δέ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="bld">A</span> [[but]]: adversative and copulative Particle,<br><span class="bld">I</span> answering to [[μέν]] ([[quod vide|q.v.]]), τὴν νῦν μὲν Βοιωτίαν, πρότερον δὲ Καδμηίδα γῆν καλουμένην Th.1.12, etc.<br><span class="bld">II</span> without preceding [[μέν]],<br><span class="bld">1</span> adversative, expressing distinct opposition, <b class="b3">αἰεί τοι τὰ κάκ' ἐστὶ φίλα… μαντεύεσθαι, ἐσθλὸν δ' οὔτε τί πω εἶπας</b> ll.1.108; ὀρθῶς ἔλεξας, οὐ φίλως δέ μοι λέγεις [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Orestes|Or.]]''100, cf. [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Antigone|Ant.]]''85, etc.; τέθνηκεν ἀνδρὸς οὐδενός, θεοῦ δ' ὕπο Id.''Ph.''334; so in Prose, οὐκ ἐπὶ κακῷ, ἐλευθερώσει δέ… Th.4.86; οἱ αἰχμάλωτοι… ᾤχοντο εἰς Δεκέλειαν, οἱ δ' εἰς Μέγαρα X.''HG''1.2.14, cf. ''Cyr.''4.5.46; ἡ δ' ἑτέρα ''IG''2.652A45.<br><span class="bld">2</span> copulative,<br><span class="bld">a</span> in explanatory clauses, <b class="b3">ξυνέβησαν… τὰ μακρὰ τείχη ἑλεῖν</b> (ἦν δὲ σταδίων μάλιστα ὀκτώ) Th.4.66, cf. Il.7.48: when a Subst. is followed by words in apposition, Ἀρισταγόρῃ τῷ Μιλησίῳ, δούλῳ δὲ ἡμετέρῳ [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]7.8.β'; μήτηρ βασιλέως βασίλεια δ' ἐμή [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[The Persians|Pers.]]''152; so in answers, <b class="b3">διπλᾶ λέγειν</b>. —Answ. διπλᾶδ' ὁρᾶν Id.''Th.''974.<br><span class="bld">b</span> in enumerations or transitions, Il.1.43-49,345-351, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.2.1, etc.; with repetition of a word in different relations, ὣς Ἀχιλεὺς θάμβησεν... θάμβησαν δὲ καὶ ἄλλοι Il.24.483; σάκος εἷλε... εἵλετο δ' ἔγχος 14.9 sq.; Ζεύς ἐστιν αἰθήρ, Ζεὺς δὲ γῆ, Ζεὺς δ' οὐρανός A.''Fr.''70; κινεῖκραδίαν, κινεῖδὲ χόλον [[Euripides|E.]], ''[[Medea|Med.]]'' 99; ὄζει ἴων, ὄζει δὲ ῥόδων, ὄζει δ' ὑακίνθου Hermipp.82.8; in rhetorical outbursts, οὐκ ἂν εὐθέως εἴποιεν· τὸν δὲ βάσκανον, τὸν δὲ ὄλεθρον, τοῦτον δὲ ὑβρίζειν,—ἀναπνεῖν δέ. D.21.209; in a climax, <b class="b3">πᾶν γύναιον καὶ παιδίον καὶ θηρίον δέ</b> [[nay]] even beast, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Theaetetus|Tht.]]''171e, cf.X. ''HG''5.2.37; in the combination καὶ δέ Il.23.80, al., καὶ… δέ [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]'' 973, E.''El.''1117, etc., each particle retains its force.<br><span class="bld">c</span> answering to τε ([[quod vide|q.v.]]), ἃ τῶν τε ἀποβαινόντων ἕνεκα ἄξια κεκτῆσθαι, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον αὐτὰ αὑτῶν [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 367c.<br><span class="bld">3</span> implying causal connection, less direct than [[γάρ]], Il.6.160, Od.1.433.<br><span class="bld">4</span> in questions, with implied opposition, ἑόρακας δ', ἔφη, τὴν γυναῖκα; [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''5.1.4; καὶ ὁ Σωκράτης, εἰπέ μοι, ἔφη, κύνας δὲ τρέφεις; Id.''Mem.''2.9.2, cf. 2.1.26, [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Antigone|Ant.]]''1172: in Trag. (not in Com. or Oratt.), when the speaker turns from one person to another, the voc. stands first, then the pers. Pron. followed by [[δέ]], as Μενέλαε, σοὶ δὲ τάδε λέγω… [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Orestes|Or.]]''622, etc.; also in [[Herodotus|Hdt.]], ὦ δέσποτα, ἐγὼ δὲ ταῦτα ἐποίησα 1.115.