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χαλεπός: Difference between revisions
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|Transliteration C=chalepos | |Transliteration C=chalepos | ||
|Beta Code=xalepo/s | |Beta Code=xalepo/s | ||
|Definition=ή, όν, < | |Definition=ή, όν,<br><span class="bld">A</span> [[difficult]] (ὃ ἂν μὴ ῥᾴδιον ᾖ ἀλλὰ διὰ πολλῶν πραγμάτων γίγνηται Pl.''Prt.''341d: opp. [[ῥᾴδιος]], Arist.''Rh.''1363a24, in various relations):<br><span class="bld">I</span> in reference to the feelings, [[hard to bear]], [[painful]], [[grievous]] (so freq. in Hom.), κεραυνός Il.14.417; θύελλα 21.335; ἄνεμοι Od.12.286; πόνος 23.250; [[ἄλγος]], [[πένθος]], 2.193, 6.169; γῆρας Il.8.103; ἄλη Od.10.464; [[χαλεπώτερος]] [[ἄεθλος]] Hes.''Th.''800; ἄλλα τῶν κατεχόντων πρηγμάτων χαλεπώτερα Hdt.6.40; χ. πνεῦμα A.''Supp.''166 (lyr.); δύα Id.''Th.''228 (lyr.); [[χαλεπώτατα]] [πράγματα] S.''Tr.''1273 (anap.); συμφορά E.''Hipp.''768 (lyr.); [[νόσος]], [[πλάνη]], etc., X.''Smp.''4.37, Pl.''Sph.''245e (Comp.), etc.; ἡ ἐσβολὴ αὕτη χαλεπωτάτη τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἐγένετο Th.3.26; [θώρακες] δύσφοροι καὶ χαλεποί, of [[ill-fitting]] [[cuirass]]es, X.''Mem.''3.10.13: [[τὸ χαλεπὸν τοῦ πνεύματος]] the [[severity]] of the [[wind]], Id.''An.''4.5.4; [[τὰ χαλεπά]] [[hardships]], opp. [[τὰ τερπνά]], Id.''Mem.''2.1.23, etc.; τερπνῶν χαλεπῶν τε κρίσις Pi.''Fr.'' 131, cf. Plot.5.9.14: Comp., [[more unpleasant]], Jul.''Or.''6.202c.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[hard to do]] or [[hard to deal with]], [[difficult]], [[irksome]], χαλεπώτατον ἔργον ἁπάντων Ar.''Eq.''516 (anap.); cf. Th.3.59 (Sup.), etc.; [[proverb|prov.]] [[χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά]] = [[the good things are difficult to attain]], [[the beautiful things are difficult to attain]] ap.Pl.''Hp.Ma.''304e, al., attributed to Solon by Sch. ad loc.; χαλεπὸν ὁ βίος X.''Mem.''2.9.1, cf. Pl.''Plt.''299e: c. inf. Act. or Med., χαλεπή τοι ἐγὼ μένος ἀντιφέρεσθαι = χαλεπόν ἐστί μοι ἀντιφέρεσθαί σοι, Il.21.482; χαλεποὶ δὲ θεοὶ φαίνεσθαι ἐναργεῖς 20.131; χαλεπὸν δέ τ' ὀρύσσειν [τὸ μῶλυ] Od.10.305; χ. προϊδέσθαι καπρός Hes.''Sc.''386; χ. ἔρις ἀνθρώποις ὁμιλεῖν κρεσσόνων Pi.''N.''10.72; χ. προσπολεμεῖν Isoc.4.138, cf. Th.7.51 (Comp.); χ. [[συγγενέσθαι]], [[εὑρεῖν]], [[γενέσθαι]], Pl.''R.''330c, 412b, 502c; χ. πάσχειν Id.''Cri.''49b (Comp.): also c. inf. Pass., χαλεπὸς διαγνωσθῆναι καὶ δειχθῆναι Antipho 2.1.1, cf. Th. 3.94, etc.; χαλεπὸν ληφθῆναι ὁ τόπος Arist.''Ph.''212a8; [[χαλεπόν]] [ἐστι] c. inf., 'tis [[hard]], [[difficult]] to [[do]], Od.4.651; c. acc. et inf., 'tis [[difficult]] for one to do... Il.16.620, Od.20.313: c. dat. et inf., Il.21.184, Od.11.156.