ὀρθός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ή, όν, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[straight]], </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> in height, [[upright]], [[standing]], Hom., who commonly joins it with στῆναι, στῆ δ' ὀρθός <span class="bibl">Il.23.271</span>, al., cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.111</span>,<span class="bibl">9.22</span> (where it is used of a horse rearing); ὀρθαὶ τρίχες ἔσταν <span class="bibl">Il.24.359</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>540</span> ; ὀρθῶν ἑσταότων ἀγορή <span class="bibl">Il.18.246</span> ; οἱ δ' ἐν νηΐ μ' ἔδησαν . . ὀρθὸν ἐν ἱστοπέδῃ <span class="bibl">Od.12.179</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>239</span> (anap.); κυρβασίας . . ὀρθὰς εἶχον πεπηγυίας <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.64</span> ; ὀρθὸν αἴρεις κάρα <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span> 496</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ὀρθὸν οὖς ἵστησι</b> pricks up his ear, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>27</span>, etc.; applied to the [[erect]] posture of man, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">PA</span>653a31</span>, al.; <b class="b3">ὀ. θηρίον</b>, of man, <span class="bibl">Philem.3</span> ; of buildings, [[standing with their walls entire]], [τὸ Πάνακτον] ὀρθὸν παραδοῦναι <span class="bibl">Th.5.42</span> ; ὀρθαὶ κίονες <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.267</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PLond.</span> 3.755v</span>.<span class="bibl">2</span>(iv A. D.); of a [[standing]] crop, ib.<span class="bibl">1165.2</span> (ii A. D.). Adv., ὀρθῶς ἑστῶτες <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">PA</span>689b19</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> Geom., <b class="b2">at right angles to . .</b>, εὐθεῖα πρὸς ἐπίπεδον ὀρθή ἐστιν ὅταν . . <span class="bibl">Euc.11</span><span class="title">Def.</span>3. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> Astrol., <b class="b3">ὀρθὰ ζῴδια</b> signs <b class="b2">which rise vertically</b>, opp. <b class="b3">πλάγια</b>, Doroth. in <b class="b2">Cat. Cod. Astr</b>.<span class="bibl">5</span> (<span class="bibl">1</span>).<span class="bibl">240</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> in line, [[straight]] (opp. <b class="b3">σκολιός</b> crooked and <b class="b3">πλάγιος</b> aslant), <b class="b3">ἀντ' ἠελίου τετραμμένος ὀρθός</b> [[straight]], [[right]] opposite the sun, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>727</span> ; ὀρθὸν εὐθύνοι βέλος <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>200</span> ; <b class="b3">ποιῶν ὀρθὰ πάντα πρὸς</b> κανόνα <span class="title">IG</span>7.3073.108 (Lebadea, ii B. C.); <b class="b3">ὀ. τρῶμα</b> [[longitudinal]] to the muscle, opp. <b class="b3">ἐπικάρσιος</b>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Prorrh.</span>2.15</span> ; ὀρθὸς εἰς ὁδὸν πορεύεται <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Aj.</span>1254</span> ; εἶμι . . ὀ. ὁδόν <span class="bibl">Thgn.945</span> ; ὀ. κέλευθον ἰών <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>11.39</span> ; <b class="b3">ὀρθὴν κελεύεις</b>, i. e. <b class="b3">ὀρθὴν ὁδόν με ἰέναι κ</b>., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1</span> ; so <b class="b3">ὀρθὴν ἄνω δίωκε</b> (sc. όδόν) <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span>1223</span> (but <b class="b3">ὀρθήν</b>, = [[εὐθύς]], <span class="bibl">Hyp.<span class="title">Fr.