οὗτος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[[αὕτη]], [[τοῦτο]], gen. [[τούτου]], [[ταύτης]], [[τούτου]], etc.: the dual fem. never in Att., v. ὁ, ἡ, τό, init.:—demonstr. Pron.,<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[this]], common from Hom. downwds.<br><span class="bld">A</span> ORIGIN and FORMS: [[οὗτος]], [[αὕτη]], [[τοῦτο]] prob. arose from a reduplication of the demonstr. ὁ, ἡ, τό with insertion of -υ- (= Skt. Particle [[u]]), e.g. [[ταῦτα]] fr. <b class="b3">τα-υ-τα</b>: Dor. gen. sg. fem. τούτας Philol.11; nom. pl. τοῦτοι, ταῦται A.D.''Synt.''111.23: the former occurs Sophr.24, ''GDI''3045 ''B''6 (Selinus), ''SIG''339.16 (Rhodes, iii B. C.), etc., the latter is dub. in Sophr.97, certain in ''SIG''241 ''B''117 (Delph., iv B. C.): in Boeot. all forms begin with <b class="b3">οὑτ-</b>, as gen. sg. neut. οὕτω ''Supp.Epigr.''3.359.11 (iii B. C.); acc. sg. fem. οὕταν Corinn. ''Supp.''2.80; acc. pl. neut. οὗτα ''SIG''1185.20 (Tanagra, iii B. C.), etc.: gen. pl. fem. Att. [[τούτων]], Cret. [[ταυτᾶν]] ''Leg.Gort.''5.19; neut. ταύτων ''Michel'' 1334.10 (Elis, iv B. C.).—In Ion. sometimes written <b class="b3">ταότην, ταο̄τα</b>, ''SIG''283.19 (Chios, iv B. C.), 46.7 (Halic., v B. C.), al.—In Att. [[οὗτος]] was freq. strengthened by the demonstr. <b class="b3">-ί, οὑτοσί, αὑτηί, τουτί</b>, gen. [[τουτουί]], dat. [[τουτῳί]], acc. [[τουτονί]]; pl. nom. [[οὑτοιί]], neut. [[ταυτί]], etc., [[this man here]]: sometimes a Particle is inserted between the Pron. and -ί, as [[αὑτηγί]] for <b class="b3">αὑτηί γε</b>, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''784; [[τουτογί]] for <b class="b3">τουτί γε</b>, Id.''V.''781, ''Av.''894, al.; [[ταυταγί]] for <b class="b3">ταυτί γε</b>, Id.''Eq.''492, ''Pax''1057, al.; [[τουτοδί]] for <b class="b3">τουτὶ δέ</b>, Id.''Pl.''227; [[τουτουμενί]] for <b class="b3">τουτουὶ μέν</b>, Id.''Ra.''965.—In codd. the <b class="b3">ν ἐφελκυστικόν</b> is sometimes added in the forms [[οὑτοσίν]], [[οὑτωσίν]], and [[οὑτοσίν]] is said to be Att. by A.D.''Pron.''59.24, 82.11. [This ι is always long, and a long vowel or diphthong before it becomes short, as <b class="b3">αὑτη?~Xί, τουτω?~Xί, οὑτοῐί</b>, Ar.''Nu.''201, ''Pl.''44, ''Ach.''40, etc.]<br><span class="bld">B</span> USAGE in regard to CONCORD. [[οὗτος]] is freq. used as a Pron. Subst.: hence neut. is followed by gen., κατὰ τοῦτο τῆς ἀκροπόλιος Hdt. 1.84; εἰς τοῦθ' ὕβρεως ἐλήλυθεν D.4.37; εἰς τοῦθ' ἥκεις μανίας Id.36.48; ταῦτα τῶν μαθημάτων Pl.''Euthd.''278b: but quite as freq. as adjective, in which case its Subst. commonly takes the Art., <b class="b3">οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ</b> or <b class="b3">ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος</b>.—But the Art. is absent,<br><span class="bld">1</span> always in Ep. Poets (exc. Od.18.114), οὗτος ἀνήρ Il.14.471, Od.1.406, etc.: sometimes also in Trag., A.''Pers.'' 122 (lyr.), 495, S.''Ph.''406, ''OC''471,1177: once in an Inscr., [[τοπεῖα]]: τούτων τὰ ἡμίσεα τοπείων ''IG''22.1622.135 (iv B. C.).<br><span class="bld">2</span> sometimes when the Noun is so specified that the Art. is not needed, ἐς γῆν ταύτην... ἥντινα νῦν Σκύθαι νέμονται Hdt.4.8; ταύτας ἃς οἱ πατέρες παρέδοσαν μελέτας Th. 1.85, cf. [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 449d, etc.; πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος, ὃν θρηνεῖς ἀεί S.''El.''530.<br><span class="bld">3</span> when [[οὗτος]] is used in local sense, [[here]], v. infr. c. 1.5.