καί

English (LSJ)

Conj., copulative, joining words and sentences,

   A and; also Adv., even, also, just, freq. expressing emphatic assertion or assent, corresponding as positive to the negative οὐ (μή) or οὐδέ (μηδέ).    A copulative, and,    I joining words or sentences to those preceding, ἦ, καὶ κυανέῃσιν ἐπ' ὀφρύσινεῦσε Κρονίων Il.1.528, etc.: repeated with two or more Nouns, αἱ δὲ ἔλαφοι κ. δορκάδες κ. οἱ ἄγριοι οἶες κ. οἱ ὄνοι οἱ ἄγριοι X.Cyr.1.4.7; joining only the last pair, Cleom.2.1 (p.168.5 Z.), Phlp.in APr.239.30, etc., v. l. in Arist.Po.1451a20; ὁ ὄχλος πλείων κ. πλείων ἐπέρρει more and more, X.Cyr.7.5.39; to add epithets after πολύς, πολλὰ κ. ἐσθλά Il.9.330; πολλὰ κ. μεγάλα D.28.1, etc.    2 to addalimiting or defining expression, πρὸς μακρὸν ὄρος κ. Κύνθιον ὄχθον to the mountain and specially to... h.Ap. 17, cf. A.Ag. 63 (anap.), S.Tr.1277 (anap.) (sts. in reverse order, πρὸς δῶμα Διὸς κ. μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον Il.5.398); to add by way of climax, θεῶν . . κ. Ποσειδῶνος all the gods, and above all . ., A.Pers.750, etc.; ἐχθροὶ κ. ἔχθιστοι Th.7.68; τινὲς κ. συχνοί Pl.Grg.455c; freq. ἄλλοι τε καί... ἄλλως τε καί . ., v. ἄλλος 11.6, ἄλλως 1.3; ὀλίγου τινὸς ἄξια κ. οὐδενός little or nothing, Id.Ap.23a: joined with the demonstr. Pron. οὗτος (q. v.), εἶναι . . δούλοισι, κ. τούτοισι ὡς δρηπέτῃσι Hdt.6.11, cf. 1.147; κ. ταῦτα and this too . ., γελᾶν ἀναπείθειν, κ. ταῦθ' οὕτω πολέμιον ὄντα τῷ γέλωτι X.Cyr.2.2.16, etc.    II at the beginning of a sentence,    1 in appeals or requests, καί μοι δὸς τὴν Χεῖρα Il.23.75; καί μοι λέγε... καί μοι ἀπόκριναι . ., Pl.Euthphr.3a, Grg.462b; freq. in Oratt., καί μοι λέγε . . τὸ ψήφισμα, καί μοι ἀνάγνωθι . ., D.18.105, Lys.14.8, etc.    2 in questions, to introduce an objection or express surprise, κ. τίς τόδ' ἐξίκοιτ' ἂν ἀγγέλων τάχος; A.Ag.280; κ. πῶς . .; pray how . .? E. Ph.1348; κ. δὴ τί . .; but then what . .? Id.Hel.101; κ. ποῖον . .; S.Aj. 462; κ. τίς εἶδε πώποτε βοῦς κριβανίτας; Ar.Ach.86; κἄπειτ' ἔκανες; E.Med.1398 (anap.); κ. τίς πώποτε Χαριζόμενος ἑτέρῳ τοῦτο εἰργάσατο; Antipho 5.57, cf. Is.1.20, Isoc.12.23, Pl. Tht.163d,al.    3 = καίτοι, and yet, Ar.Eq.1245, E.HF509.    4 at the beginning of a speech, Lys.Fr.36a.    