πρόσωπον: Difference between revisions

|Definition=τό: pl. <b class="b3">πρόσωπα</b>, Ep. (Aeol.acc. to Sch.<span class="bibl">Il.7.212</span>) <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> προσώπατα <span class="bibl">Od.18.192</span>, <span class="title">AP</span>5.230 (Maced.), <span class="bibl">Opp.<span class="title">C.</span>1.419</span>, etc.; dat. προσώπασι <span class="bibl">Il.7.212</span>: a masc. nom. <b class="b3">πρόσωπος</b> is cited from <span class="bibl">Pl.Com.250</span>:— [[face]], [[countenance]] (cf. [[μέτωπον]]), Hom., always in pl., even of a single person, <span class="bibl">Il.7.212</span>, <span class="bibl">18.414</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.19.361</span>, al. (exc. <span class="bibl">Il.18.24</span>), and so in <span class="bibl">Hes. <span class="title">Op.</span>594</span> (v.l. [[-πον]]), <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>871.6</span>(v.infr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>1277</span>(lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>314</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span> 2.6.11</span>(dub.), <span class="title">AP</span>9.322 (Leon.): sg. in <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Hom.</span>10.2</span>,<span class="bibl">31.12</span>, and usu. in later writers; π. κλιθὲν προσώπῳ <span class="bibl">Simon.37.12</span>; εἰς π. βλέπειν <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Hipp.</span>280</span>; <b class="b3">ἐς π. τινὸς ἀφικέσθαι</b> come before him, ib.<span class="bibl">720</span>; π. πρός τινα στρέφειν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>457</span>; οὐκ ὄψεσθε τὸ π. μου <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ge.</span>43.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">UPZ</span> 70.5</span> (ii B.C.); <b class="b3">κατὰ πρόσωπον</b> [[in front]], [[facing]], <span class="bibl">Th.1.106</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.6.43</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τὴν κατὰ π. τῆς ἀντίας φάλαγγος τάξιν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">6.3.35</span>; <b class="b3">κατὰ π. Αἰγύπτου</b> [[facing]], [[fronting]] Egypt, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>25.18</span>; opp. <b class="b3">κατὰ νώτου</b>, <span class="bibl">Plb. 1.28.9</span>; <b class="b3">κατὰ π. ἄγειν</b>, opp. <b class="b3">κατὰ κέρας ὑπεραίρειν</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.11.14.6</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">κατὰ π</b>. <b class="b2">in person</b>, ἡ κατὰ π. ἔντευξις <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Caes.</span>17</span>; <b class="b3">κατὰ π. παραμυθήσασθαι</b>, opp. <b class="b3">διὰ τοῦ ψαφίσματος</b>, <span class="title">IG</span>42(1).86.22 (Epid.); so κατὰ πρόσωπα <span class="bibl">Eudox.<span class="title">Ars</span>11.21</span>; also <b class="b3">πρὸς τὸ π</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyn.</span>10.9</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπὶ προσώπου Ἰεριχώ</b> in [[front]] of Jericho, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">De.</span>34.1</span>; ἔρρ' ἐκ προσώπου <span class="bibl">Herod. 8.59</span>; ἀπὸ π. τῆς γῆς <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Am.</span>9.8</span>; <b class="b3">βλέπειν εἰς π. τινός</b> regard his [[countenance]], Ev.Matt.22.16: usu. of the face of man or God, as λειτουργῶν τῷ π. Κυρίου <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">1 Ki.</span>2.11</span>; <b class="b3">οἱ ἄρτοι τοῦ π</b>., of shewbread, ib.<span class="bibl">21.6</span>: of the ibis, <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.76</span>; of dogs, ἀπὸ τῶν π. φαιδραί <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyn.</span>4.2</span>; of horses, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>631a5</span>; of deer, ib.<span class="bibl">579a2</span>; of fish, <span class="bibl">Anaxandr. 