<br><span class="bld">4</span> when the Noun with which [[οὗτος]] agrees stands as its Predicate, αὕτη γὰρ ἦν σοι πρόφασις S.''Ph.''1034; <b class="b3">δικαστοῦ αὕτη ἀρετή [ἐστι]</b> Pl.''Ap.''18a: this exception extends to cases in which the Predicate is not so distinctly separated from the Subject, <b class="b3">αἰτίαι μὲν αὗται προυγεγένηντο</b> [[these]] were the grievances which already existed, Th.1.66; <b class="b3">ταύτην φήμην παρέδοσαν</b> [[this]] was the report which... [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Philebus|Phlb.]]'' 16c: freq. with a Sup., <b class="b3">κίνησις αὕτη μεγίστη δὴ… ἐγένετο</b> [[this]] was notably the greatest movement which... Th.1.1, cf. 3.113: with πρῶτος Id.1.55,98, 6.31, ''Ev.Luc.'' 2.2.<br><span class="bld">5</span> when 3rd pers. is used for 2nd to express contempt, <b class="b3">οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὑτοσὶ ἀνήρ</b>, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Gorgias|Grg.]]'' 467b,489b, etc.<br><span class="bld">II</span> though [[οὗτος]] usually agrees with the Noun that serves as Predicate, it is not rare to find it in the neut., μανία δὲ καὶ τοῦτ' ἐστί E.''Ba.''305; τοῦτο γάρ εἰσι… εὔθυναι D.19.82, etc.: and in plural, οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα ἀρχή Aeschin. 3.13; ταῦτ' ἐστὶν ὁ προδότης Id.2.166: so with an explanatory clause added, τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ὁ συκοφάντης, αἰτιᾶσθαι μὲν πάντα ἐξελέγξαι δὲ μηδέν D.57.34.<br><span class="bld">2</span> so also with a Noun in apposition, τούτοισιν μὲν ταῦτα μέλει, κίθαρις καὶ ἀοιδή Od.1.159; τούτου τιμῶμαι, ἐν πρυτανείῳ σιτήσεως Pl.''Ap.''36e, cf. E.''Fr.''323.3, etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> the neut. also may refer to a masc. or fem. Noun, <b class="b3">καρπὸν φορέει κυάμῳ ἴσον</b>: <b class="b3">τοῦτο ἐπεὰν γένηται πέπον κτλ</b>. Hdt.4.23, cf. X.''An.''1.5.10, etc.<br><span class="bld">4</span> the neut. is also used of classes of persons, <b class="b3">μελιτοπῶλαι καὶ τυροπῶλαι</b>: τοῦτο δ' εἰς ἕν ἐστι συγκεκυφός [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''854, cf. Pl.''Lg.''711a; or of an abstract fact, οὐκ Ἰοφῶν ζῇ;—τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ μόνον ἔτ' ἐστὶ λοιπὸν ἀγαθόν Ar.''Ra.''73.<br><span class="bld">III</span> with Prons.,<br><span class="bld">1</span> personal, <b class="b3">οὗτος σύ</b>, in local sense, v. infr. c.1.5.<br><span class="bld">2</span> interrog., <b class="b3">τί τοῦτ' ἔλεξας</b>; what is this that… ? S.''Ph.''1173 (lyr.), cf. ''Ant.''7; <b class="b3">ποίοισι τούτοις</b>; for <b class="b3">ποῖά ἐστι ταῦτα οἷς [ἔχεις ἐλπίδα]</b>;Id.''OC''388, cf.''Ant.''1049; <b class="b3">Νέστορ' ἔρειο ὅν τινα τοῦτον ἄγει</b> whom he brings [[here]], Il.11.612.<br><span class="bld">3</span> with [[οἷος]], Od.20.377, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 61c.<br><span class="bld">4</span> possess., <b class="b3">πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος</b> [[this]] father of thine, S.''El.''530, cf. X.''An.''7.3.30.<br><span class="bld">5</span> demonstr., <b class="b3">οὗτος ἐκεῖνος, τὸν σὺ ζητέεις</b>, where [[ἐκεῖνος]] is the Predicate, Hdt.1.32; τοῦτ' ἔστ' ἐκεῖνο E. ''Hel.''622, cf. ''Or.''804; <b class="b3">αὐτὸ τοῦτο</b>, v. [[αὐτός]] 1.7; <b class="b3">τοῦτον τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα</b> [[this]] same man, S.''Ph.''128.<br><span class="bld">b</span> exceptionally, Διφίλου οὗτος ὅδ' ἐστὶ τύπος ''IG''12(5).300 (Paros).