πλείων: Difference between revisions

|Definition=πλέων, ὁ, ἡ, neut. [[πλεῖον]], [[πλέον]], [[πλεῖν]], Comp. of [[πολύς]] (on the forms v. sub fin.), <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[more]], of number, size, extent, etc., οἱ δὲ μάχονται παυρότεροι πλεόνεσσι <span class="bibl">Il.13.739</span>; πλείων μὲν πλεόνων μελέτη <span class="bibl">Hes. <span class="title">Op.</span>380</span>; <b class="b3">ἐς πλείονας οἰκεῖν</b> govern for the interest of [[the majority]], <span class="bibl">Th. 2.37</span>; <b class="b3">πλέον' ἔλπομαι λόγον Ὀδυσσέος ἢ πάθαν</b> [[greater]] than... <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>7.21</span>; <b class="b3">τὸν πλείω λόγον</b> all [[further]] speech, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>731</span>; ὁ ὄχλος πλείων καὶ πλείων ἐπέρρει <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.5.39</span>; <b class="b3">πλείω τὸν πλοῦν… ποιησάμενοι</b> having made the voyage [[longer]], <span class="bibl">Th.8.39</span>; <b class="b3">ὁ π. βίος</b> a [[longer]] life, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>75c</span>; μακροτέρα καὶ π. ὁδός <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>435d</span>, etc.; of [[time]], [[longer]], π. χρόνος <span class="bibl">Hdt. 9.111</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>74</span>; πλέων νὺξ τῶν δύο μοιράων <span class="bibl">Il.10.252</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> with Art., <b class="b3">οἱ πλέονες</b> [[the greater number]], [[the mass]] or [[crowd]], <span class="bibl">5.673</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.2.277</span>; οἱ πλεῦνες <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.106</span>, etc.: c. gen., <b class="b3">τὰς πλεῦνας τῶν γυναικῶν</b> ib.''1''; [[the people]], opp. the chief men, <span class="bibl">Id.7.149</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.8.73</span>, <span class="bibl">89</span>, etc.; euphemism of the dead, ἀνεστηκυῖα παρὰ τῶν πλειόνων <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ec.</span>1073</span>; εὖτ' ἂν ἵκηαι ἐς πλεόνων <span class="title">AP</span>11.42 (Crin.); <b class="b3">ἐς πλεόνων μετοικεσίην</b> ib. <span class="bibl">7.731</span> (Leon.); <b class="b3">τὸ πλεῖον πολέμοιο</b> [[the greater part]] of... <span class="bibl">Il.1.165</span>; <b class="b3">ὅστις τοῦ πλέονος μέρους χρῄζει</b>, opp. <b class="b3">τοῦ μετρίου</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1211</span> (lyr.); τοῦ πλέονος ἐλπίδι ὀρέγονται <span class="bibl">Th.4.17</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">92</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> pecul. usages of neut.: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> as a Noun, [[more]], πλεῦν ἔτι τούτου <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.19</span>, etc.; εἴ τι ἐνορῶ πλέον <span class="bibl">Id.1.89</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ δὲ π</b>. nay, what is [[more]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>158</span> (Musgr. for <b class="b3">τί δὲ</b>…); to a [[greater]] extent, <span class="bibl">Th.1.90</span>, <span class="bibl">7.57</span>, etc.; [[πλέον]] or <b class="b3">τὸ πλέον τινός</b> [[a higher degree]] of a thing, τίς πλέον τᾶς εὐδαιμονίας φέρει; <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1189</span> (lyr.); τὸ π. τοῦ χρόνου <span class="bibl">Th.1.118</span>, etc.; also <b class="b3">τὸ π. ὃ ἀναφέρει</b> the [[excess]] which he reports, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>661</span> (iii B.C.); <b class="b3">ᾧ πλεῖον</b> the [[excess]], prob. in <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PPetr.</span>2p.42</span> (iii B.C.