σύμβολον: Difference between revisions

|Definition=τό, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">tally</b>, i.e. <b class="b2">each of two halves</b> or <b class="b2">corresponding pieces</b> of an <b class="b3">ἀστράγαλος</b> or other object, which two <b class="b3">ξένοι</b>, or any two contracting parties, broke between them, each party keeping one piece, in order to have proof of the identity of the presenter of the other, ἀποδεικνύντες τὰ σ. ἀπαίτεον τὰ χρήματα <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.86</span>.β; ξένοις τε πέμψω σύμβολ', οἳ δράσουσί σ' εὖ <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>613</span> (cf. Sch.); <b class="b3">διαπεπρισμένα ἡμίσε' ἀκριβῶς ὡσπερεὶ τὰ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Eub.70</span>; <b class="b3">ὡς σ. ὀρέγεται ἀλλήλων [τὰ ἐναντία</b>] <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EE</span>1239b31</span>; <b class="b3">ζητεῖ . . τὸ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστος σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>191d</span>; καθάπερ ἐκ συμβόλων <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Mete.</span>360a26</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">GA</span>722b11</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pol.</span>1294a35</span>; <b class="b3">ἔχειν σύμβολα πρὸς ἄλληλα</b> <b class="b2">complementary factors</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">GC</span>331a24</span>; <b class="b3">ποιησάσθω σύμβολα ἡ βουλὴ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα τὸν Σιδωνίων, ὅπως ἂν ὁ δῆμος ὁ Ἀθηναίων εἰδῇ, ἐάν τι πέμπῃ κτλ</b>. <span class="title">IG</span>22.141.19. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> of other devices having the same purpose, e.g. a seal-impression on wax, Plaut. <span class="title">Pseud.</span>55 (hence ς. = <b class="b2">signet-ring</b>, <span class="bibl">Plin.<span class="title">HN</span>33.10</span>); an extant bronze hand is inscribed σ. πρὸς Οὐελαυνίους <span class="title">IG</span>14.2432 (Gaul), cf. 279 (Lilybaeum, ii B.C., where the word does not occur). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> any <b class="b2">token serving as proof of identity</b>, ἔλαβε σ. παρὰ βασιλέως τοῦ μεγάλου φιάλην χρυσῆν <span class="bibl">Lys.19.25</span>; <b class="b3">πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν . . εὐπορήσειν διὰ τὸ σ</b>. ibid.; <b class="b3">ὡς ἔγνω . . τὰ παρὰ τῆς γυναικὸς σ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>6.1.46</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ μητρὸς σ</b>. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span> 1386</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Hel.</span>291</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>577</span>, <span class="title">Com.Adesp.</span>17.16 D., <span class="bibl">D.S.4.59</span>, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Thes.</span>6</span>; <b class="b3">ἰδοὺ τὰ σ</b>. here are my <b class="b2">credentials</b>, <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">Epict.</span>1.16.11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">3.22.99</span>, <span class="bibl">4.8.20</span>; <b class="b3">ἔχοντες σ. σαφὲς λύπης</b> bearing clear <b class="b2">credentials</b> (consisting) of (a common) grief, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>403</span>, cf. Aristid.1.416 J. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">guarantee</b>, σ. τῆς παιδεύσεως πιστότατον <span class="bibl">Isoc.4.49</span>; σ. ὅτι παρ' ἐμοῦ [ἡ ἐπιστολή] ἐστι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ep.</span>360a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">363b</span>; σ. τῆς σωτηρίας <span class="bibl">D.15.4</span>; σ. τοῦ συμφέροντος εἰς τὸ μὴ βλάπτειν ἀλλήλους <span class="bibl">Epicur.<span class="title">Sent.</span>31</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">token</b>, esp. of goodwill, χρυσίον σ. φιλίας καὶ ξενίας <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Pyrrh.</span>20</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Art.</span>18</span>; χρυσοῦν στέφανον ἔλαβον σ. περιέχοντα τῆς ὑμετέρας πρός με εὐσεβείας <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PLond.</span>3.1178.13</span> (ii A.D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> identity-<b class="b2">token</b> given to Athenian dicasts on entering the courts, entitling them to vote, and on presenting which they received another ς., in exchange for which they received their fee, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>278</span>, <span class="bibl">D.18.210</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ath.