<br><span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b3">ἄλλος τις οὗτος ἀνέστη</b> another man [[here]], Od.20.380.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> with Numerals, <b class="b3">τέθνηκε ταῦτα τρία ἔτη</b> [[these]] three years, Lys.7.10codd.; [στρατείαν] ἑνδέκατον μῆνα τουτονὶ ποιεῖται for [[these]] eleven months, D.8.2, cf. 3.4; τριακοστὴν ταύτην ἡμέραν Men.''Epit.''27; ταύτας τριάκοντα μνᾶς D.27.23, cf. [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Gorgias|Grg.]]'' 463b, etc.<br><span class="bld">C</span> SIGNIFICATION AND SPECIAL IDIOMS:<br><span class="bld">I</span> [[this]], to designate [[the nearer]], opp. [[ἐκεῖνος]], [[that]], [[the more remote]], [[ταῦτα]], like τὰ ἐνταῦθα, [[things round and about us]], [[earthly things]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 75e ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]); cf. [[ὅδε]] init.: but [[οὗτος]] sometimes indicates that which is not really nearest, but most important, <b class="b3">δεῖ… τὸ βέλτιστον ἀεί, μὴ τὸ ῥᾷστον λέγειν</b>: <b class="b3">ἐπὶ ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ βαδιεῖται, ἐπὶ τοῦτο δὲ κτλ</b>. D.8.72, cf. 51.3 and 18.<br><span class="bld">2</span> when, of two things, one precedes and the other follows, [[ὅδε]] prop. refers to what follows, [[οὗτος]] to what precedes, οὐκ ἔστι σοι ταῦτ', ἀλλά σοι τάδ' ἔστι S.''OC''787, cf. [[ὅδε]] III. 2: freq., however, where there are not two things, [[οὗτος]] refers to what follows, Il. 13.377, Od.2.306, etc.; <b class="b3">οὔκουν… τοῦτο γιγνώσκεις, ὅτι</b>…; A.''Pr.''379, etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[οὗτος]] is used emphat., generally in contempt, while [[ἐκεῖνος]] denotes praise, <b class="b3">ὁ πάντ' ἄναλκις οὗτος</b>, i.e. Aegisthus, S.''El.''301; τούτους τοὺς συκοφάντας Pl.''Cri.''45a; so D.''de Coron.'' uses [[οὗτος]] of Aeschines, [[ἐκεῖνος]] of Philip; but [[οὗτος]] is used of Philip, D.2.15, 4.3.<br><span class="bld">b</span> of what is familiar, <b class="b3">τούτους τοὺς πολυτελεῖς χιτῶνας</b>, of the Persians, X.''An.''1.5.8; οἱ τὰς τελετὰς… οὗτοι καταστήσαντες [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 69c, cf. ''Men.''80a; <b class="b3">τὸ θυλακῶδες τοῦτο</b> the [[familiar]] bag-like thing, [[Theophrastus|Thphr.]] ''[[Historia Plantarum|HP]]'' 3.7.3, cf. 3.18.11, 4.7.1; οἱ τὰς κόρας ταύτας ὠνούμενοι τοῖς παισίν D.Chr.31.153.<br><span class="bld">4</span> in Att. law-language, [[οὗτος]] is commonly applied to [[the opponent]], whether plaintiff (as in Aeschin. 2.130) or defendant (as in Id.1.1); so, in the political speeches of D., [[οὗτοι]] are [[the opposite party]], 4.1, 8.7, etc.; but in the forensic speeches, [[οὗτοι]] freq. means [[the judges]], [[the court]], 21.134, 36.47.<br><span class="bld">5</span> much like an Adv., in local sense (cf. [[ὅδε]] init.), <b class="b3">τίς δ' οὗτος κατὰ νῆας… ἔρχεαι</b>; who art thou [[here]] that comest… ? Il.10.82; freq. in Att., <b class="b3">τίς οὑτοσί</b>; who's this here? [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''1048; <b class="b3">πολλὰ ὁρῶ ταῦτα πρόβατα</b> I see many sheep [[here]], X.''An.''3.5.9 (as v.l.): with Pron. of 2 pers., <b class="b3">οὗτος σύ</b> [[ho]] you! you there! S.''OT''532, 1121, E.''Hec.''1280, etc.: and then [[οὗτος]] alone like a voc., <b class="b3">οὗτος, τί ποιεῖς</b>; A.''Supp.''911,cf.