πρό: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[before]], [[forth]]: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> PREP. WITH GENIT.: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> of Place, <b class="b2">before, in front of</b>, ἠγερέθοντο π. ἄστεος <span class="bibl">Od.24.468</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.15.351</span>, etc.; π. πτόλιος δεδαϊγμένον <span class="bibl">19.292</span>; κείνους κιχησόμεθα π. πυλάων <span class="bibl">10.126</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">6.80</span>, etc.; φύλοπις αἰνὴ ἕστηκε π. νεῶν <span class="bibl">18.172</span>; πυρὰ φαίνετο Ἰλιόθι π. <span class="bibl">8.561</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">10.12</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.8.581</span>, etc.; κλαγγὴ γεράνων πέλει οὐρανόθι π. <span class="bibl">Il.3.3</span>; π. τειχέων <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>13.56</span>; <b class="b3">ἔμπροσθε π</b>. (v.l.) τῆς ἀκροπόλιος, ὄπισθε δὲ τῶν πυλέων <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.53</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">9.52</span>; <b class="b3">π. δόμων, π. δωμάτων</b>, <b class="b2">in front of</b>, i.e. [[outside]] the house, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>2.18</span>, <span class="bibl">5.96</span>, etc.; π. θυρῶν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>109</span> (anap.), etc.; <b class="b3">τὴν π. τοῦ Ἡραίου νῆσον</b> [[before]] or [[off]] the Heraeum, <span class="bibl">Th.3.75</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.22</span>; <b class="b3">π. ποδός</b>, v. [[πούς]] <span class="bibl">1.4a</span>; <b class="b3">π. χειρῶν</b> [[at]] hand, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1279</span>, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Rh.</span>274</span>, dub. in <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>1207</span>; π. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν προφαίνεσθαι <span class="bibl">Aeschin. 2.148</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> with Vbs. of motion, π. δ' ἄρ' αὐτῶν κύνες ἤϊσαν <span class="bibl">Od. 19.435</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.23.115</span>; π. Ἀχαιῶν ἄγγελος ᾔει <span class="bibl">10.286</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">13.693</span>; π. ἕθεν κλονέοντα φάλαγγας <span class="bibl">5.96</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">before, in front of</b>, for the purpose of shielding or guarding, π. Τρώων ἑσταότ' <span class="bibl">Il.24.215</span>: hence, <b class="b2">in defence of</b>, μάχεσθαι . . π. τε παίδων καὶ π. γυναικῶν <span class="bibl">8.57</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.156</span>, <span class="bibl">373</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.74</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ὀλέσθαι π. πόληος</b>, Lat. <b class="b2">pro patria mori</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.22.110</span>; π. τῆς Σπάρτης ἀποθνῄσκειν <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.134</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">172</span>,<span class="bibl">9.72</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>18</span>, <span class="bibl">645</span>, etc.; π. τοῦ θανόντος . . ἔθεσθ' ἐπιστροφήν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>134</span>; διακινδυνεῦσαι π. βασιλέως <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.8.4</span>; <b class="b3">βουλεύεσθαι, πράττειν π. τινός</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">1.6.42</span>, <span class="bibl">4.5.44</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Mem.</span>2.4.7</span>; <b class="b3">π. τοξευμάτων</b> <b class="b2">as a defence against</b> arrows, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span>7.8.18</span>: hence also, <b class="b2">for, on behalf of, instead of</b>, <b class="b3">ἀγρυπνῆσαι π. τινῶν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">7.6.36</span>, cf. <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>1.43; of an advocate, π. τῶνδε φωνεῖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>10</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>811</span>; <b class="b3">ὄτι δέ κ' αὐτὸς π. Ειαυτοῦ [ἀμάρτῃ</b>] whatever offence he commits [[of]] his own [[volition]], Kohler-Ziebarth <b class="b2">Stadtrecht von Gortyn</b> <span class="bibl">p.34</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">π. ὁδοῦ ἐγένοντο</b> <b class="b2">further on</b> the road, i.e. [[forwards]], [[onward]], <span class="bibl">Il.4.382</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">NA</span>3.16</span>,<span class="bibl">7.29</span> (v. <b class="b3">φροῦδος</b>): also to denote [[distance]], π. πολλοῦ τῆς πόλεως <span class="bibl">D.H.9.35</span>; π. τριάκοντα σταδίων <b class="b2">at a distance of</b> <span class="bibl">30</span> stades, <span class="bibl">Str.8.6.24</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">π. ἠοῦς, π. ἑσπέρης τοῦ βωμοῦ</b>, east[[wards]], west[[wards]] of. ., <span class="title">IG</span>7.235.45 (Orop., iv B.C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> of Time, [[before]], π. γάμοιο <span class="bibl">Od.15.524</span>; ἠῶθι π. <span class="bibl">5.469</span>; <b class="b3">π. ὃ τοῦ ἐνόησεν</b> one [[before]] the other, <span class="bibl">Il.10.224</span>; more freq. in later writers, π. τῶν Τρωικῶν <span class="bibl">Th.1.