Placit.</span> 2.32.2 (<b class="b3">κρόνου</b> codd.), <span class="bibl">Lyd.<span class="title">Mens.</span>3.4</span>; <b class="b3">κ. μηνός</b> ib.<span class="bibl">12</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">e</span> [[extremity]] of a plot of land, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PPetr.</span>3p.72</span> (iii B.C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PFlor.</span>50.83</span> (iii A.D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b3">Ὁμηρείη κ</b>. [[bust]] of Homer, <span class="title">IG</span>14.1183.10. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> <b class="b3">κ. περίθετος</b> <b class="b2">wig, head-dress</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>258</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> metaph., <b class="b3">κ. δείπνου</b> <b class="b2">pièce de résistance</b>, <span class="bibl">Alex. 172.15</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[crown]], [[completion]], κεφαλὴν ἐπιθεῖναι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>69b</span>; ὥσπερ κ. ἀποδοῦναι τοῖς εἰρημένοις <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>66d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span>505d</span>; ὥσπερ κεφαλὴν ἔχουσα ἐπιστήμη <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1141a19</span>; [[consummation]], σχεῖν κ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>39d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[sum]], [[total]], πάσας ἐρρηγείας <span class="title">Tab.Heracl.</span>1.36; of money, <span class="title">IG</span>12(9).7 (Carystus, iv B. C.), <span class="title">SIG</span>245ii 36 (Delph., iv B. C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> [[band]] of men, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Jb.</span>1.17</span>; <b class="b2">right-hand half</b> of a phalanx (opp. <b class="b3">οὐρά</b>), <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">Tact.</span>8.3</span>, <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">Tact.</span>7.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> Astron., <b class="b3">κ. τοῦ κόσμου</b>, of Aries, <span class="bibl">Heph.Astr.1.1</span>. ([[ghebh]]-, cf. [[κεβλή]] and Engl. [[gable]].) </span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: f.<br />Meaning: [[head]], also metaph. <b class="b2">the uppermost, most extreme, source etc.</b> (Il.).<br />Compounds: several compp., e. g. <b class="b3">κεφαλ-αλγ-ία</b> [[headache]] (Hp.), through dissimilation <b class="b3">-αργία</b> (Luc.); <b class="b3">βου-κέφαλος</b> <b class="b2">with cow-head</b> (Ar.); also as plant-name (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 54); as PN <b class="b3">Βου-κεφάλας</b> m. the personal horse of Alexander the Great (Str., Plu.; on the formation Schwyzer 451).<br />Derivatives: Diminut. <b class="b3">κεφάλιον</b> (Att. inscr.), <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> (Poll., pap.), <b class="b3">κεφαλίς</b> f. <b class="b2">bulb of an onion, toe-cap of a shoe, capital of a column etc.</b> (Arist.), <b class="b3">κεφαλὶς βιβλίου</b> <b class="b2">book-roll</b> (LXX); - <b class="b3">κεφάλαιον</b> n. <b class="b2">the main thing, -point, -sum, capital</b> (Pi., att.; rarely adj. <b class="b3">κεφάλαιος</b> [Ar. Ra. 854, PMasp. 