[[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''71, E.''Alc.'' 773, [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''240, ''Nu.''220, al.: with a pr. n., ὦ οὗτος, Αἴας [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''89; ὦ οὗτος οὗτος, Οἰδίπους Id.''OC''1627, cf. Ar.''V.''1364: with voc., βέντισθ' οὗτος Theoc.5.76:—the fem. is rarer, αὕτη E.''Med.''922; αὕτη σύ Ar.''Th.'' 610.—This phrase mostly implies anger, impatience, or scorn.<br><span class="bld">II</span> simply as antec. to [[ὅς]], Od.2.40, S.''OT''1180, etc.: freq. following relat. clause, ἅ γ' ἔλαβες,… μεθεῖναι ταῦτα Id.''Ph.''1247, cf. 1319,''Ant.'' 183, 203, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Gorgias|Grg.]]'' 469c.<br><span class="bld">III</span> = τοιοῦτος, οὗτος ἐγὼ ταχυτᾶτι Pi.''O.'' 4.26; σὺ τοίνυν οὗτος εὑρέθης D.18.282, cf. 173.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> after a parenthesis, the Subject, though already named, is freq. emphat. repeated by οὗτος, οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ Ἀριστέης... οὐδὲ οὗτος προσωτέρω… ἔφησε ἀπικέσθαι Hdt.4.16, cf.81 ([[si vera lectio|s.v.l.]]), 1.146, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 107d, etc.<br><span class="bld">V</span> <b class="b3">καὶ οὗτος</b> is added to heighten the force of a previous word, ξυνεστῶτες… ναυτικῷ ἀγῶνι, καὶ τούτῳ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους Th.4.55, cf. Hdt.1.147, 6.11, etc.; so οὐδὲ τούτου Aeschin.2.100; v. infr. VIII.2.<br><span class="bld">VI</span> repeated, where for the second we should merely say [[he]] or [[it]], τοῖσιν τούτου τοῦτον μέλεσιν… κελαδοῦντες Ar.''Ra.''1526, cf. Pl.''La.''200d.<br><span class="bld">VII</span> [[ταῦτα]] is used in some special phrases,<br><span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">ταῦτ', ὦ δέσποτα</b> [[yes]] Sir (i.e. <b class="b3">ἔστι ταῦτα, ταῦτα δράσω</b>, etc.), Ar.''V.''142, ''Pax''275, cf. ''Eq.''III; so ταῦτα δή Id.''Ach.''815; ταῦτά νυν Id.''V.''1008; so also <b class="b3">ἦν ταῦτα</b> [[even so]], [[true]], E.''Ph.''417.<br><span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ὑπάρξει</b> [[so]] it shall be, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 78a.<br><span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">καὶ ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ταῦτα</b> so much for [[that]], freq. in Att., as [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Symposium|Smp.]]'' 220c.<br><span class="bld">4</span> [[ταῦτα]] at end of a formula in epitaphs, etc., prob. short for <b class="b3">ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει</b> or <b class="b3">ὁ βίος ταῦτά ἐστιν</b>, e.g. [[οὐδὶς]](= -εὶς) <b class="b3"> ἀθάνατος</b>: ταῦτα ''IG''14.420; <b class="b3">Προκόπι ταῦτα</b> ib.1824; [[χαίρεται]](= -τε) <b class="b3"> ταῦτα</b> ib.1479, etc.: similarly perhaps in a letter, ἂμ μὴ πέμψῃς, οὐ μὴ φάγω, οὐ μὴ πείνω. ταῦτα ''[[Oxyrhynchus Papyri|POxy.]]''119.15 (ii/iii A. D.).<br><span class="bld">VIII</span> Adverbial usages:<br><span class="bld">1</span> [[ταῦτα]] abs., [[therefore]], [[that is why]]... Il.11.694; ταῦτ' ἄρα [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''90,''Nu.'' 319, 335, 394, al., X.''Smp.''4.55; ταῦτα δή A.''Pers.''159, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Symposium|Smp.]]'' 174a; ταῦτ' οὖν S.''Tr.''550, Ar.''V.''1358, etc.; <b class="b3">αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἥκω, ἵνα</b>… [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Protagoras|Prt.]]'' 310e: [[τοῦτο]] is rare in this sense, τοῦτ' ἀφικόμην, ὅπως… εὖ πράξαιμί τι S. ''OT''1005; <b class="b3">αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο</b> [[just because of this]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Symposium|Smp.]]'' 204a.