</span>65.2</span>, <span class="bibl">68.2</span>, <span class="bibl">Poll.8.16</span>; also in the ecclesia, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ec.</span>297</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">διάδοσις τῶν σ</b>. <span class="title">IG</span>2.1749.76: extant <b class="b2">theatre-tokens</b> (without the word ς.) in <span class="title">IG</span>5(2).323 (Mantinea, iv B.C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> at Rome, = <b class="b2">tessera, token</b> entitling the bearer to a donation of corn or money, <span class="bibl">D.C.49.43</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> of written documents, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b2">passport</b> or the <b class="b2">seal</b> thereon, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1214</span> (cf. Sch.); <b class="b3">ἐκπλεῖν μηδένα ἀστῶν μηδὲ μέτοικον ἄνευ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Aen.Tact.10.8</span>: metaph., <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">Epict.</span>3.12.15</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">passenger-list</b>, <b class="b3">ἐμοῦ [τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ] τοὺς νεκροὺς ἀπαριθμοῦντος τῷ Αἰακῷ κἀκείνου λογιζομένου αὐτοὺς πρὸς τὸ . . πεμφθὲν αὐτῷ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Cat.</span>4</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> pl., <b class="b2">treaty</b> between two states providing for the security of one another's citizens and sts. for the settlement of commercial and other disputes (usu. in the law-courts of the defendant's city (cf. Harp. s.v.)); εἰσὶ . . αὐτοῖς συνθῆκαι περὶ τῶν εἰσαγωγίμων καὶ σ. περὶ τοῦ μὴ ἀδικεῖν <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1280a39</span>; σ. ποιήσασθαι πρὸς πόλιν <span class="bibl">D.7.11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">And.4.18</span>; τὰ σ. συγχέων <span class="bibl">D.21.173</span>; <b class="b3">ἀπὸ συμβόλων δικάζεσθαι, κοινωνεῖν</b>, <span class="bibl">Antipho 5.78</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1275a10</span>; αἱ ἀπὸ συμβόλων δίκαι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ath.</span>59.6</span>; cf. συμβολή <span class="bibl">111</span>: sg. in same sense, <b class="b2">Foed. Delph.Pell</b>.<span class="bibl">1</span> <span class="title">A</span> 7 (also written <b class="b3">συββ-</b> ib. 1 <span class="title">B</span> 10, al.); ἡ κατὰ τὸ σ. δικαιοδοσία πρός τινα <span class="bibl">Plb.23.1.2</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">32.7.3</span>; <b class="b3">κατὰ τὸ σ</b>. <span class="title">IG</span>12(7).67.48 (Arcesine, iv/iii B.C.), 9(1).331.5 (Chaleion, ii B.C.); <b class="b3">κατὰ τὸ δοχθὲν κοινᾷ σ</b>. <span class="title">GDI</span>5040.70 (Crete). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">contract</b> between individuals, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>724.7</span>,<span class="bibl">13</span>, <span class="bibl">790.2</span> (iii B.C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PTeb.</span>5.212</span> (ii B.C.), <span class="bibl">52.10</span> (ii B.C.); <b class="b3">αἰσχρὰ κακοῖς ἔργοις σ. θηκάμενοι</b> forming disgraceful <b class="b2">compacts</b> (sealed) by evil deeds, <span class="bibl">Thgn.1150</span>; τὰ τῷ Καίσαρι πεπραγμένα κυροῦν συμβόλῳ <span class="bibl">App.<span class="title">BC</span>2.132</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b2">receipt</b>, sts. made out in duplicate, σ. διπλᾶ ἐσφραγισμένα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PSI</span>4.324.4</span> (iii B.C.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PRev.Laws</span>52.19</span> (iii B.C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">UPZ</span>25.25</span>, <span class="bibl">26.16</span> (ii B.C.); τὸ σ. τῆς ἀποχῆς <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span> 144.2</span> (iii B.C.); σ. ἀποχῆς <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PEnteux.</span>73.4</span> (iii B.C.); σύμβολον ποιήσασθαι πρὸς αὐτόν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PLille</span> 4.18</span> (iii B.C.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PHib.</span>1.67.16</span> (iii B.C.); σ. καὶ ἀντισύμβολα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>1741.10</span> (i B.C.); <b class="b2">receipt for a pledged article, PCair. Zen</b>.<span class="bibl">120.3</span> (iii B.C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b2">fee for making out a receipt</b>, PRyl.192.10 (ii A.D.