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[dangerous]], λιμένες 19.189; θάλασσα Th. 4.24; χ. τὰ παρόντα X.''An.''3.2.2.<br><span class="bld">4</span> of ground, [[difficult]], [[rugged]], χωρία χ. καὶ πετρώδη Th.4.9; ὁδός Id.5.58, Pl.''R.''328e; χ. . . καὶ προσάντης . . ὁδός ἐστιν Anaxandr.56; πρόσοδοι X.''An.''5.2.3; [[πορεία]] ib.5.6.10; [[σταθμός]] ib.4.5.3; [[χωρίον χαλεπώτατον]] = [[a place most difficult to take]], ib.4.8.2.<br><span class="bld">II</span> of persons, [[hard to deal with]], [[cruel]], [[harsh]], [[stern]] (opp. [[πρᾷος]], Pl.''R.''493b (Sup.), Arist.''EN''1126a26), [[βασιλεύς]], [[δαίμων]], Od.2.232, 19.201; χαλεποί τε καὶ ἄγριοι 8.575; [[χαλεπώτερος]] [[a more bitter enemy]], Th.3.40; [[χαλεπώτατοι]] = [[most difficult to deal with]], [[most dangerous]] or [[troublesome]], ib.42, cf. 7.21; χαλεπώτεροι πάροικοι Id.3.113; χαλεπόν γε θυγάτηρ κτῆμα Men.18: c. dat. pers., [[cruel]] or [[harsh]] towards one, Od.17.388; τοῖς ξυμπροθυμηθεῖσι τὸν ἔκπλουν Th.8.1, etc.; [[πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους]], [[τοὺς ἀγνῶτας]], Pl.''R.''375c, Arist.''Pol.''1328a8 (also πρὸς τοὺς δρόμους X.''Cyn.''5.17); ἐπὶ νύμφαις ἀλλοτρίαις Theoc. 22.145.<br><span class="bld">b</span> of words, χαλεπῷ ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ Il.2.245, etc.; ἐρεθιζέμεν αἰεὶ μύθοισιν χ. Od.17.395; χ. ὀνείδεα, ὁμοκλαί, Il.3.438, Od.17.189; φῆμις 14.239; μῆνις Il.5.178.<br><span class="bld">c</span> especially of judges, ἦν τὸ δίκαιον φυλάσσων χ. Hdt. 1.100, cf. Pl.''Criti.''107d, And.4.36; also χ. ἀρχή Th.1.77; τιμωρία Pl.''Ap.''39c (Comp.); νόμοι Id.''Hp.Mi.''372a (Comp.), D.21.44, 35.50.<br><span class="bld">d</span> [[savage]], [[fierce]], κύνες X.''An.''5.8.24, ''Cyn.''10.23; of bees, Arist.''HA''624b30 (Comp.); [θηρία] χ. τὰς φύσεις Pl.''Plt.'' 274b.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[ill-tempered]], [[testy]], χ. ὢν καὶ δύσκολος Ar.''V.''942, cf. Isoc.19.26; ὀργὴν χ. Hdt.3.131; [[χαλεπῇ τῇ χειρί]] with a [[rough]] hand, Ar.''Lys.''1116.<br><span class="bld">3</span> of plants, [[hurtful to the soil]], Thphr.''HP''8.9.3 (Sup.).<br><span class="bld">B</span> Adv. [[χαλεπῶς]] = [[hardly]], [[with difficulty]], [[διαγνῶναι]] [[χαλεπῶς]] ἦν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον Il.7.424; [[χαλεπῶς]] δέ σ' ἔολπα τὸ ῥέξειν 20.186; [[χαλεπῶς]] κε φύγοις κακόν Hes.''Op.''684; [[χαλεπῶς]] ὀργὰς μεταβάλλουσιν E.''Med.''121 (anap.); [[χαλεπῶς]] γνῶναι Antipho 3.2.1; τὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις χ. εὑρημένα ῥᾳδίως μανθάνειν Isoc.1.18, cf. 44; [[οὐ χαλεπῶς]] or [[μὴ χαλεπῶς]] = [[without much ado]], Th.1.2, 7.81, etc.