πίνω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[ῑ], Ep. inf. <b class="b3">πινέμεναι</b> and -έμεν, <span class="bibl">Il.4.346</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.7.220</span> : Ion. impf. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> πίνεσκον <span class="bibl">Il.16.226</span>: fut. πίομαι <span class="bibl">13.493</span>, <span class="bibl">Thgn.962</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>578</span>, <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">OC</span>622</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>1289</span>, <span class="bibl">1401</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span>311</span>; later πῐοῦμαι <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1370b18</span>, <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">VH</span>12.49</span>, etc.; also as f.l. in earlier authors, πιεῖσθαι <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Int.</span>12</span>, πιεῖσθε <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Smp.</span>4.7</span>, but rejected by Phryn.23, <span class="bibl">Ath.10.446d</span>; 2sg. πίεσαι <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">De.</span>28.39</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>17.8</span>: aor. <b class="b3">ἔπῐον</b>, Ep. πίον <span class="bibl">Il.22.2</span>, etc.; 2sg. subj. πίῃσθα <span class="bibl">6.260</span>; imper. πίε <span class="bibl">Od.9.347</span>, <span class="bibl">Men.151</span>, <span class="title">Carm.Pop.</span> 33, (<b class="b3">ἐκ</b>-) <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>563</span>, <span class="bibl">Orph.<span class="title">Fr.</span>32</span> b iii; also πῖθι <span class="bibl">Cratin.141</span>, Ion Trag. <span class="bibl">27</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>1489</span>, <span class="bibl">Amips.18</span>, <span class="bibl">Antiph.163.1</span>, etc., (<b class="b3">ἔκ</b>-) <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>570</span>; <b class="b3">πίει, πίεις</b>, Kretschmer <span class="title">Griech. Vaseninschr.</span>p.195; inf. πιεῖν <span class="bibl">Od.8.70</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt. 4.172</span>, etc.; later contr. πεῖν <span class="title">AP</span>11.140 (Lucill.), <span class="title">Mim.Oxy.</span>413.66, <span class="title">PMag.Lond.</span>121.738, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PFlor.</span>101.8</span> (i A. D.), etc.; Ep. πῐέμεν <span class="bibl">Od.15.378</span>, πιέειν <span class="bibl">Il.4.263</span>, <b class="b3">πιέναι</b> f.l. for [[ὑπιέναι]] in <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Epid.</span>5.18</span>; part. <b class="b3">πῐών, πῐοῦσα</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.24.102</span>, etc., πῐέουσα <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Epid.</span>7.11</span>:—Med., subj. πινώμεθα <span class="bibl">Hermipp.25</span>; imper. πίνεο <span class="bibl">Nic.<span class="title">Th.</span>912</span>: πίομαι [ῑ] as pres. Med., Ibyc.17 (s.v.l.), <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.86</span>, and so <b class="b3">ἐκπίομαι [ῑ</b>] <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>199</span>, <b class="b3">ἐμπίομαι [ῐ</b>] <span class="bibl">Thgn.1129</span> (Pass. in <span class="title">AP</span>5.43 (Rufin.)):—Pass., <span class="bibl">Od.20.312</span>, Hp.Aër. 9, etc.: Ep.impf. πίνετο <span class="bibl">Od.9.45</span>.