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>742.26</span> (iii B. C.); <b class="b3">πλέον ἔχειν</b> to have [[the advantage]], have [[the best]] of it, like [[πλεονεκτέω]], c. gen., <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.70</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>343d</span>, <span class="bibl">349b</span>, etc.; τὸ π. πάντων ἔχειν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.3.18</span>: more fully, μοίρης πλεῖον ἔχειν <span class="bibl">Thgn.606</span>; π. τινὸς φέρεσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.29</span>; π. φέρεσθαι τῶν ἄλλων <span class="bibl">And.4.4</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. ποιεῖν</b> [[do some good]], [[be successful]], βουλοίμην ἂν πλέον τί με ποιῆσαι ἀπολογούμενον <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>19a</span>; <b class="b3">οὐδὲν π. ποιήσειν, -ῆσαι</b>, <span class="bibl">And.1.149</span>, <span class="bibl">4.7</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span> 115c</span>, etc.; παραινοῦσ' οὐδὲν ἐς π. ποιῶ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>918</span>; οὐδὲν π. ὀψοφαγῶν ποιήσεις <span class="bibl">Ath.8.344b</span>; οὐδὲν εἴργασμαι π. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>284</span>; οὐδὲν π. πρᾶξαι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">IA</span>1373</span>, <span class="bibl">And.4.20</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οὐδὲν ἐπίσταμαι π</b>. have no [[superior]] knowledge, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>161b</span>; <b class="b3">τί πλέον;</b> what [[more]], i.e. what [[good]] or [[use]] is it? <span class="bibl">Antipho 5.95</span>, etc.; τί π. πλουτεῖν… πάντων ἀποροῦντας; <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>531</span>; τί σοι π. λυπουμένῃ γένοιτ' ἄν; <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>322</span>; τί π. ἔστ' εἰς τέκνα πονεῖν; <span class="title">Supp.Epigr.</span>1.567.1 (Karanis, iii B.C.), cf. <span class="title">AP</span>7.261.1 (Diotim.); also οὐδὲν ἦν π. τοῖς πεπονθόσιν <span class="bibl">Lys.19.4</span> (= <span class="bibl">And.1.7</span>), cf. <span class="bibl">D.35.31</span>; ὧν οὐδέν μοι π. γέγονε <span class="bibl">Isoc.15.28</span>; οὐδέν γέ σοι π. ἔσται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>341a</span>; τί τὸ π.; <span class="title">Epigr.Gr.</span>306a.3; <b class="b3">ἐπὶ πλέον</b> as adverb, [[more]], [[further]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.171</span>, <span class="bibl">5.51</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.6.54</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>261b</span>, etc.: c. gen., [[beyond]], ἐπὶ π. τῶν ἄλλων ἰσχύσας <span class="bibl">Th.1.9</span> (but, ἐπὶ τὸ π. ἵκεο μοίσας <b class="b2">to surpassing height in</b>…, <span class="bibl">Theoc.1.20</span>); also ὅταν τις ἐς π. πέσῃ τοῦ θέλοντος <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1219</span> codd. (lyr.); <b class="b3">περὶ πλείονος ποιεῖσθαι</b>, v. [[περί]] A. IV. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> as adverb, [[more]], [[rather]], <b class="b3">π. ἔφερέ οἱ ἡ γνώμη κατεργάσεσθαι τὴν Ἑλλάδα</b> he inclined [[rather]] to the belief... <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.100</span>; οὐ τοῦτο δειμαίνεις π.; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>41</span>; σέ… τῶνδ' ἐς πλέον σέβω <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>700</span>; ἢ π. ἢ ἔλαττον <span class="bibl">D.18.125</span>; <b class="b3">π. ἔλαττον</b> [[more]] or less, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>402.9</span> (vi A. D.), <span class="title">IG</span>14.177 (Syracuse); also <b class="b3">τὸ π</b>., Ion. <b class="b3">τὸ πλεῦν</b>, [[for the most part]], <span class="bibl">Th.1.81</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">αὐτῆς τὸ π. μέτοχός εἰμι</b> have [[the larger]] share, <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.52</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ π</b>., = [[μᾶλλον, οὐ χάριτι τὸ π. ἢ φόβῳ]] <span class="bibl">Th.1.9</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">2.37</span>; <b class="b3">ἐστὶν ὁ πόλεμος οὐχ ὅπλων