nomophylax: Difference between revisions
Ζωῆς πονηρᾶς θάνατος αἱρετώτερος → Satius mori quam calamitose vivere → Dem schlechten Leben vorzuziehen ist der Tod
(Created page with "==Wikipedia EN== The nomophylax (Greek: νομοφύλαξ, "guardian of the laws") was a senior Byzantine judicial office of the 11th–15th centuries. The office...") |
m (Text replacement - "(?s)(==Wikipedia EN==)(\n)(.*)(\n[{=])" to "{{wkpen |wketx=$3 }}$4") |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
= | {{wkpen | ||
The [[nomophylax]] (Greek: [[νομοφύλαξ]], "[[guardian of the laws]]") was a senior Byzantine judicial office of the 11th–15th centuries. The office of nomophylax was established by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos (r. 1042–1055) either in 1043, 1045, or 1047 for John Xiphilinos, the future Patriarch of Constantinople. The office held extraordinary authority and was of high distinction: he presided over the law school of the capital, Constantinople, was a member of the Byzantine Senate, held the seat next to the epi ton kriseon, and was accorded an annual salary (roga) of 4 pounds of gold and a silk tunic, not counting various imperial donations and gifts on holidays. The post's authority was further strengthened by precisely specifying the few cases in which an incumbent could be dismissed. | |wketx=The [[nomophylax]] (Greek: [[νομοφύλαξ]], "[[guardian of the laws]]") was a senior Byzantine judicial office of the 11th–15th centuries. The office of nomophylax was established by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos (r. 1042–1055) either in 1043, 1045, or 1047 for John Xiphilinos, the future Patriarch of Constantinople. The office held extraordinary authority and was of high distinction: he presided over the law school of the capital, Constantinople, was a member of the Byzantine Senate, held the seat next to the epi ton kriseon, and was accorded an annual salary (roga) of 4 pounds of gold and a silk tunic, not counting various imperial donations and gifts on holidays. The post's authority was further strengthened by precisely specifying the few cases in which an incumbent could be dismissed. | ||
The post did not long survive in its original conception, however, and quickly became associated with ecclesiastical law, enjoying, according to J. Darrouzès, an intermediate position between the civil and ecclesiastical administrations. Thus in the 12th century, it was held by several notable canonists, such as Alexios Aristenos, Neilos Doxapatres, and Theodore Balsamon. In the 14th century, there were both civil and ecclesiastical nomophylakes, with the latter analogous to another ecclesiastical judicial office, the [[dikaiophylax]] ([[δικαιοφύλαξ]]). | The post did not long survive in its original conception, however, and quickly became associated with ecclesiastical law, enjoying, according to J. Darrouzès, an intermediate position between the civil and ecclesiastical administrations. Thus in the 12th century, it was held by several notable canonists, such as Alexios Aristenos, Neilos Doxapatres, and Theodore Balsamon. In the 14th century, there were both civil and ecclesiastical nomophylakes, with the latter analogous to another ecclesiastical judicial office, the [[dikaiophylax]] ([[δικαιοφύλαξ]]). | ||
}} | |||
==Wikipedia DE== | ==Wikipedia DE== | ||
Nomophylax (griechisch νομοφύλαξ, „Führer des Rechts“) war ein Titel im byzantinischen Reich. Seine genaue Bedeutung ist unklar. Der Begriff Nomophylax erschien bereits im alten Ägypten zur Zeit der Ptolemäer. | Nomophylax (griechisch νομοφύλαξ, „Führer des Rechts“) war ein Titel im byzantinischen Reich. Seine genaue Bedeutung ist unklar. Der Begriff Nomophylax erschien bereits im alten Ägypten zur Zeit der Ptolemäer. | ||
Revision as of 11:15, 13 October 2022
Wikipedia EN
The nomophylax (Greek: νομοφύλαξ, "guardian of the laws") was a senior Byzantine judicial office of the 11th–15th centuries. The office of nomophylax was established by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos (r. 1042–1055) either in 1043, 1045, or 1047 for John Xiphilinos, the future Patriarch of Constantinople. The office held extraordinary authority and was of high distinction: he presided over the law school of the capital, Constantinople, was a member of the Byzantine Senate, held the seat next to the epi ton kriseon, and was accorded an annual salary (roga) of 4 pounds of gold and a silk tunic, not counting various imperial donations and gifts on holidays. The post's authority was further strengthened by precisely specifying the few cases in which an incumbent could be dismissed.