30</span>,<span class="bibl">33.16</span>; [[face]] of the moon, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>871.6</span> (pl.), Plu.2.920b: metaph., ἀργυρωθεῖσαι πρόσωπα . . ἀοιδαί <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span>2.8</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[front]], [[façade]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">P.</span>6.14</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span> 189</span> (lyr., pl.); <b class="b3">κατὰ π. τοῦ ἱεροῦ, τῆς νεώς</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PPetr.</span>3p.2</span> (iii B.C.), <span class="bibl">Ach.Tat.3.1</span>,<span class="bibl">2</span>; τιθέναι τὰς φιάλας ἐπὶ πρόσωπον Asclep.Myrl. ap.<span class="bibl">Ath.11.501d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b2">one's look, countenance</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>639</span>,<span class="bibl">794</span> (anap., pl.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>990</span> (anap., pl.), etc.; <b class="b3">οὐ τὸ σὸν δείσας π</b>. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>448</span>: metaph., φαίνοισα π. Ἀλάθεια <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>5.17</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> Astrol., decan considered as the [[domain]] of a planet, <b class="b3">ἐν ἰδίοις π</b>. <span class="bibl">Vett.Val.62.21</span>, Paul. Al.<span class="title">C.</span>2. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> = [[προσωπεῖον]], [[mask]], <span class="bibl">D.19.287</span> (<b class="b3">-εῖον</b> is v.l.), <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">Po.</span>1449a36</span>, <span class="bibl">b4</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pr.</span>958a17</span>, Dsc.3.144 (v.l.), <span class="bibl">Poll.2.47</span>; π. ὑπάργυρον κατάχρυσον <span class="title">IG</span>12.276.6, cf. 42(1).102.58,68 (Epid., iv B.C.), <span class="title">Clara Rhodos</span> 6/7.428; <b class="b3">ὀθόνινον π</b>. prob. in <span class="bibl">Pl.Com.142</span>; π. περίθετον <span class="bibl">Aristomen.5</span>; of the Roman [[imagines]], <span class="bibl">Plb.6.53.5</span>; [[bust]] or [[portrait]], Sammelb.5221, <span class="title">OGI</span>432.1 (Naksh-i-Rustam, iii A.D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[dramatic part]], [[character]], Phld.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1.199S., <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">Epict.</span>1.29.45</span> and <span class="bibl">57</span>; <b class="b3">κωφὸν π</b>. <span class="bibl">Cic.<span class="title">Att.</span>13.19.3</span>; [[character]] in a book, <b class="b3">τὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ὄνομα καὶ π</b>. <span class="bibl">Plb.8.11.5</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως π</b>. <span class="bibl">Id.12.27.10</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Po.</span>5.32</span>; also <b class="b3">ἀστοχεῖν τοῦ π</b>., of an author, Callisth.<span class="bibl">44J.</span>; ἐπὶ προσχήματι καὶ π. δικαστῶν <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">Fr.</span>168</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> [[person]], Phld.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1.52S. (pl.); ἀδίκως μὴ κρῖνε πρόσωπον <span class="bibl">Ps.-Phoc.10</span>; <b class="b3">προσώπῳ, οὐ καρδίᾳ</b> <b class="b2">in person, in bodily presence</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Thess.</span>2.17</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">2 Ep.Cor.</span>5.12</span>; <b class="b3">ποιεῖν</b> or <b class="b3">πληροῦν τὸ π. τινός</b> to represent a [[person]], PRein.56.30 (iv A.D.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Sammelb.</span> 6000ii 12</span> (vi A.D.); <b class="b3">λαμβάνειν π. τινός</b> admit a [[person]] to one's presence, εἰ προσδέξεταί σε, εἰ λήψεται πρόσωπόν σου <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ma.</span>1.8</span>; hence, = [[προσωποληπτεῖν]], <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>20.21</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Gal.