</span>257</span>); <b class="b3">δι' ὀρθῆς τήνδε ναυκληρεῖς πόλιν</b> (sc. <b class="b3">ὁδοῦ</b>) <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>994</span> ; εἰς ὀρθὸν τρέχειν <span class="bibl">Diph.61.5</span> ; εἰς ὀρθὸν ἀποδοῦναι [[to face the front originally held]], Ascl.<span class="title">Tact.</span>10.1 ; κατ' ὀρθὸν εὐδρομεῖν <span class="bibl">Men.681</span> ; also ὀρθᾷ χερί [[straightway]], <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>10(11).4</span> ; <b class="b3">ὀρθῷ ποδί</b> ib.<span class="bibl">13.72</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span>167</span> ; but <b class="b3">τιθέναι ὀρθὸν πόδα</b> is prob. [[to put the foot out]], as in walking, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>294</span> (v. κατηρεφής <span class="bibl">1</span>), cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span> 1166</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">βλέπειν ὀρθά</b>, opp. being blind, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>419</span> ; ὀρθὸν ἀνέβλεψε <b class="b2">recovered his sight</b>, IG 14.966 (Rome, ii A. D.); ἐξ ὀμμάτων ὀ . . κἀξ ὀρθῆς φρενός <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>528</span> ; <b class="b3">ὀρθοῖς ὄμμασιν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">1385</span> ; v. [[ὄμμα]] <span class="bibl">1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> metaph., </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> [[right]], [[safe]], [[prosperous]]: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> partly from signf. <span class="bibl">1</span>, τοὺς δὲ τομαῖς ἔστασεν ὀρθούς <b class="b2">set them up, restored</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>3.53</span> ; so <b class="b3">ὀρθὸν ἀστάσας</b> (= <b class="b3">ἀναστήσας</b>) <span class="title">IG</span>42(1).122.52 (Epid., iv B. C.); ἐς ὀρθὸν ἱστάναι τινά <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>1230</span> ; ὀρθὰν φυλάσσειν Τένεδον <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>11.5</span>; so στάντες τ' ἐς ὀρθὸν καὶ πεσόντες ὕστερον <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>50</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">La.</span>181b</span> ; <b class="b3">ταύτης ἔπι</b> (sc. <b class="b3">χθονός</b>) <b class="b3">πλέοντες ὀρθῆς</b> (the state being represented as a ship) <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Ant.</span>190</span> ; ἐν ὀρθῷ κεῖσθαι <span class="bibl">Plb.31.7.1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> partly from signf. <span class="bibl">11</span>, <b class="b3">κατ' ὀρθὸν ἐξελθεῖν</b>, of prophecies, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>88</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>1424</span>; <b class="b3">κατ' ὀρθὸν οὐρίσαι</b> to speed <b class="b2">in prosperous course</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>695</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[right]], [[true]], [[correct]], <b class="b3">ἄγγελος, ἀγγελία, νόος</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.90</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">P.</span>4.279</span>, <span class="bibl">10.68</span> ; μάρτυρες <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span> 318</span> (anap.), etc.; γλῶσσα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>351</span> ; ὀρθᾷ φρενί <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>8.24</span>; <b class="b3">ὄρθ' ἀκούειν</b> to be [[rightly]], [[truly]] called, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>903</span> (lyr.); κατὰ τὸ ὀ. δικάζειν <span class="bibl">Hdt. 1.96</span>; ὀ. λόγῳ <b class="b2">strictly speaking, in very truth</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.2.17</span>, <span class="bibl">6.68</span>, etc.: so in Adv., ὀρθῶς λέγειν <span class="bibl">Id.1.51</span> ; ὀ. ἔλεξας <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>341</span> ; ὀ. φράσαι <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>526</span> ; εἴρηκας ὀ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1040</span>; ὀ. φρονεῖν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>1000</span>, <span class="bibl">Archyt.1</span> (so εἰς ὀρθὸν φ. <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Fr.