—Other tenses are from <b class="b3">πω-</b> or <b class="b3">πο-</b>, pf. πέπωκα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>821</span>, etc.:—Pass., fut. <b class="b3">ποθήσομαι</b> (κατα-) <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>1502</span>, (<b class="b3">ἐκ</b>-) Plu.2.240e: aor. <b class="b3">ἐπόθην</b> (<b class="b3">ἐξ</b>-) <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>66</span>, (κατ-) <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Criti.</span>111d</span>: pf. inf. πεπόσθαι <span class="bibl">Thgn.477</span>: Aeol. pres. πώνω <span class="bibl">Alc.20</span>,<span class="bibl">52</span>, <span class="title">Supp.</span>20.3: aor. imper. <b class="b3">πῶθι, τῶ</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">EM</span>698.52</span>. [ῑ always in <b class="b3">πίνω. πίνομαι; ῐ</b> always in aor. <b class="b3">ἔπιον</b>, hence <b class="b3">πίε</b> must be read for <b class="b3">πῖνε</b> in <span class="title">AP</span>11.19 (Strat.), and <b class="b3">ἔπῑνον</b> for <b class="b3">ἔπιον</b> in <span class="title">Anacreont.</span>5.5: Hom. has ἐθέλουσι δὲ πῑέμεν ἄμφω <span class="bibl">Il.16.825</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.18.3</span>; but καὶ φαγέμεν πῐέμεν τε <span class="bibl">15.378</span>; in imper. <b class="b3">πῖθι, ῑ</b> always.—In fut. πίομαι Hom. and Trag. use ῑ, <span class="bibl">Il.13.493</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span> 578</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>622</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Thgn.962</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>1289</span>,<span class="bibl">1401</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span>311</span>; but ῐ in lon Lyr.<span class="bibl">2.10</span> (nisi leg. <b class="b3">πιέτω</b>), (<b class="b3">ἐκ</b>-) <span class="bibl">Pl.Com.9</span>, <span class="bibl">Amips.22</span>; also in later Poetry, <span class="title">AP</span>11.8,25.5 (Apollonid.); for pres. Med. <b class="b3">πίομαι</b>, v. supr.]: —[[drink]], freq. from Hom. downwds., c. acc., <b class="b3">π. οἶνον, ὐρόν, αἷμα</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">Od.15.391</span>, <span class="bibl">17.225</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>622</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. ὕδωρ Αἰσήποιο</b> [[drink]] its water, i.e. live on its banks, <span class="bibl">Il.2.825</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.86</span> (Med.): c. gen. partit., <b class="b2">drink of</b> a thing, π. οἴνοιο <span class="bibl">Od.22.11</span>; <b class="b3">εἰς οἶνον... ἔνθεν ἔπινον</b> [[whereof]]... <span class="bibl">4.220</span>; αἵματος ὄφρα πίω <span class="bibl">11.96</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">15.373</span>; also <b class="b3">πίνειν κρητῆρας οῐνοιο</b> <b class="b2">to drink</b> bowls of wine, <span class="bibl">Il.8.232</span>; κύπελλα ὄνου <span class="bibl">4.346</span>; <b class="b3">π. ἀπὸ κρήνης</b> [[drink]] of a spring, <span class="bibl">Thgn.959</span> (but κρήνης <span class="bibl">962</span>); <b class="b3">π. ἀπ' αὐτοῦ</b> (sc. <b class="b3">δέπαος</b>) <b class="b3"> αἴθοπα οἶνον</b> [[from]] it, <span class="bibl">Il.16.226</span>; δέπα ἔνθεν ἔπινον <span class="bibl">Od.19.62</span>; ἐκ κεράμων μέθυ πίνετο <span class="bibl">Il.9.469</span>; ἐκ τῆς χειρὸς διδοῖ πιεῖν <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.172</span>; ἐκ ταὐτοῦ… ποτηρίου <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>1289</span>; ἐξ ἀργύρου ἢ χρυσοῦ <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">R.