<br><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">τί δέ</b>; what [[then]]? to mark a transition in dialogue; v. [[τίς]].<br><span class="bld">II</span> in apodosi:<br><span class="bld">1</span> after hypothetical clauses, <b class="b3">εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώωσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι</b> if they will not give it, [[then]] I... Il.1.137, cf. Od.12.54; εἰ μηδὲ τοῦτο βούλει ἀποκρίνασθαι, σὺ δὲ τοὐντεῦθεν λέγε [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''5.5.21, cf. Pi.''O.''3.43 ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]), [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''1060, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]5.1, etc.<br><span class="bld">b</span> after temporal or relative clauses, with [[ἐπεί]], [[ἕως]], etc., Il.24.255, [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]9.70, etc.; μέχρι… εἶχον τὰ βέλη, οἱ δὲ ἀντεῖχον Th.3.98; with demonstr. Pronouns or Advbs. answering to a preceding relative, <b class="b3">οἵηπερ φύλλων γενεή</b>, τοίη δὲ καὶ ἀνδρῶν Il.6.146, etc.; ἆθλα οἷς κεῖται ἀρετῆς μέγιστα, τοῖς δὲ καὶ ἄνδρες ἄριστοι πολιτεύουσιν Th.2.46; τοὺς δ' ἔλαβε τυράννους… τούτους δὲ… ἐξεδίδου [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]5.37, cf. Isoc.4.98, Pl.''La.''194d; οἷα μὲν ἕκαστα ἐμοὶ φαίνεται τοιαῦτα μὲν ἔστιν ἐμοί, οἷα δὲ σοί, τοιαῦτα δὲ αὖ σοί Id.''Tht.''152a: sometimes after a participle, οἰόμενοι… τιμῆς τεύξεσθαι, ἀντὶ δὲ τούτων οὐδ' ὅμοιοι… ἐσόμεθα X.''An.''6.6.16, cf. Isoc.15.71 ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]).<br><span class="bld">2</span> to resume after an interruption or parenthesis, χρόνου δὲ ἐπιγινομένου καὶ κατεστραμμένων σχεδὸν πάντων...—κατεστραμμένων δὲ τούτων… [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]1.28,29; νῦν δ' αὖ πάλιν ὑπό τε πλούτου διαθρυπτόμενος… καὶ ὑπ' ἀνθρώπων… ὑπὸ τοιούτων δέ… [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''7.2.23; with an anacoluthon, ἡ δὲ ψυχὴ ἄρα,—οἷ ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ… τῇ ἐμῇ ψυχῇ ἰτέον, αὕτη δὲ δή… [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]'' 80d: for <b class="b3">δ' οὖν</b>, v. [[οὖν]].<br><span class="bld">3</span> to begin a story, <b class="b3">ἦμος δ' ἠέλιος.</b>. [[well]], when the sun... Od.4.400.<br><span class="bld">4</span> to introduce a proof, <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δέ, σημεῖον δέ</b>, v. sub vocc.<br><span class="bld">B</span> POSITION of [[δέ]]. It usually stands second: hence freq. between Art. and Subst. or Prep. and case; but also after Subst., or words forming a connected notion, hence it may stand third, γυναῖκα πιστὴν δ' ἐν δόμοις εὕροι [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''606, cf. ''Th.''411, ''Eu.''531, S.''Ph.''959, etc.; fourth, Id.''OT''485, E.''Hel.''688, [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''323,383, etc.; fifth, ib. 401codd.; even sixth, Epigen.7(codd. Poll.); so in Prose after a neg., <b class="b3">οὐχ ὑπ' ἐραστοῦ δέ</b>, to avoid confusion between <b class="b3">οὐ δέ</b> and [[οὐδέ]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''227c.