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>1605.13</span> (ii A.D.), etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b2">unilateral undertaking</b> in writing, <b class="b2">guarantee</b>, PPetr.3p.164 (iii B.C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PMich.Zen.</span>57.4</span> (iii B.C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">UPZ</span>112 ii 1</span> (ii B.C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> <b class="b2">warrant</b> entitling the holder to draw allowances over a period, τοῦ κθ ἔτους τὸ σ. τοῦ ὀψωνίου καὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς σύνταξον γράψαι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PSI</span>5.504.8</span> (iii B.C.); <b class="b3">σ. σιτικὰ καὶ ἀργυρικά</b> (bequeathed) <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PGrenf.</span>1.21.16</span> (ii B.C.); <b class="b3">σφράγισαι τὸ σ</b>. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>375.11</span> (iii B.C.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PSI</span>4.349.2</span>,<span class="bibl">7</span> (iii B.C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">UPZ</span>14.89</span> (ii B.C.); τὰ σ. τῶν σιταρχιῶν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">BGU</span>1755.5</span> (i B.C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">8</span> <b class="b2">warrant</b> or <b class="b2">commission</b> from the Emperor, by which officers held their posts, <span class="title">Cod.Just.</span>1.5.12.1, 11; <b class="b3">σ. τριβούνου</b> ib.12.33.8 <span class="title">Intr.</span> </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> more generally, <b class="b2">token</b>, <b class="b3">φυλάσσω λαμπάδος τὸ σ</b>. the beacon-<b class="b2">token</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>8</span>; <b class="b3">τέκμαρ τοιοῦτο σ. τέ σοι λέγω</b> ib.<span class="bibl">315</span>; <b class="b3">μανθάνω τὸ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>1130</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Rh.</span>220</span>; <b class="b2">clue</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>221</span>; <b class="b3">χειμῶνος σ</b>. a <b class="b2">sign</b> of an approaching storm, Anaxag. 19, Sch.<span class="bibl">Arat.832</span>; νόμισμα σ. τῆς ἀλλαγῆς ἕνεκα γενήσεται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> 371b</span>; ἔστι τὰ ἐν τῇ φωνῇ τῶν ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ παθημάτων σ., καὶ τὰ γραφόμενα τῶν ἐν τῇ φωνῇ <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Int.</span>16a4</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">24b2</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Sens.</span>437a15</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ τεχνητὰ τῶν σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Per.</span>6</span>; <b class="b3">νίκης σ. Ἰσθμιάδος</b>, of the celery-wreath, <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Fr.</span>103</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ τῶν στρατοπέδων σ</b>. legionary <b class="b2">standards</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdn.4.7.7</span>; <b class="b2">insignia</b> of deities, <span class="bibl">D.H.8.38</span>; τῆς βασιλείας Plu.<b class="b2">Comp.Cim. Luc</b>.3; <b class="b3">εἰράνας σ. καὶ πολέμον</b>, of a trumpet, <span class="title">AP</span>6.151 (Tymn.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">omen, portent</b>, <span class="bibl">Archil.44</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>144</span> (lyr.); σ. δ' οὔ πώ τις ἐπιχθονίων πιστὸν ἀμφὶ πράξιος ἐσσομένας εὗρεν θεόθεν <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>12.7</span> (cf. Sch.); <b class="b3">οἱ διὰ συμβόλων . . προλέγοντες</b> distd. from other kinds of <b class="b3">μάντεις</b>, Gal. 15.442; περὶ οἰωνῶν καὶ σ. καὶ διοσημιῶν <span class="bibl">Iamb.<span class="title">VP</span>13.62</span>;= <b class="b2">auspicium</b>, Gloss.; <b class="b3">ἐν τοῖς λικμητηρίοις γεννώμενα τὰ βρέφη ἐτίθεσαν εἰς σ. εὐτροφίας</b> Sch.<span class="bibl">Arat.268</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> Medic., <b class="b2">symptom</b>, Gal.19.217, <span class="bibl">Aret.<span class="title">CD</span>1.4</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">prearranged signal</b>, ἐπιχειρήσεως <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Rom.</span>14</span>; <b class="b2">watchword</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Rh.</span>573</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b2">secret code</b>, τὰ μυστικὰ σ. τῶν περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον ὀργιασμῶν, ἃ σύνισμεν ἀλλήλοις οἱ κοινωνοῦντες Plu.2.611d, cf. <span class="bibl">Orph.