151, 16, VIp]) with <b class="b3">κεφαλαιώδης</b>, adv. <b class="b3">-ωδῶς</b> [[regarding the main point]] (Hp., Arist., hell.) and the denominative <b class="b3">κεφαλαιόω</b> <b class="b2">(summarize the main points) </b> (Att.), from where <b class="b3">κεφαλαίωμα</b> <b class="b2">total sum</b> (Hdt. 3, 159), <b class="b3">-αίωσις</b> [[summary]] (Sch.), <b class="b3">-αιωτής</b> = lat. [[capitularius]] with <b class="b3">-τία</b> (pap. Rom. Emp.); - <b class="b3">κεφαλαία</b> f. <b class="b2">chronic headache</b> (medic.); - <b class="b3">κεφαλώδης</b> <b class="b2">head-like</b> (Thphr.), <b class="b3">κεφαλικός</b> <b class="b2">belonging to the head, to life, capitalis</b> (pap., Dsc.); - <b class="b3">κεφαλίτης λίθος</b> <b class="b2">corner-stone</b> (H.), <b class="b3">κεφαλίτης γλήχων</b> prob. <b class="b2">Mentha aquatica</b> (Hippiatr.; Redard Les noms grecs en <b class="b3">-της</b> 73); <b class="b3">κεφαλίνη</b> [[root of the tongue]] (Poll.); <b class="b3">κεφαλῖνος</b> fishname = <b class="b3">βλεψίας</b> (Dorio ap. Ath.; Strömberg Fischnamen 41), also <b class="b3">κέφαλος</b> <b class="b2">Mugil cephalus</b> (Hp., Com., Arist.; extens. Thompson Fishes s. v.; diff. Pisani Ist. Lomb. 75 : 2, 54f. [: to Skt. <b class="b2">śaphara-</b>, Lith. <b class="b2">šãpalas</b> [[Cyprinus]]]); - <b class="b3">κεφάλωμα</b> [[sum]] (Messen., Delph.; after <b class="b3">ἀνάλωμα</b>, Bechtel Dial. 2, 156; cf. also <b class="b3">κεφαλαίωμα</b> above); <b class="b3">κεφαλωτός</b> <b class="b2">with a head</b> (Arist., hell.), as plant-name [[Thymian]] (Ps.-Dsc.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 50), <b class="b3">-ωτόν</b> (sc. <b class="b3">πράσον</b>) [[onion]] (pap.); - <b class="b3">κεφαληδόν</b> <b class="b2">per head</b> (Priene IVa). - Denomin. <b class="b3">κ]εφαλίζω</b> [[behead]] (BGU 1, 341, 9); in other meaning <b class="b3">κεφαλισμός</b> <b class="b2">table of multiplication</b> (Arist.); <b class="b3">κεφαλόω</b> in <b class="b3">κεκεφαλωμένος</b> [[provided with a head]] (Arist.-comm.); <b class="b3">κεφαλιόω</b> in <b class="b3">ἐκεφαλίωσαν</b> (Ev. Mark. 12, 4), meaning unclear <b class="b2">beat the head</b> or [[behead]]?, s. Bauer Gr.-dt. Wb. s. v. (wrong Pernot Neophilol. 26, 310ff.). - Further the hypostases <b class="b3">προσ-</b> (Dor. <b class="b3">ποτι-</b>), <b class="b3">ὑπο-κεφάλαιον</b> <b class="b2">(head)cushion</b> (IA.; cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 517), <b class="b3">ἀποκεφαλίζω</b> [[behead]] (LXX, Phld.) with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b>, <b class="b3">ισμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ιστής</b>.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [423] <b class="b2">*gʰebʰel-</b> [[head]]<br />Etymology: Old word for [[head]], found also in Tocharian and Germanic: Toch. A <b class="b2">śpāl</b> [[head]] (final unclear), OHG [[gebal]] m., MHG. [[gebel]] [[skull]], OHG [[gibilla]] f. <b class="b2">id.</b> (Germ. <b class="b2">i̯ō-</b>deriv); besides in the sense of [[front]] OHG [[gibil]] m., Goth. [[gibla]] m. (<b class="b2">n-</b>stem) and, with ablaut, ONo. [[gafl]] m. [[side of a facade]]; IE. <b class="b2">*ghebh(e)l-</b>, which looks like an <b class="b2">l-</b>stem; but a corresponding basis has nowhere been found. - Here also <b class="b3">γαβαλάν ἐγκέφαλον η κεφαλήν</b> H. and Maced. (Illyr.?) <b class="b3">κεβ(α)λή</b>; s. <b class="b3">κεβλη</b>. The Greek <b class="b3">-α</b> is difficult. S. Benveniste, Word 10 (1954) 255f.