</span>417a</span>; ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.5.4</span>; <b class="b3">σκύφος ᾧ περ ἔπινεν</b> [[with]] which... <span class="bibl">Od.14.112</span>; <b class="b3">π. κερατίνοις ποτηρίοις</b> v.l. in <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.1.4</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ φάρμακα π. παρὰ τοῦ ἰατροῦ</b> draughts sent by him, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>467c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> abs., [[drink]], ἐσθιέμεν καὶ πινέμεν <span class="bibl">Od.2.305</span>; ὁ πῖνε καὶ ἦσθε <span class="bibl">5.94</span>, <span class="bibl">6.249</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.24.476</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">μῆλα πιόμεν' ἐκ βοτάνης</b> <b class="b2">going to drink</b> after pasture, <span class="bibl">13.493</span>; πρὸς βίαν πώνην <span class="bibl">Alc.20</span>; πῖνε, πῖν' ἐπὶ συμφοραῖς <span class="bibl">Simon.14</span>; π. πρὸς ἡδονήν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>176e</span>; εἰς μέθην <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lg.</span>775b</span>; διδόναι πιεῖν <span class="bibl">Cratin.124</span>; πιεῖν αἰτεῖν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.3.41</span>; <b class="b3">τινὶ πιεῖν ἐγχέας</b> ib.<span class="bibl">1.3.9</span>; πιεῖν τις ἡμῖν ἐγχεάτω <span class="bibl">Philem.9</span>: in pf. <b class="b3">πέπωκα</b>, <b class="b2">to be drunk</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span> 536</span>; <b class="b3">πίνοντά τε καὶ πεπωκότα</b> [[drinking]] and <b class="b2">having finished drinking</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>117c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b2">celebrate by a carouse</b>, νίκην <span class="bibl">Philostr.<span class="title">Gym.</span> 54</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> metaph., <b class="b2">drink up</b>, as the earth does rain, <b class="b3">τὸ ὕδωρ, ὄμβρον</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.117</span>,<span class="bibl">4.198</span>; πιοῦσα κόνις μέλαν αἷμα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>979</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>736</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">821</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1401</span>; of plants, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Smp.</span>2.25</span>; of a lamp, π. τοὔλαιον <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Cat.</span>27</span>; λύχνος… πολλὰ πιὼν μέλη <span class="title">AP</span>5.196 (Mel., dub. l.). (I.-E. [[pōy]]- and [[pī]]-, cf. Skt. <b class="b2">pāy-áyati</b> 'cause to drink', [[pīti]]- 'a drink', Lat. [[pōtus]], etc.)</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to drink</b><br />Other forms: Aeol., also Dor. (Call. Cer. 95) <b class="b3">πώνω</b>, fut. <b class="b3">πίομαι</b>, aor. <b class="b3">ἔπιον</b>, <b class="b3">πιεῖν</b> (all Hom.; later <b class="b3">πεῖν</b>), ipv. <b class="b3">πῖθι</b> (com. a.o.), Aeol. <b class="b3">πῶθι</b>, pass. <b class="b3">ἐπόθην</b> with fut. <b class="b3">ποθήσομαι</b>, perf. act. <b class="b3">πέπωκα</b> (all Att.), midd. <b class="b3">πέπομαι</b> (Od.); besides as causat. <b class="b3">πιπίσκω</b>, fut. <b class="b3">πίσω</b>, aor. <b class="b3">πῖσαι</b>, <b class="b3">πισθῆναι</b>, also w. <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b> a.o. <b class="b2">give to drink, water</b> (Pi., Hp., Nic.).<br />Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπο-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>.<br />Derivatives: Many derivv. (condensed survey): A. From the zero grade <b class="b3">πο-</b>, most with <b class="b3">τ-</b>sufflx: 1. <b class="b3">ποτόν</b> n. [[beverage]] (Il.), <b class="b3">ποτός</b> [[drinkable]] (trag., Th.; <b class="b3">ἔμποτος</b> Aret.), <b class="b3">πότος</b> m. [[drinking]], [[beverage]] (Att., Theoc.); from this <b class="b3">πότ-ιμος</b> [[drinkable]], [[fresh]], [[pleasant]] (IA; Arbenz 50f.), <b class="b3">-ικός</b> <b class="b2">inclined towards drinking etc.