<br><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">πρὸς ταῦτα</b> [[so then]], [[therefore]], prop. used in indignant defiance, A.''Pr.''992, 1043, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''971, 1115, 1313, ''OT''426, ''OC''455, etc.<br><span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">καὶ ταῦτα</b>, adding a circumstance heightening the force of what has been said, [[and that]], ἄνδρα γενναῖον θανεῖν, καὶ ταῦτα πρὸς γυναικός A.''Eu.''627: but mostly with a part., ὅς γ' ἐξέλυσας ἄστυ... καὶ ταῦθ' ὑφ' ἡμῶν οὐδὲν ἐξειδὼς πλέον S.''OT''37, cf. Ar.''Ra.''704, Pl.''Phdr.''241e, etc.; or with a part. omitted, <b class="b3">ἥτις… τὴν τεκοῦσαν ὕβρισεν, καὶ ταῦτα τηλικοῦτος</b> (''[[sc.]]'' [[οὖσα]]) S.''El.''614; so καὶ ταῦτα μέντοι Pl.''Erx.''400b.<br><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">καὶ ταῦτα</b> [[anyhow]], [[no matter what happens]] (or [[happened]]), <b class="b3">ἐπεχείρησας, οὐδὲν ὢν καὶ ταῦτα</b> you tried, but were no good [[anyhow]], i.e. try as you might, Id.''R.'' 341c, cf. Diod.Com.3.5.<br><span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">τοῦτο μέν... τοῦτο δέ</b>… on the one hand... on the other... partly... partly... very freq. in Hdt., as 1.161, al.; <b class="b3">τοῦτο μέν</b> is sometimes answered by [[δέ]] only, 4.76, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]''670, ''OC''440; by <b class="b3">δὲ αὖ</b>, Hdt.7.176; by <b class="b3">ἔπειτα δέ</b>, S.''Ant.''61; by [[ἀλλά]], D.22.13; by [[εἶτα]], S.''Ph.''1345; by <b class="b3">τοῦτ' αὖθις</b>, Id.''Ant.''165.<br><span class="bld">4</span> dat. fem. [[ταύτῃ]],<br><span class="bld">a</span> [[on this spot]], [[here]], <b class="b3">ταύτῃ μὲν... τῇδε δ' αὖ</b>… Id.''Ph.'' 1331; ἀλλ' ἐὰν ταύτῃ γε νικᾷ, ταυτῃὶ πεπλήξεται [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''271, cf. ''Th.'' 1221.<br><span class="bld">b</span> [[in this point]], [[herein]], μηδὲν ταύτῃ γε κομήσῃς Id.''Pl.''572, cf. X.''Hier.''7.12, etc.<br><span class="bld">c</span> [[in this way]], [[thus]], A.''Pr.''191, S.''OC''1300, etc.; οὐ… ταῦτ' ἐστί πω ταύτῃ [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''843; ἀλλ' οὔτι ταύτῃ ταῦτα E. ''Med.''365, cf. A.''Pr.''511: antec. to [[ὥσπερ]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 330c; to [[ὅπῃ]], [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]'' 8.3.2; οὕτω τε καὶ ταύτῃ γίγνοιτο Pl.''Lg.''681d; <b class="b3">καὶ οὕτω καὶ ταύτῃ ἂν ἔχοι</b> ib.714d; <b class="b3">ταύτῃ καλεῖσθαι</b>, etc., like οὕτω κ., Sch.[[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Symposium|Smp.]]'' 215b.<br><span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">ἐκ τούτου</b> or [[τούτων]] [[thereupon]], X.''HG''3.1.6, ''Oec.''2.1; [[therefore]], Id.''An.''3.3.5.<br><span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b3">ἐν τούτῳ</b> [[in that case]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 440c.<br><span class="bld">b</span> [[in the meantime]], Hdt.1.126, Th.3.72, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''2.1.27.<br><span class="bld">7</span> <b class="b3">πρὸς τούτοις</b> (-οισι) [[besides]], Hdt.2.51, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Protagoras|Prt.]]'' 326a, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''2.4.4, Ar.''Pl.''540.