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[hardly]], [[scarcely]], δοκέω . . χ. ἂν Ἕλληνας Πέρσῃσι μάχεσθαι Hdt.7.103; χ. παρὰ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς εὑρεθήσεται Lys.29.2; χ. ἂν πείσαιμι Pl.''Phd.'' 84d.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[χαλεπῶς ἔχει]] = [[χαλεπόν ἐστι]], Th.3.53: c. acc. et inf., X.''HG'' 7.4.6.<br><span class="bld">4</span> [[painfully]], [[miserably]], χαλεπώτερον ζῆν Pl.''R.''579d; ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα διῆγον Th.7.71.<br><span class="bld">II</span> of persons, [[angrily]], [[cruelly]], [[harshly]], [[χαλεπῶς]] [[τιμωρεῖσθαι]] Id.3.46; [[ἀποκρίνασθαι]] Id.5.42, cf. E.''Hipp.''203 (anap.), Ar.''Pl.''60, Pl.''Phdr.''269b; [[χαλεπῶς φέρειν τι]] take it [[ill]], Th.2.16, Pl.''R.''330a, etc.; also χαλεπῶς ἔφερον τῷ πολέμῳ, τοῖς πράγμασιν, X.''HG''5.1.29, ''An.'' 1.3.3; ἐπὶ τῇ πολιορκίᾳ Id.''HG''7.4.21, cf. D.H.3.50; also [[χαλεπῶς]] [[φέρειν]] τινός Th.2.62; also [[χαλεπῶς]] λαμβάνεσθαι τοῦ παιδός Hdt.2.121.δ; [[χαλεπῶς]] λαμβάνειν περί τινος Th.6.61; of the laws (cf. supr. II.1c), [[χαλεπῶς]] προστάττειν Pl.''Lg.''925d.<br><span class="bld">2</span> freq. in the phrase [[χαλεπῶς ἔχειν]] to [[be angry]], X.''An.''6.4.16, etc.; τινι [[with]] one, Id.''HG''1.5.16; πρὸς τοὺς λόγους Isoc.3.3, cf. 51; [[χαλεπῶς]] ἔχειν τισὶν ἐπί τινι [[with]] persons for a thing, D.20.135, cf. Plu.''Cic.''43; [[χαλεπῶς]] [[διακεῖσθαι]] πρὸς ἅπαντας Isoc.''Ep.'' 7.5; [[χαλεπῶς]] πρὸς φιλοσοφίαν [[διακεῖσθαι]] Pl.''R.''500b; [[χαλεπῶς]] πρὸς ἡμᾶς διετέθησαν Isoc.8.79; ἐπί τινι [[χαλεπῶς]] διατεθείς Plu.''Per.''36.<br><span class="bld">b</span> [[χαλεπῶς ἔχειν]], also, to [[be in a bad way]], [[χαλεπῶς]] ἔχω ὑπὸ τοῦ πότου Pl.''Smp.''176a, cf. ''Tht.''142b.— Beside the regul. Comp. [[χαλεπώτερον]] (Th.1.77, 7.50, Pl.''Phd.''94d, etc.) we have [[χαλεπωτέρως]] Th.2.50, 8.40, Thphr.''HP''6.7.1: Sup. [[χαλεπώτατα]] Th.7.71, 8.95, Pl.''R.''579d, etc. | ||
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Afrikaans: moeilik; Albanian: i vështirë; Amharic: አስቸጋሪ; Arabic: صَعْب; Moroccan Arabic: واعر; Armenian: դժվար, բարդ, ծանր; Assamese: টান; Asturian: difícil; Azerbaijani: çətin, düşvar; Bashkir: ҡыйын, ауыр; Basque: nekez; Belarusian: цяжкі, трудны; Bengali: কঠিন; Bikol Central Bikol Legazpi: dipisil; Bikol Naga: masakit; Breton: diaes; Brunei Malay: payah; Bulgarian: труден, мъ́чен, тежък; Burmese: ခဲယဉ်း, ခက်; Catalan: difícil; Cebuano: lisud; Chamicuro: yeewa; Chechen: хала; Cherokee: ᎤᏦᏍᏗ, ᏍᏓᏯ; Chinese