</span>612</span>); ὀ. γνῶναι <span class="bibl">Antipho 2.2.8</span> ; <b class="b3">ὀ. ἔχει</b> it is [[right]], c. inf., <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Euthphr.</span> 9a</span> ; ὀ. ἐνδίκως τ' ἐπώνυμον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>405</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">829</span> (anap.): in answers, [[rightly]], [[exactly]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>359e</span>; ὀ. γε <span class="bibl">Diph.32.18</span>: Sup., ὀρθότατα καλεόμενος <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.59</span> ; so τὸ ὀρθὸν ἐξείρηκα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>374</span> ; <b class="b3">φωνεῖν δίκης ἐς ὀρθόν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">347</span> ; κατ' ὀρθόν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>44b</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[true]], [[real]], [[genuine]], <b class="b3">ὀ. πολιτεῖαι</b>, opp. <b class="b3">παρεκβάσεις</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1279a18</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ὀ. μανία</b> [[real]] madness, <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">NA</span>11.32</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Theoc.11.11</span>. Adv. <b class="b3">-θῶς</b> [[really]], [[truly]], τοὺς ὀ. φιλομαθεῖς <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>67b</span> ; ὁ ὀ. κυβερνήτης <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>341c</span> ; τὸν ὀ. συγγενῆ <span class="bibl">Diph. 102</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> [[upright]], [[just]], ἐμμένειν ὀ. νόμῳ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>350</span> (lyr.); τὸ ὀ. [[uprightness]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>540d</span> ; <b class="b3">ἐπιστήμη ἐνοῦσα καὶ ὀ. λόγος</b> (v. <b class="b3">λόγος</b> IV. I) <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phd.</span> 73a</span>; <b class="b3">ὁ ὀ. λόγος διὰ πάντων ἐρχόμενος</b> (v. λόγος <span class="bibl">111.7</span>) <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.3.4</span> ; <b class="b3">ὀ. λόγοι</b> [[virtues]] on the intellectual side, <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Piet.</span>8</span>. Adv. ὀρθῶς [[rightly]], [[justly]], <span class="bibl">Th.3.56</span>; ὀ. καὶ δικαίως <span class="bibl">Antipho1.10</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>22.228.14 (iv B. C.), <span class="title">IPE</span>12.32<span class="hiitalic">B</span>73 (Olbia, iii B. C.), etc.; ὀ. καὶ νομίμως <span class="bibl">Isoc.7.28</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> of persons, <b class="b2">'straight', straightforward</b>, σμικροὶ καὶ οὐκ ὀρθοὶ τὰς ψυχάς <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Tht.</span>173a</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b2">on tiptoe, full of expectation, excited</b>, ὀρθῆς τῆς πόλεως γενομένης διά τι <span class="bibl">Isoc.16.7</span> ; τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὀρθὴν οὖσαν ἐπί τινι <span class="bibl">Id.5.70</span> ; ὀ. ἦν ἡ πόλις ἐπὶ τοῖς συμβεβηκόσιν <span class="bibl">Lycurg.39</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hyp.