τὸ π., ἀλλὰ δαπάνης</b> not <b class="b2">so much... as</b>…, <span class="bibl">Id.1.83</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> with Numerals, τοξότας π. ἢ εἴκοσι μυριάδας <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.1.6</span>; οἶκος πλέον ἢ τεττάρων ταλάντων <span class="bibl">Is.10.23</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν πλέον ἢ διακοσίοις ἔτεσι</b> [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in <span class="bibl">D.24.141</span> (fort. [[πλεῖν]], v. infr.); π. ἢ ἐν διπλασίῳ χρόνῳ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>21.3</span>:—in this sense a short form [[πλεῖν]] is used by Att. writers (cf. Moer.<span class="bibl">p.294</span> P., but the rule is not universal, cf. <span class="title">IG</span>22.657.25 (iii B. C.), etc.), πλεῖν ἢ τριάκονθ' ἡμέρας <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>858</span>; <b class="b3">πλεῖν ἢ χιλίας</b> (sc. [[δραχμάς]]) <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Eq.</span> 444</span>; στάδια πλεῖν ἢ χίλια <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Av.</span>6</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Nu.</span>1041</span>, <span class="bibl">1065</span>, al.; πλεῖν ἤ γε διπλοῦν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lys.</span>589</span>; πλεῖν ἢ 'νιαυτῷ πρεσβύτερος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ra.</span>18</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">91</span>; [[πλεῖν]] ([[πλεῖον]] codd.) ἢ πέντε τάλαντα <span class="bibl">D.21.173</span>; πλεῖν ἢ δυοῖν ποδοῖν <span class="bibl">Eub.119.10</span>; [[ἤ]] is freq. omitted, πλεῖν ἑξακοσίας <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1251</span>; <b class="b3">ἔτη γεγονὼς πλείω ἑβδομήκοντα</b> [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>17d</span>; but <b class="b3">δέκα πλείοσιν ἔτεσι</b> for ten years [[more]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lg.</span>932c</span>; τρεῖς μῆνας καὶ πλείω <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>2.2.16</span>; λίθους… ὅσον μνααίους καὶ πλεῖον καὶ μεῖον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Eq.Mag.</span>1.16</span>: with number in gen., κώμας… οὐ πλεῖον εἴκοσι σταδίων ἀπεχούσας <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span>3.2.34</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.3.12</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> Com., <b class="b3">πλεῖν ἢ μαίνομαι</b> [[more than to]] madness, <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Ra.</span>103</span>,<span class="bibl">751</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> pl. [[πλείω]] used like [[πλέον]], <span class="bibl">Th.1.3</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>417b</span>, <span class="bibl">D. 23.213</span>, etc.; τὰ π. <span class="bibl">Th.1.81</span>; πλέω <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>868</span> codd. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">e</span> regul. Adv. πλειόνως <span class="bibl">Aen.Tact.7.4</span>, <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">AJ</span>17.1.1</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> FORMS: Ep. use [[πλείων]] or [[πλέων]] as metre requires, also nom. and acc. pl. [[πλέες]], [[πλέᾰς]], <span class="bibl">Il.2.129</span>, <span class="bibl">11.395</span>, Call.<span class="title">Aet.Oxy.</span>2080.85 (so, with ι from ε, Cret. [[πλίες]], [[πλίας]], <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>7.18,24, <span class="title">GDI</span>5125 <span class="title">B</span>8, also [[πλίαδ]] (δὲ) <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>7.29, [[πλίανς]] ib.5.54; [[πλέας]] also Aeol., <span class="title">IG</span>12(2).1.9 (Mytil., iv B. C.)); dat. pl. πλεόνεσσι <span class="bibl">Il.13.739</span> ([[πλεόνεσιν]] is [[falsa lectio|f.l.]] in <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.224</span>); Cret. also acc. sg. neut. πλίον <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>1.37, al., gen. [[πλίονος]] ib.2.39, al., neut. pl. [[πλίονα]] ib.4.51, [[πλία]] ib.10.17; Aeol. πλήων Hdn.Gr.2.431, also late Dor., <span class="title">IPE</span>12.79.18 (Byzant., i A. D.); Att. Inscrr. have <b class="b3">-ει-</b> always before <b class="b3">-ου-</b> and <b class="b3">-ω-</b>, <span class="title">IG</span>12.76.7, 22.657.25, 2498.22, etc., but <b class="b3">-ε-</b> and <b class="b3">-ει-</b> before <b class="b3">-ο-</b>, ib.12.94.33,40.3,4, 22.2670.4 (but always [[πλέον]]).