III after words implying sameness or like ness, as, γνώμῃσι ἐχρέωντο ὁμοίῃσι κ. σύ they had the same opinion as you, Hdt.7.50, cf. 84; ἴσον or ἴσα κ. . ., S.OT611, E.El.994; ἐν ἴσῳ (sc. ἐστὶ) κ. εἰ . . Th.2.60, etc.    2 after words implying comparison or opposition, αἱ δαπάναι οὐχ ὁμοίως κ. πρίν Id.7.28; πᾶν τοὐναντίον ἔχει νῦν τε κ. ὅτε . . Pl.Lg.967a.    3 to express simultaneity, ἦν ἦμαρ δεύτερον... κἀγὼ κατηγόμην S.Ph.355, cf. Th.1.50; παρέρχονταί τε μέσαι νύκτες κ. ψύχεται [τὸ ὕδωρ] Hdt.4.181, cf. 3.108; [οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι] οὐκ ἔφθασαν τὴν ἀρχὴν κατασχόντες κ. Θηβαίοις εὐθὺς ἐπεβούλευσαν Isoc.8.98.    IV joining an affirm. clause with a neg., ἀλλ' ὥς τι δράσων εἷρπε κοὐ θανούμενος S.Tr.160, etc.    V καί... καί . . correlative, not only... but also . ., κ. ἀεὶ κ. νῦν, κ. τότε κ. νῦν, Pl.Grg.523a, Phlb.60b; κ. κατὰ γῆν κ. κατὰ θάλατταν X.An.1.1.7.    VI by anacoluthon, ὣς φαμένη κ. κερδοσύνῃ ἡγήσατ' Ἀθήνη, for ὣς ἔφη κ. . ., Il.22.247; ἔρχεται δὲ αὐτή τε . . κ. τὸν υἱὸν ἔχουσα, for κ. ὁ υἱός, X.Cyr.1.3.1; ἄλλας τε κατηγεόμενοί σφι ὁδούς, κ. τέλος ἐγίνοντο Hdt.9.104; τοιοῦτος ὤν, κᾆτ' ἀνὴρ ἔδοξεν εἶναι Ar.Eq.392, cf. Nu.624.    B even, also, just,    1 τάχα κεν κ. ἀναίτιον αἰτιόῳτο even the innocent, Il.11.654, cf. 4.161, etc.; δόμεναι κ. μεῖζον ἄεθλον an even greater prize, 23.551, cf. 10.556, 5.362: with numerals, κ. πέντε full five, 23.833; γενομένης κ. δὶς ἐκκλησίας Th.1.44, cf. Hdt.2.44,60, 68, al. (but ἐτῶν δύο κ. τριῶν two or three, Th.1.82, cf. X.Eq.4.4).    2 also, κ. ἐγώ I also, Il.4.40; κ. αὐτοί they also, X.An.3.4.44, etc.; Ἀγίας καὶ Σωκράτης κ. τούτω ἀπεθανέτην likewise died, ib. 2.6.30; in adding surnames, etc., Ὦχος ὁ κ. Δαρειαῖος Ctes.Fr.29.49 (sed Photii est): Ptol. Papyri have nom. ὃς κ., gen. τοῦ κ. etc., Πανίσκος ὃς κ. Πετεμῖνις PLond.2.219 (b) 2 (ii B.C.); dat. τῷ κ. ib.(a) v2, PRein.26.5 (ii B. C.); nom. ὁ κ. first in PTeb.110.1 (i B. C.), freq. later, BGU22.25 (ii A. D.), etc.; Ἰούδας ὁ κ. Μακκαβαῖος J.AJ12.6.4; Σαῦλος ὁ κ. Παῦλος Act.Ap.13.9: with ἄλλος, λαβέτω δὲ κ. ἄλλος Od.21.152; εἴπερ τι κ. ἄλλο, ὥς τις κ. ἄλλος, X.Mem.3.6.2, An.1.3.15, cf. Pl. Phd.59a, Ar.Nu.356: freq. in antithetic phrases, οὐ μόνον... ἀλλὰ καὶ . ., not only... but also . ., v. μόνος; οὐδὲν μᾶλλον . . ἢ οὐ καὶ . . Hdt.5.94, al.    b freq. used both in the anteced. and relat. clause, where we put also in the anteced. only, εἰ μὲν κ. σὺ εἶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὧνπερ κ. ἐγώ Pl.Grg.458a, cf. Il.6.476, X.An.2.1.21.    