ξύλον: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[ῠ], τό (pl. spelt <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> ξύλεα <b class="b2">Abh. Berl. Akad</b>. 1928(6).32 (Cos, v B. C.)), [[wood]] cut and ready for use, [[firewood]], [[timber]], etc., Hom., mostly in pl., <span class="bibl">Il.8.507</span>,<span class="bibl">547</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.14.418</span> ; <b class="b3">ξ. νήϊα</b> ship-[[timber]], <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span> 808</span> ; ξ. ναυπηγήσιμα <span class="bibl">Th.7.25</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.4.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>706b</span>, <span class="bibl">D.17.28</span> ; <b class="b3">ξ. τετράγωνα</b> [[logs]] cut square, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.186</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>325d</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span> 1109b7</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> in pl., also, <b class="b2">the wood-market</b>, ἐπὶ ξύλα ἰέναι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 403</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> in sg., <b class="b2">piece of wood, log, beam, post</b>, once in Hom., ξ. αὖον… ἢ δρυὸς ἢ πεύκης <span class="bibl">Il.23.327</span> ; <b class="b3">ξ. σύκινον</b> <b class="b2">spoon made of</b> fig [[wood]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>291c</span> ; [[peg]] or [[lever]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">MA</span>701b9</span> ; [[perch]], ἐπὶ ξύλου καθεύδειν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>1431</span> : by poet. periphr., Ἀργοῦς ξύλον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>20</span> ; <b class="b3">ἵπποιο κακὸν ξ</b>., of the Trojan horse, <span class="title">AP</span>9.152 (Agath.) : hence anything made of wood, as, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[cudgel]], [[club]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.63</span>,<span class="bibl">4.180</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>357</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PHal.</span>1.187</span> (iii B.C.); μετὰ ξύλων εἰσπηδῆσαι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PTeb.</span>304.10</span> (ii A.D.); ξύλοις συντρίψειν <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Demon.</span>50</span> ; of the [[club]] of Heracles, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Lyc.</span>30</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">an instrument of punishment</b>, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> <b class="b2">wooden collar</b>, put on the neck of the prisoner, ξύλῳ φιμοῦν τὸν αὐχένα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>592</span> ; ἐς τετρημένον ξ. ἐγκαθαρμόσαι… τὸν αὐχένα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lys.</span>680</span> ; or, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> [[stocks]], in which the feet were confined, <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.37</span>, <span class="bibl">6.75</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>367</span>, <span class="bibl">D.18.129</span> ; ξ. ἐφέλκειν <span class="bibl">Polyzel.3</span> ; ἐν τῷ ξ. δεδέσθαι <span class="bibl">Lys.10.16</span> (v. <b class="b3">ποδοκάκκη</b>), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>16.24</span>, <span class="title">OGI</span>483.181 (Pergam., ii A.D.) : also in pl., ἔδησεν ἐν τοῖς ξ. <span class="bibl">And.1.45</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">πεντεσύριγγον ξύλον</b> (v. sub voc.) was a combination of both, with holes for the neck, arms, and legs, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>1049</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> [[gallows]], κρεμάσαι τινὰ ἐπὶ ξύλου <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">De.</span>21.22</span> ; <b class="b3">ξ. δίδυμον</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Jo.</span>8.29</span> : prov., <b class="b3">ἐξ ἀξίου τοῦ ξύλου κἂν ἀπάγξασθαι</b>, i.e. if one must be hanged, at least let it be on a noble tree, <span class="title">App.Prov.</span>2.67, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>736</span> ; in [[NT]], of the [[cross]], Act.Ap.5.30,10.39. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">e</span> [[stake]] on which criminals were impaled, <span class="bibl">Alex.222.10</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> [[bench]], [[table]], esp. <b class="b2">money-changer's table</b>, <span class="bibl">D.45.33</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">πρῶτον ξύλον</b> front [[bench]] in the Athenian theatre, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>25</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">V.</span>90</span>, cf. Sch.adlocc. : hence <b class="b3">οὑπὶ τῶν ξύλων</b> the official who had to take care of the [[seats]], <span class="bibl">Hermipp.9</span> (according to Meineke). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> the Hippocratic [[bench]], <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Fract.</span>13</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Art.</span>72</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> of live wood, [[tree]], [ὄρος] δασὺ πολλοῖς καὶ παντοδαποῖς καὶ μεγάλοις ξύλοις <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.4.5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Cer.