sacramentum: Difference between revisions

|lshtext=<b>să&#772;crāmentum</b>: i, n. [[sacro]].<br /><b>I</b> In [[good]] [[class]]. Lat., a jurid. and milit. t. t.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Jurid. t. t., the [[sum]] [[which]] the [[two]] parties to a [[suit]] at [[first]] deposited, [[but]] [[afterwards]] became [[bound]] for, [[with]] the [[tresviri]] capitales; so called [[because]] the [[sum]] deposited by the losing [[party]] [[was]] used for [[religious]] purposes, esp. for the sacra publica; v. Fest. p. 344 Müll.; or, perh. [[more]] [[correctly]], [[because]] the [[money]] [[was]] deposited in a [[sacred]] [[place]];<br /> v. the foll. [[passage]] of [[Varro]] and Müller's [[note]]. (Another [[reason]] is given in Isid. Orig. 5, 24 fin.: [[sacramentum]] est [[pignus]] sponsionis; vocatum [[autem]] [[sacramentum]], [[quia]] violare, [[quod]] [[quisque]] promittit, [[perfidia]] est): ea [[pecunia]], quae in judicium venit in litibus, [[sacramentum]] a [[sacro]]. Qui petebat et qui infitiabatur, de aliis rebus utrique quingenos aeris ad pontem deponebant, de aliis rebus [[item]] [[certo]] [[alio]] legitimo [[numero]] [[assum]]; qui judicio vicerat, suom [[sacramentum]] e [[sacro]] auferebat, victi ad aerarium redibat, Varr. L. L. 5, § 180 Müll. N. cr.: qui [[prior]] vindicaverat, dicebat: [[quando]] tu injuria vindicavisti, de aeris sacramento te [[provoco]]; [[adversarius]] [[quoque]] dicebat: [[similiter]] ego te; seu L. asses sacramenti nominabant... Postea praedes Praetor ab [[utroque]] accipiebat sacramenti, [[quod]] id in publicum cedebat, Gai. Inst. 4, 16; cf. id. ib. 4, 16, § 13 sq.; 95: sacramenti [[autem]] nomine id aes dici [[coeptum]] est [[quod]] et [[propter]] aerarii inopiam et sacrorum publicorum multitudinem consumebatur id in rebus divinis, Fest. p. 344 Müll.: cum in rem [[aliquam]] agerent litigatores et [[poena]] se sacramenti peterent, poscebant judicem, qui dabatur [[post]] trigesimum diem, Pseudo-Ascon. ad. Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 26 (p. 164 Orell.): de multae sacramento consules comitiis centuriatis tulerunt, Cic. Rep. 2, 35, 60.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Meton]]., a [[cause]], a [[civil]] [[suit]] or [[process]]: [[decemviri]] re quaesitā et deliberatā [[sacramentum]] [[nostrum]] justum judicaverunt, Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; cf. transf. in gen.: homines graves, quibuscum [[tibi]] justo sacramento contendere, non liceret, on [[equal]] terms, [[with]] a [[fair]] [[chance]] of [[success]], id. de Or. 1, 10, 42: [[cetera]] ... ἔντεχνα et arguta adparebunt, ut sacramento contendas mea non esse, [[lay]] a [[wager]], i. e. [[confidently]] [[assert]], id. Fam. 7, 32, 2: injustis vindiciis ac sacramentis ali enos fundos petere, id. Mil. 27, 74: si Xviri [[sacramentum]] in libertatem injustum judicassent, id. Dom. 29, 78.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Milit. t. t. (cf. [[infra]], 2, the [[passage]] from Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36), orig. the [[preliminary]] [[engagement]] entered [[into]] by [[newly]]-enlisted [[troops]] (this [[was]] followed by the [[proper]] [[military]] [[oath]], jusjurandum, [[which]] [[was]] at [[first]] [[voluntary]], [[but]], [[after]] the [[second]] Punic [[war]], [[was]] demanded by the [[military]] [[tribune]]): milites tum (i.e. 538 A.U.C.), [[quod]] [[numquam]] [[antea]] [[factum]] erat, jurejurando ab tribunis militum adacti milites [jussu consulis conventuros]: nam ad eam diem [[nihil]] [[praeter]] [[sacramentum]] fuerat; et, ubi ad decuriatum aut centuriatum convenissent, suā voluntate ipsi [[inter]] [[sese]] decuriati equites, centuriati pedites conjurabant, [[sese]] fugae [[atque]] formidinis [[ergo]] non abituros [[neque]] ex ordine recessuros, [[nisi]], etc.... Id ex voluntario [[inter]] ipsos foedere ad tribunos ac legitimam juris jurandi adactionem translatum, Liv. 22, 38, 2 seq. Weissenb. ad loc.; cf. Front. Strat. 