<span class="title">Fr.</span>31.23</span>; consisting of a <b class="b2">signum</b> and a <b class="b2">responsum</b>, Firm. <b class="b2">De Errore</b> 18; <b class="b3">τὰ σ. [Πυθαγόρου</b>] <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Fr.</span>197</span>, Plu.2.727c; <b class="b3">περὶ Πυθαγορικῶν σ</b>., title of a work by Androcydes, <span class="bibl">Iamb.<span class="title">VP</span>28.145</span>; <b class="b2">secret sign</b>, <b class="b3">γράψαι τι σ. ἐν πίνακι, . . μαθεῖν τὸν θέντα τὸ σ</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">33.238</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">23.103</span>, <span class="bibl">32.227</span>, <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Laps.</span>5</span>; <b class="b2">allegory</b>, <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.2.256</span>,<span class="bibl">257</span>, <span class="bibl">Demetr. <span class="title">Eloc.</span>243</span>; διὰ συμβόλων μηνύειν <span class="bibl">Ph.2.559</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.681</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Dam.<span class="title">Pr.</span> 210</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b2">religious creed</b>, <b class="b3">τὸ ἅγιον μάθημα ἤτοι σ</b>. <span class="title">Cod.Just.</span>1.1.7.11, cf. 13. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> pl., <b class="b2">standard weights</b>, IG22.1013.8. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> a <b class="b2">small coin</b>, perh. a half-obol, shaped D, <span class="bibl">Hermipp.61</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Fr.</span>44</span>, <span class="bibl">Archipp. 8</span>: hence <b class="b3">σύμβολον κεκαρμένος</b> <b class="b2">with half the head shaved</b>, <span class="bibl">Hermipp.14</span>.</span>

|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-02-0979.png Seite 979]] τό, ein Zeichen, aus dem man Etwas schließt, woran man Etwas erkennt, Kennzeichen, Merkmal; [[σύμβολον]] πιστὸν ἀμφὶ πράξιος ἐσσομένας, Pind. Ol. 12, 7; [[σύμβολον]] ποιουμένη, Archil. 24; ἔχοντες [[σύμβολον]] σαφὲς λύπης, Soph. Phil. 401, vgl. O. R. 221; [[φυλάσσω]] λαμπάδος τὸ [[σύμβολον]], Aesch. Ag. 8; neben [[τέκμαρ]], 306; dah. auch Vogelzeichen, 142; εἰς ξύμβολ' ἐλθόντες, Eur. Hel. 298; [[σύμβολον]] ἔχω σαφές, Rhes. 220; συμβόλοισι τοῖς σοῖς πέπεισμαι θυμόν, El. 577; Xen. Cyr. 6, 1, 46, vgl. Mem. 1, 1, 3, οἰωνοῖς τε χρῶνται καὶ φήμαις καὶ συμβόλοις (s. auch [[σύμβολος]]). – Uebh. <b class="b2">Marke</b>, tessera, wie in Athen z. B. die Richter in ihren Gerichtshöfen bekamen, Dem. 18, 210; vgl. Boeckh's Staatshaush. I p. 253; worauf Ar. Plut. 276 anspielt: ὁ δὲ Χάρων τὸ ξύμβολον δίδωσι, vgl. Schol.; od. in den Volksversammlungen, nach Ar. Eccl. 296; auch eine Art Aufenthaltskarte für die einpassirenden Fremden, vgl. Av. 1202 ff.; – ferner sind τὰ σύμβολα nach Harpocr. αἱ συνθῆκαι, ἃς ἂν αἱ πόλεις ἀλλήλαις θέμεναι τάττωσι τοῖς πολίταις ὥςτε διδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν τὰ δίκαια, eine Art Handelstractat, daß bei Handelsstreitigkeiten jeder Beklagte in seinem Staate u. nach seinen Gesetzen gerichtet werden sollte; eine solche Verbindung hieß ἡ ἀπὸ συμβόλων [[κοινωνία]], eine solche Verbindung eingehen ἀπὸ συμβόλων κοινωνεῖν, vgl. Arist. pol. 3, 1, u. die dabei vorkommenden Streitigkeiten αἱ ἀπὸ συμβόλων δίκαι, s. Boeckh's Staatshaush. I p. 54. 434 u. vgl. Antiph. 5, 78; ὅτι συμβόλων οὐδὲν δέονται Μακεδόνες πρὸς Ἀθηναίους, Dem. 7, 11, vgl. §. 9. 21. 173; ἀπὸ συμβόλων δικάζειν, solche Processe schlichten. – Unter Privatpersonen das Zeichen der Gastfreundschaft, die tessera hospitalitatis, welche in der Mitte durchgebrochen wurde, um sich durch Aneinanderpassen der Hälften wieder zu erkennen, worauf Plat. Conv. 191 d geht : [[ἕκαστος]] ἡμῶν ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου ξύμβολον, u. ζητεῖ δὴ ἀεὶ τὸ [[αὑτοῦ]] [[ἕκαστος]] ξύμβολον, jeder sucht seine Hälfte. – Bei einem Picknick gab Jeder, welcher daran Theil nehmen wollte, dem, der die Besorgung übernommen hatte, eine Marke, [[σύμβολον]], u. entrichtete gegen Vorzeigung derselben am Ende der Mahlzeit seinen Antheil an der Zeche, s. [[συμβολή]] a. E.; daher übh. Beitrag, [[πρός]] τι, Plat. Ep. XIII, 362 d. – Uebh. Zeichen, ein verabredetes, sowohl mündliches Zeichen, = [[σύνθημα]], Parole, als andere, wie die Münze, Plat. Rep. II, 371 b; dah. auch das Handgeld, welches man bei einem Handel od. Contract darauf giebt, um den Contract zu sichern. – Bes. auch ein sinnliches Zeichen für einen Begriff, ein Symbol.