<span class="title">Fr.</span>39</span> ; ὀ. καὶ μετέωροι ταῖς διανοίαις <span class="bibl">Plb.28.17.11</span> ; ὀ. καὶ περίφοβος ἦν ἡ πόλις <span class="bibl">Id.3.112.6</span> ; ὀ. διὰ τὸν φόβον <span class="bibl">D.S.16.84</span> ; ὀ. καὶ δραστήριος διὰ τὸ θαρρεῖν <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Phil.</span>12</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> <b class="b3">ἡ ὀρθή</b>, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> (sc. <b class="b3">ὁδός</b>) v. supr. <span class="bibl">11.1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ὀ. γωνία</b> [[right]] angle, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>55b</span> ; so <b class="b3">ὀ</b>. alone, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1098a30</span>, al.; cf. [[ὄρθιος]] v. <span class="bibl">1</span> : <b class="b3">τέμνειν πρὸς ὀρθάς</b> to cut <b class="b2">at right angles</b>, <span class="bibl">Euc.3.3</span>, al.; <b class="b3">εἴ τις δείξειεν ὅτι αἱ ὀρθαὶ οὐ συμπίπτουσι . .</b> that [[right angles]] do not meet (short for 'that two straight lines making, with a third, interior angles equal to two right angles, etc.'), Arist.<span class="title">AP</span>0.74a13 ; <b class="b3">τὸ δυσὶν ὀρθαῖς</b> <b class="b2">the theorem that the angles of a triangle are together equal to two right angles</b>, ib.85b5 ; <b class="b3">ὀρθὸς κῶνος, κύλινδρος</b>, a [[right]] cone, cylinder, <span class="bibl">Archim.<span class="title">Sph.Cyl.</span>1.26</span>, <span class="bibl">1.11</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> (with or without <b class="b3">πτῶσις</b>) [[nominative]], Lat. [[casus rectus]], opp. the oblique cases, <span class="bibl">D.T. 636.3</span>, <span class="bibl">Str.14.2.28</span>, <span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Pron.</span>39.10</span>, al., <span class="bibl">S.E.<span class="title">M.</span>1.177</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> <b class="b3">ὀρθά</b> [[active verbs]], opp. <b class="b3">ὕπτια</b> (passive) and <b class="b3">οὐδέτερα</b> (neuter), <span class="bibl">Chrysipp.Stoic.2.59</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VI</span> <b class="b3">ὀ. τόνος</b> [[real]] or [[unmodified]] (cf. supr. <span class="bibl">111.3</span>) accent, opp. <b class="b3">ἐγκλινόμενος</b>, <span class="bibl">A.D.<span class="title">Pron.</span>36.10</span>, al.; so <b class="b3">ὀρθὴ τάσις</b> ib.<span class="bibl">54.8</span>, al. (The gloss of Hsch., <b class="b3">βορθ-αγορίσκοι</b>, = [[ὀ]]., and the dialect forms of <b class="b3">Ὀρθεία</b> (q.v.), suggest that the word orig. had <b class="b3">ϝ</b>.) </span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[upright]], [[straight]], [[right]], [[true]] (Il.).<br />Compounds: As 1. member in several compp., e.g. <b class="b3">ὀρθό-κραιρα</b> s. <b class="b3">κραῖρα</b>, <b class="b3">ὀρθό-μαντις</b>, <b class="b3">-πολις</b> (Pi.; Sommer Nominalkomp. 184 a. 174), <b class="b3">ὀρθο-στάτης</b> m. <b class="b2">column standing upright etc.</b> (Att. inscr., E.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 49 a. 200); rarely as 2. member, e.g. <b class="b3">ἔξ-ορθος</b> [[upright]] (Ath.), backformation from <b class="b3">ἐξ-ορθόω</b> (Pl.).<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">ὄρθ-ιος</b> (<b class="b3">-ιο-</b> formally enlarging) <b class="b2">upright, steep, going up, shrill, loud, arranged in columns</b> (Λ 11; on the difference of meaning against <b class="b3">ὀρθός</b> Chantraine Form. 37) with <b class="b3">ὀρθ-ίαξ</b> m. (<b class="b3">-ίας</b> H.) m. [[the lower part of the mast]] (Epich.), <b class="b3">-ιάζω</b> <b class="b2">to cry loudly</b> (A.), <b class="b3">-ιάσματα</b> pl. [[high pitch]] (Ar.), also [[to raise]] (APl.), <b class="b3">-ίασις</b> f. [[erection]] (medic.); <b class="b3">-ιάω</b> = <b class="b3">-όω</b> (gloss., sch.). 