</b> (Alc. com., Plu.), most <b class="b3">συμ-</b> πίνω <b class="b2">belonging to the bacchanalia, pot companion</b> (Att.: <b class="b3">συμπό-της</b>, <b class="b3">-σιον</b>, s. v.); <b class="b3">-ίζω</b>, Dor. <b class="b3">-ίσδω</b>, also with <b class="b3">προ-</b> a.o., <b class="b2">to make drink, to drench</b> (IA., Theoc.) with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b>, <b class="b3">-ισμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ιστές</b>, <b class="b3">-ιστήριον</b>, <b class="b3">-ιστρίς</b>, <b class="b3">-ίστρα</b>. 2. <b class="b3">ποτή</b> f. [[drink]], [[draught]] (pap.) gen. a. acc. <b class="b3">-ῆτος</b>, <b class="b3">-ῆτα</b> (Hom.; metr. enlerged, orig. at verse-end; Schwyzer 529 w. n. 1 a. lit.; not haplolog. from <b class="b3">*ποτο-τη-τος</b>, <b class="b3">-τη-τα</b> with Fraenkel Gnomon 21, 40 a.o.); <b class="b3">πότ-ημα</b> n. <b class="b2">(medical) drink</b> (medic.; enlarged form, Chantraine Form. 178). 3. <b class="b3">πόσις</b> f. (also w. <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b> a.o. in diff. senses) [[drinking]], [[drink]], [[bacchanalia]] (Il.) with <b class="b3">πόσιμος</b> [[drinkable]] (pap. IVp, Ps.-Callisth.; cf. <b class="b3">πότιμος</b> above); <b class="b3">πόμα</b> s.v. 4. <b class="b3">ποτήρ</b> m. <b class="b2">drinking cup</b> (E.), <b class="b3">-ήριον</b> n. <b class="b2">id.</b> (Aeol. IA.); <b class="b3">πότης</b> m. [[drinker]] (only in <b class="b3">πότης λύχνος</b> Ar. Nu. 57), f. <b class="b3">πότις</b> (com.); both from the usual compp., e.g. <b class="b3">συμπό-της</b> (Pi.), <b class="b3">οἰνο-πό-της</b>, <b class="b3">-τις</b> (Anacr. etc.), disjoined? (Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 12 = Kl. Schr. 226); superl. <b class="b3">ποτίστατος</b> (Ar. a.o.); to this derivv. like <b class="b3">συμπόσ-ιον</b> [[bacchanalia]] (Pi., Alc.), <b class="b3">καταπότ-ιον</b> [[pill]] (medic.; <b class="b3">καταπότης</b> [[throat]] H., Suid.); <b class="b3">οἰνοποτ-ά-ζω</b> <b class="b2">to drink wine</b> (Hom.). 5. <b class="b3">καταπό-θρα</b> f. <b class="b2">(region of the) throat</b> (Paul. Aeg.). -- B. From the full grade: <b class="b3">πῶμα</b> n. [[draught]], [[drink]], [[beverage]] (Att.), <b class="b3">ἔκπω-μα</b> n. <b class="b2">drinking ware</b> (IA.), beside <b class="b3">πόμα</b> (<b class="b3">πρό-</b>, <b class="b3">κατά-</b>, <b class="b3">ἔκ-</b> πίνω) n. <b class="b2">id.</b> (Pi., Ion. hell.); <b class="b3">ἔκπωτις</b> = <b class="b3">ἄμπωτις</b> (Cat. Cod. Astr.); <b class="b3">εὔπωνος ὄμβρος εὔποτος</b> H., <b class="b3">γακου-πώνης ἡδυπότης</b> H. -- C. From the zero grade <b class="b3">πι-</b>: 1. <b class="b3">πίστρα</b> f., <b class="b3">πῖστρα</b> n. pl. [[drinks]] (E. Kyk., Str.), also <b class="b3">πισμός</b>, <b class="b3">πιστήρ</b>, <b class="b3">πιστήριον</b> H.; with analog. <b class="b3">-σ-</b> as 2. <b class="b3">πιστός</b> [[drinkable]], [[fluid]] (A.; after <b class="b3">χριστός</b>, Leumann Mus. Helv. 14, 79 = Kl. Schr. 264), <b class="b3">πιστικός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Ev. Marc., Ev. Io.); 3. Boeot. <b class="b3">πιτεύω</b> <b class="b2">to drench, to water</b> with <b class="b3">ἀ-πίτευτος</b> [[unwatered]] (Thespiae IIIa), from a noun <b class="b3">*πιτ(ο</b>)-; cf. below. To be rejected Brugmann IF 39, 149 ff. (to <b class="b3">πίων</b>, OCS [[pitati]] <b class="b2">to feed</b> etc.); cf. Benveniste BSL 51, 29 f. w. lit.