The post did not long survive in its original conception, however, and quickly became associated with ecclesiastical law, enjoying, according to J. Darrouzès, an intermediate position between the civil and ecclesiastical administrations. Thus in the 12th century, it was held by several notable canonists, such as Alexios Aristenos, Neilos Doxapatres, and Theodore Balsamon. In the 14th century, there were both civil and ecclesiastical nomophylakes, with the latter analogous to another ecclesiastical judicial office, the dikaiophylax (δικαιοφύλαξ).
Wikipedia DE
Nomophylax (griechisch νομοφύλαξ, „Führer des Rechts“) war ein Titel im byzantinischen Reich. Seine genaue Bedeutung ist unklar. Der Begriff Nomophylax erschien bereits im alten Ägypten zur Zeit der Ptolemäer.
Im byzantinischen Reich wurde er erstmals nach 1045 genannt und bezeichnete zuerst den Vorsteher der Rechtsabteilung im neu gegründeten Kloster St. Georg im kaiserlichen Mangana-Palast. Erster Nomophylax war der spätere Patriarch von Konstantinopel Johannes VIII. Xiphilinos.
Michael Psellos verwendete den Titel auch für einen Präsidenten des Gerichts und für Rechtsgelehrte. Seit dem 12. Jahrhundert erschien der Titel wiederholt für Kleriker im Patriarchat von Konstantinopel. Im 14. Jahrhundert scheint er gleichrangig zum Dikaiophylax zu sein.
Wikipedia FR
Le nomophylax (en grec ancien : νομοφύλαξ, « Gardien des lois ») a d’abord été un magistrat au sein d’un collège qui a sans doute fonctionné quelque temps dans l’Athènes antique, au ve siècle av. J.-C. ; cette fonction est surtout attestée hors d’Athènes ; Platon évoque cette institution dans les Lois, et Aristote la signale comme plus ou moins propre aux États oligarchiques. Dans l'Empire byzantin, entre le xie siècle et le xve siècle, ce fut un important poste juridique, placé à un rang élevé dans la hiérarchie impériale.
La fonction de nomophylax est créée par l'empereur Constantin IX Monomaque, par la novelle de 1045, à l'attention de Jean Xiphilin, le futur patriarche de Constantinople. L'obtention de ce poste confère une très grande autorité et représente une haute distinction. Le nomophylax préside l'école de droit de Constantinople, est membre du Sénat, détient le siège à côté de l’epi ton kriseon (ἐπὶ τῶν κρίσεων) et se voit accorder un salaire annuel (roga) de quatre livres d'or ainsi qu'une tunique de soie. À cela s'ajoutent les nombreuses donations impériales et cadeaux. L'autorité du poste est renforcée par la suite, en précisant les rares cas dans lesquels son titulaire pouvait être congédié.
Toutefois, le poste ne perdure pas dans sa conception originale. Il est rapidement associé au droit ecclésiastique, jouissant d'une position intermédiaire entre les administrations civiles et ecclésiastiques selon J. Darrouzès. Ainsi, au xiie siècle, il est détenu par plusieurs canonistes importants comme Alexis Aristénos, Neilos Doxapatrès et Théodore Balsamon. Au xive siècle, il existe un nomophylax civil et un nomophylax ecclésiastique, ce dernier étant proche d'une autre fonction ecclésiastique judiciaire, le dikaiophylax.
Wikipedia PT
Nomofílax (em grego: νομοφύλαξ; romaniz.: Nomofýlax , lit. "o guardião da lei") foi um ofício criado pelo imperador Constantino IX Monômaco (r. 1042–1055) em 1043, 1045 ou 1047. Inicialmente consistia no presidente da Escola de Direito de Constantinopla, tendo sido descrito por Miguel Pselo como o presidente da corte, o estratego dos juízes e o líder das leis. Esteve inscrito entre os senadores, tendo uma cadeira logo após o mestre dos julgamentos com um roga anual de 4 litras, além de um manto de seda, presentes imperiais no Domingo de Ramos e benefícios indefinidos ou siterésia.
Logo após sua criação tornou-se uma posição entre a administração do Estado e Igreja. Seu primeiro titular foi o patriarca João XIII. No século XII, o posto foi mantido por vários canonistas renomados como Aleixo Aristeno, Nilo Doxopatra, Teodoro Balsamo, e no século XIV por Constantino Armenópulo. No século XIV, são mencionados nomofílaxes tanto civis como eclesiásticos, de modo que o nomofílax eclesiástico ocupou uma posição similar a do diceofílax.