2. <b class="b3">ὀρθ-ηλός</b> [[tall]], [[straight]] (hell. inscr.; after <b class="b3">υΏψηλός</b>), also <b class="b3">-ηρός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (pap. Ia), 3. <b class="b3">ὀρθέσιον ὄρθιον</b>, <b class="b3">μακρόν</b>, <b class="b3">ὀξύ</b>, <b class="b3">μέγα</b> H. (cf. <b class="b3">θεσπέσιος</b> a.o.). 4. <b class="b3">Όρθάννης</b> (Pl. Com., inscr.), <b class="b3">-ν-</b> (Phot., H.) m. name of a Priapus-like demon (<b class="b3">-νν-</b> hypocor. gemination; cf. <b class="b3">Ἐργ-άνη</b> a.o.). 5. <b class="b3">ὀρθότης</b> f. [[upright]], [[straight position]], [[rightness]] (IA.); <b class="b3">-οσύνη</b> f. <b class="b2">(up)rightness</b> (Democr.; Wyss 62). 6. Denominative verbs: a) <b class="b3">ὀρθόω</b>, <b class="b3">-ῶσαι</b>, often w. prefix, esp. <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀν-</b>, <b class="b2">to raise, to straighten, to improve, to succeed</b> (Il.) with (<b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀν-</b> )<b class="b3">όρθωσις</b> f. <b class="b2">the raising etc.</b> (Hp., Arist.), <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπ-όρθωμα</b> n. <b class="b2">(implement for) raising, right act etc.</b> (Hp., Arist.), <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατ-ορθωτής</b> m. <b class="b2">improver etc.</b> (LXX), <b class="b3">ὀρθωτήρ</b> m. [[raiser]], [[upholder]] (Pi.), <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατ-ορθωτικός</b> [[improving]], [[successful]] (Arist.); b) (<b class="b3">δι-)ορθεύω</b> = (<b class="b3">δι-)ορθόω</b> (E.). 7. Surname of Artemis: <b class="b3">(Ϝ)ορθαία</b> (<b class="b3">Ϝωρ-</b>, <b class="b3">-θεία</b>, <b class="b3">-θέα</b>, <b class="b3">-θία</b>) f. (Lac. a. Arcad. inscr. since VIa, X., Plu.); <b class="b3">Ϝορθασία</b> (Lac. a. Arc. inscr. since Va), <b class="b3">ὀρθωσία</b> (Pi., Hdt., Meg. inscr.); s. Kretschmer Glotta 30, 155f. (w. very doubtful explanation; cf. on it v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 183, Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 487ff.), Risch Mus.Helv. 11, 29 n. 41 w. lit.; compare Venet. Reitia (Haas Sprache 2, 224).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1167] <b class="b2">*wor(H)dʰ-</b>? [[high]]<br />Etymology: Since long <b class="b3">ὀρθός</b> from <b class="b3">*ϜορθϜός</b> (cf. <b class="b3">βορσόν σταυρόν</b>. <b class="b3">Ήλεῖοι</b> H.) is identified with Skt. <b class="b2">ūrdhvá-</b> [[raised]], [[high]]; the phonetic details are however debated and many times discussed, s. Schwyzer 363 w. lit. a. 301, also WP. 1, 289f. (Pok. 1167); cf. esp. <b class="b3">ὀργ-ή</b> : <b class="b2">ūrj-ā́</b>; <b class="b2">ūrdhvá-</b> for <b class="b2">*ūrdhá-</b> after <b class="b2">r̥ṣvá-</b> [[high]] ? (Otrębski Ling. Posn. 5, 175). Lat. [[arduus]] [[high]], [[steep]], OIr. [[ard]] [[high]], [[great]] as also Av. <b class="b2">ǝrǝdva-</b> [[high]] are unclear (s. W.-Hofmann s.v.); at least the Lat. a. Celt. words might have to be connected diff. (WP. 1, 148f., Pok. 339). Old inherited <b class="b3">ὀρθός</b> = <b class="b2">ūrdhvá-</b> belong to a verb, which is preserved in Skt. <b class="b2">várdhati</b> [[raise]], [[make grow]] and in Av. <b class="b2">varǝd-</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> From the other IE languages, notably from Balto-Slav. and Germ., several isolated verbal nouns and diff. formed verbal forms have been adduced; s. the lit. and Bq s. v.; cf. also on [[ὄρθρος]].