</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj. (comp.)<br />Meaning: [[more]], [[longer]], [[larger]] (Hom.).<br />Other forms: [[πλέων]], n. [[πλεῖον]], [[πλέον]] (Il.), ep. Aeol. pl. also [[πλέες]], Cret. [[πλίες]] etc. (further forms in Seiler Steigerungsformen 113, Schwyzer 537 n. 6; cf. also bel.); superl. [[πλεῖστος]] (Il.) [[most]], [[the longset]], [[the greatest]].<br />Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in the compound <b class="b3">πλεον-εξ-ία</b> f. [[greed]], [[benefitl]], <b class="b3">πλεον-εκτέω</b> with <b class="b3">-έκτημα</b>, [[έκτης]], <b class="b3">-εκτικός</b> (IA.; from <b class="b3">πλέον ἔχειν</b>, cf. [[εὑεξία]] a.o. s. 1. [[ἔχω]] and Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 166); <b class="b3">πλειστό-μβροτος</b> [[very rich in people]] (Pi.).<br />Derivatives: From <b class="b3">πλε(ί)ων</b>, [[πλέον]] : [[πλειότης]] f. [[plurality]] (Theol. Ar.), [[πλειονότης]] f. [[the superior length of the chord]] (Nicom. Harm.); <b class="b3">πλεον-άκις</b> [[more often]] (IA.), <b class="b3">-αχός</b>, <b class="b3">-αχῶς</b> [[multiple]], [[in multiple ways]] (Arist.), <b class="b3">-αχῃ̃</b> [[in more respects]] (Pl.); <b class="b3">-άζω</b> <b class="b2">to have an abundance, to be excessive, to grow in number, to increase</b> (IA.) with <b class="b3">-ασμός</b>, <b class="b3">-ασμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ασις</b> (Arist., hell.). Fronm [[πλεῖστος]]: <b class="b3">πλειστ-άκις</b> [[most often]], [[very often]] (IA.), <b class="b3">-αχόθεν</b> <b class="b2">from the most (very many) places</b> (Ar.), <b class="b3">-ήρης</b> <b class="b2">the most (χρόνος), the longest</b> (A. Eu. 763), <b class="b3">-ηρίζομαι</b> approx. [[to appoint someone as the highest authority]] (A. Ch. 1029), <b class="b3">-ηριάζω</b> <b class="b2">to bid the highest price (in auctions), to outbid</b> (Lys., Pl. Com., Them.) with <b class="b3">-ηριασμός ὑπερθεματισμός</b> H.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [798] <b class="b2">*pleh₁-</b> [[full]]<br />Etymology: As basis of the above comp. forms one may posit PGr. <b class="b3">*πλή-</b>[ι̯][[ων]], <b class="b3">*πλή-ιστος</b>; from there [[πλέων]], [[πλεῖστος]]; to [[πλεῖστος]] analog. [[πλείων]] (cf. also [[μείων]]). The seemingly archaic [[πλέες]], [[πλίες]] (s. on them Schwyzer 537 n. 6 w. rich lit.) are best taken as innovations to [[πλέον]], pl. [[πλέα]] (Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 1f. = Kl. Schr. 214f.). Unclear Att. [[πλεῖν]] = [[πλέον]] and Arc. [[πλος]] ([[πλως]]?) [[plus]], s. Schwyzer [[l.c.]] (also n. 1) and Leumann [[l.c.]] The sporadic attestations with [[η]], e.g. [[πλῆον]] (Milete a.e.), <b class="b3">Πλήστ-αρχος</b> (Tegea) can hardly be interpreted as testimonies of older situations (s. Seiler [[l.c.]]). -- A corresponding comp. gives Av. <b class="b2">frāyah-</b> [[more]], [[much]], [[many]], Skt. adv. <b class="b2">prāyaḥ</b>. As the superlative originally had zero grade and a zero grade form. has been supposed in Av. [[fraēštǝm]] [[mostly]], OWNo. [[fleistr]] [[most]] (with comp. [[fleiri]]), but it has full grade, IE <b class="b2">*pleh₁-isto-</b>? The stem <b class="b3">πλη-</b> is best seen in [[πίμπλημι]] (s. v.); on the positive [[πολύς]] s. v. -- Details in the above mentioned lit. and in WP. 2, 65 (Pok. 798), W.-Hofmann s. [[plūs]], Mayrhofer s. <b class="b2">prāyaḥ</b>.