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.1</span>; π. τοῦ θανεῖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>883</span>; π. τοῦ θανάτου <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>57a</span>; π. τοῦ λοιμοῦ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Smp.</span>201d</span>; π. δείπνου <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span> 5.5.39</span>; <b class="b3">π. ἡμέρας</b> ib.<span class="bibl">4.5.14</span>; <b class="b3">π. τοῦ χρῆσθαι</b> [[before]] one uses it, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.6.6</span>; <b class="b3">π. μοίρας τῆς ἐμῆς</b> [[before]] my doom, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1266</span>; π. τῆς εἱμαρμένης <span class="bibl">Antipho 1.21</span>; π. τοῦ καθήκοντος χρόνου <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.126</span>, cf. 124; <b class="b3">π. πολλοῦ</b> long [[before]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.130</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. μικροῦ, π. ὀλίγου</b>, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Pomp.</span>73</span>, <span class="bibl">App.<span class="title">BC</span>2.116</span>; ὀλίγον π. τούτων <span class="bibl">Th.2.8</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ π. τοῦ</b> (v.l. [[τούτου]]) ib.<span class="bibl">15</span>; <b class="b3">π. τοῦ</b> (sts. written <b class="b3">προτοῦ</b>) <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1204</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.122</span>, <span class="bibl">5.83</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>418</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>173a</span>; ὁ π. τοῦ χρόνος <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>462</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.2.58</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. τοῦ ἤ</b>, = [[πρὶν ἤ]], <span class="title">IG</span>7.2225.22 (Thisbe); οἱ π. ἡμῶν γενόμενοι <span class="bibl">Isoc.13.19</span>; οἱ π. ἐμοῦ <span class="bibl">Th.1.97</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> in later writers freq. with Numerals, <b class="b3">π. τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν</b> thirty days [[before]], <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">NA</span>5.52</span>; π. μιᾶς ἡμέρας <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Caes.</span>63</span>; π. ἐνιαυτοῦ Id.2.147e; π. δυεῖν ἡμερῶν ἢ ἐτελεύτα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Sull.</span>37</span>: freq. c. dupl. gen., <b class="b3">π. δύο ἐτῶν τοῦ σεισμοῦ, π. δύο ὡρῶν τῆς ἐπιβολῆς</b>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Am.</span>1.1</span>, Dsc.1.64; <b class="b3">π. ἓξ ἡμερῶν τοῦ πάσχα, π. μιᾶς ἡμέρας τῶν γενεθλίων</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Jo.</span>12.1</span>, Plu. 2.717d; π. πολλοῦ τῆς ἑορτῆς <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Sat.</span>14</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> in rendering Roman dates, <b class="b3">τῇ π. μιᾶς Νωνῶν Ὀκτωβρίων</b>, = <b class="b2">pridie Non. Oct</b>., Plu.2.203a, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> in other relations: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> of Preference, [[before]], [[rather than]], <b class="b3">κέρδος αἰνῆσαι π. δίκας</b> to praise sleight [[before]] right, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.140</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>361e</span>; <b class="b3">πᾶν δὴ βουλόμενοι σφίσι εἶναι π. τῆς παρεούσης λύπης</b> anything [[before]], [[rather than]], their actual trouble, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.152</span> (so, <b class="b2">in order to avoid</b>, π. τοῦ δεινοτάτου <span class="bibl">D.54.19</span>); πᾶν π. τοῦ δουλεῦσαι ἐπεξελθεῖν <span class="bibl">Th.5.100</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">4.59</span>; <b class="b3">ἑλέσθαι, αἱρεῖσθαι</b>, or <b class="b3">κρῖναί τι π. τινός</b> to choose one [[before]] another, <span class="bibl">Id.5.36</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>366b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phlb.</span>57e</span>; <b class="b3">π. πολλοῦ ποιήσασθαι</b> to esteem [[above]] much, i.e. very highly, <span class="bibl">Isoc.5.138</span>; π. πολλῶν χρημάτων τιμήσασθαί τι <span class="bibl">Th.1.33</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">6.10</span>; <b class="b3">π. ἄλλων</b> <b class="b2">more than</b> others, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Mx.</span>249e</span> (v.l.), cf. <span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Th.