Cantonese: 難, 难, 困難, 困难; Mandarin: 難, 难, 困難, 困难, 艱難, 艰难; Wu: 難; Chukchi: аӈъачеты; Crimean Tatar: qıyın; Czech: obtížný, těžký; Danish: vanskelig; Dutch: [[lastig]], [[moeilijk]]; Esperanto: malfacila; Estonian: keeruline; Faroese: torførur; Finnish: vaikea, hankala; French: [[difficile]]; Galician: difícil; Georgian: ძნელი, რთული, მძიმე; German: [[schwer]], [[schwierig]]; Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌿𐍃; Greek: [[δύσκολος]]; Ancient Greek: [[χαλεπός]], [[δυσχερής]]; Greenlandic: sapernarpoq; Gujarati: કઠિન; Haitian Creole: difisil; Hebrew: קָשֶׁה, מסובך; Hindi: कठिन, विकट, मुश्किल, दुश्वार; Hungarian: nehéz; Icelandic: erfiður; Ido: desfacila; Ilocano: narigat; Indonesian: sukar, susah; Ingush: хала; Interlingua: difficile; Irish: deacair, anfhurasta, anacair, achrannach, doiligh; Italian: [[difficile]]; Japanese: 難しい, 困難な; Kabuverdianu: puxadu, pexóde, rabés; Kannada: ಕಟ್; Kazakh: қиын, ауыр; Khmer: ពិបាក, យ៉ាប់; Korean: 어렵다, 힘들다; Kurdish Central Kurdish: زەحمەت, گران, سەخت; Kyrgyz: кыйын, оор; Ladino: difísil, zor; Lao: ຍາກ; Latin: [[difficilis]]; Latvian: sarežģīts, grūts; Lithuanian: sunkus; Macedonian: тежок, мачен; Malay: sukar, susah; Maltese: diffiċli; Manx: doillee, creoi, trome, mooar, neuaashagh; Maori: whēuaua, uaua, taumaha hārukiruki; Mirandese: defícel; Mon: ဝါတ်; Mongolian: хэцүү, хүнд, бэрх, хүчир; Navajo: nantłʼah; Norwegian: vanskelig; Occitan: malaisit, dificil; Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic: тѩжькъ; Old English: earfoþe; Pashto: ګران, مشکل; Persian: دشوار, مشکل, سخت, صعب; Polish: trudny, ciężki; Portuguese: [[difícil]]; Punjabi: ਕਠਿਨ; Quechua: sasa; Romanian: greu, dificil, anevoios, complicat; Russian: [[трудный]], [[тяжёлый]], [[тяжкий]], [[сложный]]; Sanskrit: कठिन; Scottish Gaelic: doirbh, mì-fhurasda, cruaidh, trom, duilich; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: тежак; Roman: težak; Sinhalese: අමාරු; Slovak: obtiažny, ťažký; Slovene: težek; Sorbian Upper Sorbian: ćežki; Spanish: [[difícil]]; Swedish: svår; Tagalog: mahirap; Tajik: мушкил, душвор, сахт; Tamil: கடினமான; Tatar: кыен, авыр; Telugu: కఠినమైన, కష్టమైన; Tetum: susar; Thai: ยาก, ลำบาก; Tibetan: ཁག་པོ, དཀའ་ལས་ཁག་པོ, དཀའ་མོ, དཀའ་ངལ་ཅན; Tocharian B: waimene, āmāskai; Tongan: faingataʻa; Turkish: zor, güç, müşkül, çetin, kıyın, düşvar, ağır; Turkmen: çatak, çetin, kyn, müçgil; Ukrainian: важкий, трудний; Urdu: مشکل, دشوار, کٹھن; Uyghur: قىيىن, مۈشكۈل; Uzbek: qiyin, mushkul, murakkab; Vietnamese: khó, khó khăn; Volapük: fikulik; Welsh: anodd, caled; West Frisian: swier; White Yiddish: שווער, האַרב | |||
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