3 freq. in apodosi, after temporal Conjs., ἀλλ' ὅτε δή ῥα... κ. τότε δή . . Il.1.494, cf. 8.69, Od. 14.112; also after εἰ, Il.5.897: in Prose, ὡς δὲ ἔδοξεν, κ. ἐχώρουν Th.2.93: as a Hebraism, κ. ἐγένετο . . κ. . . LXX Ge.24.30, al., Ev.Luc.1.59, etc.    4 with Advs., to give emphasis, κ. κάρτα Hdt.6.125; κ. λίην full surely, Il.19.408, Od.1.46; κ. μᾶλλον Il.8.470, cf. E.Heracl.386; κ. πάλαι, κ. πάνυ, S.OC1252, Pl. Chrm.154e; κ. μάλα, κ. σφόδρα, in answers, Ar.Nu.1326, Pl.La. 191e.    5 with words expressing a minimum, even so much as, were it but, just, ἱέμενος κ. καπνὸν ἀποθρῴσκοντα νοῆσαι Od.1.58; οἷς ἡδὺ κ. λέγειν Ar.Nu.528; τίς δὲ κ. προσβλέψεται; who will so much as look at you? E.IA1192, cf. Ar.Ra.614, Pl.Ap.28b, 35b.    6 just, τοῦτ' αὐτὸ κ. νοσοῦμεν 'tis just that that ails me, E.Andr.906, cf. Ba.616, S.Tr.490, Ar.Pax892, Ra.73, Pl.Grg.456a, Tht.166d: freq. with a relat., τὸ κ. κλαίουσα τέτηκα Il.3.176; διὸ δὴ καὶ . . Th.1.128, etc.: also in interrogations (usu. to be rendered by emphasis in intonation), ποίου Χρόνου δὲ καὶ πεπόρθηται πόλις; and how long ago was the city sacked? A.Ag.278; ποῦ καί σφε θάπτει; where is he burying her? E.Alc.834, cf. S.Aj.1290, al., X.An.5.8.2, Ar.Pax1289, Pl. Euthphr.6b, D.4.46, etc.    7 even, just, implying assent, ἔπειτά με κ. λίποι αἰών thereafter let life e'en leave me, Il.5.685, cf. 17.647, 21.274, Od.7.224.    8 κ. εἰ even if, of a whole condition represented as an extreme case, opp. εἰ κ. although, notwithstanding that, of a condition represented as immaterial even if fulfilled, cf. Il.4.347, 5.351, Od.13.292, 16.98 with Il.5.410, Od.6.312, 8.139, etc.; εἰ κ. ἠπιστάμην if I had been able, Pl.Phd.108d, cf. Lg.663d. (This remark does not apply to cases where εἰ and καί each exert their force separtely, as εἴ περ ἀδειής τ' ἐστί, καὶ εἰ . . and if . . Il.7.117, cf. Hdt.5.78, etc.)    9 before a Participle, to represent either καὶ εἰ . ., or εἰ καί . ., although, albeit, Ἕκτορα κ. μεμαῶτα μάχης σχήσεσθαι ὀΐω, for ἢν κ. μεμάῃ, how much soever he rage, although he rage, Il.9.655; τί σὺ ταῦτα, κ. ἐσθλὸς ἐών, ἀγορεύεις; (for εἰ κ. ἐσθλὸς εἶ) 16.627, cf. 13.787, Od.2.343, etc.; κ. τύραννος ὢν ὅμως S.OC851.    C Position: καί and, is by Poets sts. put after another word, ἔγνωκα, τοῖσδε κοὐδὲν ἀντειπεῖν ἔχω, for καὶ τοῖσδε οὐδέν A.Pr.51, cf. Euph.51.7, etc.    2 καί also, sts. goes between a Prep. and its case, ἐν κ. θαλάσσᾳ Pi.O.2.28.    3 very seldom at the end of a verse, S.Ph.312, Ar.V.1193.    D crasis: with ᾰ, as κἄν, κἀγαθοί, etc.; with ε, as κἀγώ, κἄπειτα, etc., Dor. κἠγώ, κἤπειτα, etc.; with η, as Χἠ, Χἠμέρη, Χἠμεῖς, etc.; with ῐ in Χἰκετεύετε, Χἰλαρή; with ο, as Χὠ, Χὤστις, etc.; with υ in Χὐμεῖς, Χὐποχείριον, etc.; with ω in the pron. ᾧ, Χᾦ; with αι, as κᾀσχρῶν; with αυ, as καὐτός; with ει, as κεἰ, κεἰς (but also κἀς) , κᾆτα; with εὐ-, as κεὐγένεια, κεὐσταλής; with οι in Χοἰ (Χᾠ EM816.34); with ου in Χοὖτος, κοὐ, κοὐδέ, and the like .