</span>1002</span>; <b class="b3">δυσδαίμων . . π. πασᾶν γυναικῶν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">927</span> (codd., lyr.); π. πάντων θεῶν τῇ Ἑστίᾳ πρώτῃ προθύειν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span> 401d</span>: after a Comp. it is redundant, ἡ τυραννὶς π. ἐλευθερίης ἀσπαστότερον <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.62</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">6.12</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>28d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cri.</span>54b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>99a</span>; for <b class="b3">ἤ</b> after ἄλλος, οὐδεὶς ἄλλος π. σεῦ <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.85</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">7.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> of Cause or Motive, [[for]], [[from]], <b class="b3">π. φόβοιο</b> [[for]] fear, <span class="bibl">Il.17.667</span>; <b class="b3">ἀθλεύων π. ἄνακτος</b> toiling <b class="b2">before the face of</b>, i.e. [[in]] his [[service]], <span class="bibl">24.734</span>; <b class="b3">π. τῶνδε</b> there [[fore]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>495</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> POSITION: words may be put between <b class="b3">π</b>. and its case, <span class="bibl">Il.23.115</span>; but it does not follow its case, exc. after Ep.forms in <b class="b3">-θι, Ἰλιόθι πρό, οὐρανόθι πρό, ἠῶθι πρό</b> (v. supr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">C</span> <b class="b3">πρό</b>, abs. as ADV.: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> of Place, [[before]], opp. <b class="b3">ἐπί</b> ([[after]]), <span class="bibl">Il. 13.799</span>, <span class="bibl">800</span>; [[before]], [[in front]], <span class="bibl">15.360</span>; [[forth]], [[forward]], ἐκ δ' ἄγαγε π. φόωσδε <span class="bibl">19.118</span>; <b class="b3">χωρεῖν π. δόμων</b> to come [[forth]] from, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>960</span> (lyr.); ἄγειν τινὰ π. δόμων <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>59</span> (anap.); <b class="b3">γῆν π. γῆς ἐλαύνομαι</b> I am driven [[on]] from one land to another, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>682</span>; διώκειν γῆν π. γῆς <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>235</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> of Time, [[before]], πρό οἱ εἴπομεν <span class="bibl">Od.1.37</span>; [[earlier]], τά τ' ἐσσόμενα π. τ' ἐόντα <span class="bibl">Hes. <span class="title">Th.</span>32</span>,<span class="bibl">38</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> when joined with other Preps., <b class="b3">ἀποπρό, διαπρό, ἐπιπρό, περιπρό, προπρό</b>, it strengthens the first Prep., or adds to it the notion of [[forward]], [[forth]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">D</span> <b class="b3">πρό</b> IN COMPOS. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> with Substs., to denote </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b2">position before</b> or <b class="b2">in front</b>, <b class="b3">πρόδομος, προάστιον, πρόθυρον, προπύλαια</b>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b2">priority of rank</b>, <b class="b3">πρόεδρος, προεδρία</b>, etc.: also <b class="b2">priority of order</b>, <b class="b3">προάγων, πρόλογος, προοίμιον, προπάτωρ</b>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> standing [[in]] another's [[place]], <b class="b3">πρόμαντις, πρόξενος</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> with Adjs., to denote </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> [[proximity]], <b class="b3">πρόχειρος;</b> and [[readiness]], <b class="b3">πρόθυμος, πρόφρων</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[away]] (cf. 111.3 infr.), <b class="b3">προθέλυμνος, πρόρριζος</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[prematureness]], <b class="b3">πρόμοιρος, πρόωρος</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> [[intensity]], <b class="b3">πρόπας, πρόπαρ, προπάροιθε;</b> so also <b class="b3">πρόκακος, πρόπαλαι</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> with Verbs, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> of Place, [[before]], [[forwards]], <b class="b3">προβαίνω, προβάλλω, προτίθημι</b>, etc.: also, [[before]], [[in defence]], <b class="b3">προκινδυνεύω, προμάχομαι</b>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[forth]], <b class="b3">προέλκω, προφέρω</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> [[publicly]], <b class="b3">προγράφω, προειπεῖν, πρόκειμαι</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[away]], <b class="b3">προδίδωμι, προϊάλλω, προϊάπτω, προΐημι, προλείπω, προρέω, προτέμνω, προτρέπομαι, προφεύγω, προχέω</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">in preference</b>, <b class="b3">προαιροῦμαι, προτιμάω</b>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> [[before]], [[beforehand]], <b class="b3">προαισθάνομαι, προγίγνομαι, προκαταλαμβάνω</b>, etc.; of [[fore]]sight, <b class="b3">προνοέω, προοράω</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">E</span> Etymology: cf. Lat. <b class="b3">προ-</b>, Slav. <b class="b2">pro-</b>, Skt. <b class="b2">pra-</b>, etc., in compounds.</span>