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [839] <b class="b2">*peh₃-</b>, <b class="b2">piH-</b> [[drink]]<br />Etymology: The above system developed on the basis of an IE starting point independently inside Greek. From the imperatives <b class="b3">πῖ-θι</b> and <b class="b3">πῶ-θι</b> we can conclude to two athematic root-aorists <b class="b3">*ἔ-πι-ν</b> and <b class="b3">*ἔ-πω-ν</b>; to the latter provides Skt. <b class="b2">á-pā-m</b> (with <b class="b2">pā-hí</b> = <b class="b3">πῶ-θι</b>) an exact agreement: IE <b class="b2">*é-peh₃-m</b>. As zero grade was <b class="b2">pī-</b> in the plur. at home: IE <b class="b2">*é-piH-me</b>, which in Skt. was replaced by full grade <b class="b2">á-pā-ma</b> but in Greek <b class="b3">πῖθι</b> left a trace; note further OCS 2. a. 3. sg. aor. [[pi]]. Further, in Greek the athemat. forms wer replaced by the themat. <b class="b3">ἔ-πι-ον</b> with generalized zero grade. The origin of the form <b class="b2">piH-</b> is not well known. The shortvocalic subj. of this root-aorist lives on in fut. <b class="b3">πί-ο-μαι</b> (like <b class="b3">ἔδ-ο-μαι</b>; s. <b class="b3">ἔδω</b>); to the aorist still the nasal prsesents <b class="b3">πί-ν-ω</b> and <b class="b3">πώ-ν-ω</b>; cf. <b class="b3">ἔ-δυ-ν</b> : <b class="b3">δύ-ν-ω</b>. To <b class="b3">*ἔ-πι-ν</b> was formed the factitive <b class="b3">ἔ-πι-σα</b> <b class="b2">I gave to drink</b> after <b class="b3">ἔ-στη-ν</b> : <b class="b3">ἔ-στη-σα</b>, <b class="b3">ἔ-φυν</b> : <b class="b3">ἔ-φυ-σα</b> a.o.; to this the reduplicated pres. <b class="b3">πι-πί-σκω</b> (cf. <b class="b3">δι-δά-σκω</b> : <b class="b3">δα-ῆναι</b>, <b class="b3">βι-βά-σκω</b> : <b class="b3">ἔ-βη-σα</b> : <b class="b3">ἔ-βη-ν</b>). The strongly spread zero grade <b class="b3">πο-</b> (<b class="b3">πέποται</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπόθην</b>, <b class="b3">πόσις</b> usw.) is a Greek innovation after <b class="b3">δο-</b> (<b class="b3">δέδοται</b>, <b class="b3">ἐδόθην</b>, <b class="b3">δόσις</b>). The perf. act. <b class="b3">πέ-πω-κα</b> agrees with Skt. <b class="b2">pa-páu</b>, but can also have been created newly to <b class="b3">*ἔ-πω-ν</b>. The nominal stem <b class="b3">πιτ-</b> in <b class="b3">πιτεύω</b> is inherited and is found also in Skt. <b class="b2">pī-tá-</b> <b class="b2">drunk(en)</b>, <b class="b2">pī-ti ́</b>'drinking, drink'. The 2. member in <b class="b3">εὔ-πωνος</b> and <b class="b3">γακου-πώνης</b> agrees with Skt. <b class="b2">pā́-na-m</b> n. [[drink]]. In ablaut deviating are <b class="b3">πο-τήρ</b> <b class="b2">drinking cup</b> (only E.; <b class="b3">οἰνο-ποτῆρας</b> acc. pl. θ 456 metr. for <b class="b3">-πότας</b>) and Skt. <b class="b2">pā-tár-</b> 'drinker', comparable <b class="b3">πό-σις</b> and <b class="b2">pī-tí-</b> (s. ab.); rather parallel innovations than old inherited material. -- Among the remaining many representatives of this family we mention only the reduplicated zero grade themat. pres. Sk. <b class="b2">pí-b-ati</b>, Lat. <b class="b2">bi-b-ō</b>, OIr. 2. pl. ipv. <b class="b2">i-b-id</b> (phonetically in detail uncertain) and the Lat. nouns <b class="b2">pō-tus</b>, <b class="b2">pō-culum</b>. (The Skt. caus. <b class="b2">pāy-áyati</b> goes back on *po-i-ei̯-, not a full grade <b class="b2">*poi̯-</b>) -- On the histoy of the Greek forms s. Leumann Mus. Helv. 14, 75ff. (= Kl. Schr. 260ff.); further material of the other languages with rich lit. in WP. 2, 71 f., Pok. 839 f., W.-Hofmann s. [[bibō]], Mayrhofer s. <b class="b2">píbati</b> and <b class="b2">pā́ti</b> 2. -- On [[ἄμπωτις]] and [[πῖνον]] s. v.