</span>41</span>, <span class="bibl">Agatharch.55</span>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ca.</span>2.3</span>, al. : opp. <b class="b3">σάρξ</b>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>1.2.6</span>,al. ; τῷ ξ. τοῦ δένδρου ἀνάλογον τὴν λεγομένην εἶναι γῆν <span class="bibl">Plot.6.7.11</span> ; τὸ ξ. τῆς ἀμπέλου <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>572</span>; <b class="b3">εἴρια ἀπὸ ξύλου</b>, of cotton, <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.47</span> ; εἵματα ἀπὸ ξύλων πεποιημένα <span class="bibl">Id.7.65</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">Poll.7.75</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> of persons, [[blockhead]], APl.4.187 ; of a stubborn person, σίδηρός τις ἢ ξ. πρὸς τὰς δεήσεις <span class="bibl">Ach.Tat.5.22</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> <b class="b2">a measure oflength</b>, = <span class="bibl">3</span> (also <span class="bibl">2</span> <span class="bibl">2</span>/<span class="bibl">3</span>) cubits, the side of the <b class="b3">ναύβιον</b>, Hero <b class="b2">*Geom</b>.23.4,11, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>669.11</span>,<span class="bibl">28</span> (iii A.D.), <span class="bibl">1053</span> (vi/vii A.D.).</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: n.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">wood, construction-wood-, firewood, tree, beam, stick, foot-, neckblock, banc, table</b> (Il.); also as length-measure = <b class="b2">the side of the ναύβιον</b> (Hero Geom., pap.).<br />Compounds: Very many compp., e.g. <b class="b3">ξυλουργός</b> (<b class="b3">-οργός</b>, <b class="b3">-εργός</b>) m. [[carpenter]] with <b class="b3">-έω</b>, <b class="b3">-ία</b>, <b class="b3">-ικός</b> (IA.; cf. on <b class="b3">δημιουργός</b>); <b class="b3">μονό-ξυλος</b> [[made from one piece of wood]], of <b class="b3">πλοῖον</b> a.o. (IA.). On <b class="b3">ξύλοχος</b> s. v.<br />Derivatives: 1. Dimin.: <b class="b3">ξυλ-άριον</b> <b class="b2">small piece of wood</b> (LXX, pap. a.o.), <b class="b3">-ήφιον</b> <b class="b2">piece of wood</b> (Hp., hell.), <b class="b3">-άφιον</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Eust.; on <b class="b3">-ήφιον</b>, <b class="b3">-άφιον</b> Wackernagel Glotta 4, 243 f. [Kl. Schr. 2, 1200f.]); <b class="b3">ξύλιον</b> <b class="b2">piece of wood</b> (pap. IVp). Further subst.: 2. <b class="b3">ξυλ-εύς</b> m. [[woodcutter]], name of a sacrificial attendant in Olympia (inscr. Ia, Paus., H.) with <b class="b3">-εύω</b>, <b class="b3">-εύομαι</b> <b class="b2">fetch wood</b> (hell. inscr., Men., H.), <b class="b3">-εία</b> f. <b class="b2">fetching wood, store of wood, construction-wood</b> (Plb., Str., pap.); Bosshardt 75; 3. <b class="b3">ξυλ-ίτης ἰχθῦς ποιός</b> H. (explan. in Strömberg Fischnamen 25); <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> (<b class="b3">γῆ</b>, <b class="b3">χέρσος</b>) f. <b class="b2">shrub-coutry</b> (pap.; Redard 109 w. n.); 4. <b class="b3">ξυλών</b>, <b class="b3">-ῶνος</b> m. <b class="b2">place for wood</b> (Delos III--IIa). Adj. 1. <b class="b3">ξύλ-ινος</b> [[of wood]], [[wooden]] (Pi., B., IA.), 2. <b class="b3">-ικός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Arist.) with <b class="b3">-ικάριος</b> <b class="b2">woodhandler (?)</b> (Korykos; from Lat. <b class="b2">-ārius</b>), 3. <b class="b3">-ηρός</b> <b class="b2">regarding wood</b> (Delos IIIa), <b class="b3">-ηρά</b> f. [[woodzmarket]]? (pap. Ip), 4. <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> <b class="b2">woodlike, -coloured</b> (Hp., Arist., Thphr.). Verbs. 1. <b class="b3">ξυλ-ίζομαι</b> <b class="b2">fetch wood</b> (X., Plu.) with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> <b class="b2">fetching wood</b> (Str., D.H.), <b class="b3">-ιστής</b> <b class="b2">who fetches wood</b> (sch.); 2. <b class="b3">ξυλ-όομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-όω</b> <b class="b2">become wood, make, make of wood</b> (Thphr., LXX) with <b class="b3">-ωσις</b> f. [[woodwork]] (Th., hell. inscr.), <b class="b3">-ωμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ωμάτιον</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Delos IIIa a.o.); 3. <b class="b3">ξυλ-εύω</b>, s. above on <b class="b3">ξυλεύς</b>.<br />Etymology: With <b class="b3">ξύλον</b> (from where on younger Att. vases <b class="b3">σύλον</b>, <b class="b3">σύλινος</b>; Schwyzer 211) agrees Lith. <b class="b2">šùlas</b> <b class="b2">(bucket-, ton-) stave, stander, pillar</b>, if from IE <b class="b2">*ḱsulo-</b>; besides, in vokalism deviating, several Slav. forms, e.g. Russ. <b class="b2">šúlo</b> n. <b class="b2">garden-pole</b>, Scr. [[šûlj]] m. [[block]] (IE <b class="b2">*ḱseulo-</b>?). Similarly with [[ū]] and anlaut. <b class="b2">s-</b>, Germ., e.g. OHG [[sūl]] f. [[style]], [[pole]], with [[au]] (IE [[ou]]?) Goth. [[sauls]] [[pillar]]. The relation between the Slav., Balt. and Germ. words has been amply discussed but hardly explained; s. Vasmer and Fraenkel s. vv. with ric lit. and further forms. Older lit. also in Bq, WP. 2, 503 f. and W.-Hofmann s. [[silva]]. Mann Slavon. Rev. 37, 134 still adduces Alb. [[shul]] [[bar]], [[nail]], [[siphon]]. -- Original connection with <b class="b3">ξύω</b> (e.g. Fick 3, 446, also as supposition Schwyzer 329) is not probable, secondary influence (Chantraine Form. 240) well acceptable.