</span>2.6</span>; <b class="b3">μὴ ἀποστρέψῃς τὸ π. μου</b>, i.e. do not reject my prayer, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">3 Ki.</span>2.20</span>; <b class="b3">θαυμάσαι π. ἀσεβοῦς</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pr.</span>18.5</span>; <b class="b3">ὁ θεὸς ὁ μέγας... ὅστις οὐ θαυμάζει π. οὐδὲ οὐ μὴ λάβῃ δῶρον</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">De.</span>10.17</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">legal personality</b>, Bion Borysth. ap. <span class="bibl">D.L.4.46</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> Gramm., [[person]], <span class="bibl">D.T.638.4</span>,<span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Pron.</span>3.12</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">γυναικεῖα π</b>. <span class="bibl">Alex.Trall.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">π. πόλεως</b> a [[feature]] of the city, of a person, <span class="bibl">Cic.<span class="title">Fam.</span>15.17.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> f.l.in Zeno Stoic.1.23 (cf.<span class="bibl">Nicol.<span class="title">Prog.</span>p.4</span> F.).</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">face, countenance, mask, role, person</b> (Il.).<br />Other forms: ep. pl. also <b class="b3">-πατα</b> (cf. below).<br />Compounds: Rarely as 1. member, e.g. <b class="b3">προσωπο-λήπτης</b> m. <b class="b2">who respects persons, who is partial</b> with <b class="b3">-ληπτέω</b>, <b class="b3">-ληψία</b> (NT). Very often as 2. member, mostly late., e.g. <b class="b3">μικρο-πρόσωπος</b> <b class="b2">small-faced</b> (Arist.).<br />Derivatives: Dimin. <b class="b3">προσωπ-ίδιον</b> (Ar.), <b class="b3">-εῖον</b> (<b class="b3">-ιον</b>) n. [[mask]] (Thphr., LXX), the plantname <b class="b3">-ιον</b>, <b class="b3">-ίς</b>, <b class="b3">-ιάς</b>, <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> (Dsc. a.o.; prob. after the form of the flower; Strömberg Pfl.namen 47), <b class="b3">-οῦττα</b> f. <b class="b2">face-shaped vessel</b>, "face-urn" (Polem. Hist., Poll.).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [775] <b class="b2">*h₃ekʷ-</b> [[see]]<br />Etymology: Like [[μέτωπον]] [[forehead]] (s.v.) <b class="b3">πρόσωπον</b> is also prop. a hypostasis, i.e. from <b class="b3">*προτι-ωπ-ον</b>, prop. "what is opposite the eyes, the sight (of the partner)"; cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 517 n. 1. Thus also e.g. Goth. <b class="b2">and-augi</b> n., also OE <b class="b2">and-wlit-a</b> m., OHG <b class="b2">ant-lizz-i</b> n. [[face]], [[Antlitz]] (Goth. [[wlits]] [[aspect]], [[shape]]). Slightly diff. Sommer Nominalkomp. 115 n.1 (with deviating interpretation of the prefix): <b class="b2">the part of the head, that lies over against the eyes, on the side of the eyes</b>. Through connection with ep. <b class="b3">προτι-όσσομαι</b>, <b class="b3">προσ-όψομαι</b> <b class="b2">look at</b>, <b class="b3">ὄπωπα</b> etc. <b class="b3">πρόσωπον</b> could also be (re)interpreted as verbal noun (cf. [[Angesicht]]). -- With <b class="b3">πρόσωπον</b> agrees almost exactly Skt. <b class="b2">prátīkam</b> n. [[face]], [[appearance]] from <b class="b2">práti</b> = <b class="b3">πρότι</b> and a zero grade form of the IE word for [[see]], [[look]] (s. 2. <b class="b3">ὄψ</b> and [[ὄπωπα]]), <b class="b2">*proti-h₃kʷ-</b> (cf. on <b class="b3">ὀπιπεύω</b>); so <b class="b3">πρόσωπον</b> from an older formation elucidated after (<b class="b3">ἐν)ὦπα</b> etc. (Schwyzer 426 n. 4)? Quite uncertain Toch. A [[pratsak]], B [[pratsāko]] [[breast]] (A [[ak]], B [[ek]] [[eye]]). On the IE expressions for [[face]] s. Malten Die Sprache des menschlichen Antlitzes im frühen Griechentum (Berlin 1961) 1ff. -- The ep. plural <b class="b3">προσώπ-ατα</b>, <b class="b3">-ασι</b> can easily be explained as an enlargement favoured by the metre (Schwyzer 515 n. 3); the assumption of an old <b class="b2">n(t</b>)-stem (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 213 as alternative) is improbable. -- Further details w. lit. in WP. 1, 170, also Mayrhofer s. <b class="b2">prátīkam</b>.