4, 1, 4; and v. Becker, Antiq. 3, 2, p. 292 sq.—Hence, [[since]] [[that]] [[time]],<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For jusjurandum, the [[military]] [[oath]] of [[allegiance]] ([[very]] freq. and [[class]].): milites Domitianos [[sacramentum]] [[apud]] se dicere jubet, to [[take]] the [[oath]] of [[allegiance]], Caes. B. C. 1, 23; so, [[sacramentum]] dicere, id. ib. 1, 86 fin.: quos consulis sacramento rogavisset, id. B. G. 6, 1: [[sacramentum]] dicere alicui, Tac. A. 1, 28; and in a [[like]] signif. in Livy: sacramento (abl.) dicere, Liv. 2, 24 fin.; 4, 53; 25, 5; 41, 5 fin.: sacramento dicere alicui, id. 24, 8: ut omnes minores [[quinquaginta]] annis sacramento (abl.) rogaret, should [[administer]] the [[oath]] of [[allegiance]] to [[them]], [[swear]] [[them]] in, id. 40, 26; so, rogare (aliquos) sacramento, id. 32, 26; 35, 2; Quint. 12, 2, 26; in a [[like]] [[sense]]: adigere sacramento aliquos, Liv. 4, 5; 7, 11; 9, 29; Tac. A. 1, 37; id. H. 1, 55: adigere aliquos sacramento Othonis, id. ib. 1, 76: Vitellii, id. ib. 2, 55: Vespasiani, id. ib. 2, 79: adigere aliquos sacramento in [[nomen]] senatūs, Suet. Galb. 16: sacramento aliquem [[tenere]] ... sacramento [[tenere]], Caes. B. C. 2, 32; cf.: [[secundo]] eum obliget militiae sacramento, [[quia]], priore amisso, jure cum hostibus pugnare non poterat, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (in [[which]] [[passage]] the [[primary]] jurid. signif. is alluded to): ex quibus (legionibus) aetate aut valetudine fessi sacramento solvebantur, Tac. A. 16, 13 fin.: legionibus, quae [[sacramentum]] mutaverant, in paenitentiam conversis, i. e. had revolted, Suet. Claud. 13; cf.: [[paenitentia]] mutati sacramenti, id. Galb. 10: alicujus [[sacramentum]] exuere, Tac. H. 3, 42: hoc sacramento (viz. in the [[service]] of [[Bacchus]]) initiatos juvenes milites faciendos censetis? Liv. 39, 15.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> Transf., in gen., an [[oath]], a [[solemn]] [[obligation]] or [[engagement]] ([[mostly]] [[post]]-Aug.): ut sacramento contendas mea non esse, Cic. Fam. 7, 32, 2: non ego perfidum Dixi [[sacramentum]]: ibimus, ibimus, etc., Hor. C. 2, 17, 10: in verba Eumolpi [[sacramentum]] juravimus, Petr. 117, 5: amicitiae [[sacramentum]] delevi, id. 80, 4: sacramento quodam nexi, Just. 20, 4, 14: se sacramento obstringere, ne, etc., Plin. Ep. 10, 96 (97), 7: si [[quod]] inesset mutis animalibus tacitum ac naturale [[sacramentum]], App. M. 3, p. 140, 31.—<br /><b>II</b> In eccl. and [[late]] Lat., [[something]] to be kept [[sacred]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A [[secret]]: [[sacramentum]] regis abscondere, Vulg. Tob. 12, 7.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The gospel [[revelation]]: nolite verba, cum [[sacramentum]] [[meum]] Erit canendum, [[providenter]] quaerere, Prud. στεφ. 10,15.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A [[mystery]]: [[sacramentum]] stellarum, Vulg. Apoc. 1, 20: pietatis, id. 1 Tim. 3, 16; Lact. 7, 24; Aug. de Agone Christi, 24.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>4</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A sacrament: signa, cum ad res divinas [[pertinent]], sacramenta appellantur, Aug. Ep. 138: baptismi, id. Doctr. Christ. 3, 13: sanguinis Christi, id. Ep. ad Bonif. 98, 9: (matrimonii), Vulg. Eph. 5, 32.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>5</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The [[office]] of the [[ministry]]: Athanasium episcopum... [[coctus]] in unum [[quaesitus]] ([[synodus]] ut appellant) removit a sacramento [[quod]] obtinebat, Amm. 15, 7, 7.