ὅρκος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[the object by which one swears]], as the Styx among the gods, Στυγὸς ὕδωρ, ὅς τε μέγιστος ὅ. δεινότατός τε πέλει μακάρεσσι θεοῖσι <span class="bibl">Il. 15.38</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">2.755</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>400</span>,<span class="bibl">784</span>,<span class="bibl">805</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Cer.</span>259</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Metaph.</span>983b31</span> ; or as Zeus among mortals, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.167</span> ; so of things, ὅρκον δ' ἐνοσφίσθης μέγαν, ἅλας τε καὶ τράπεζαν <span class="bibl">Archil.96</span> ; οἷς ἦν μέγιστος ὅ . .. κύων, ἔπειτα χήν <span class="bibl">Cratin.231</span>, cf. <span class="title">Placit.</span>1.3.8 : hence, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[oath]], mostly with epith. <b class="b3">μέγας, καρτερός</b>, Hom. (v. infr.), etc. ; <b class="b3">θεῶν ὅ</b>. <b class="b2">an oath by</b> the gods, <span class="bibl">Od.2.377</span>; μακάρων ὅ. <span class="bibl">10.299</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>647</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span> 657</span> ; ὅ. ἐκ θεῶν μέγας <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1284</span> ; ὅ. κατὰ τῶν . . ὀφθαλμῶν <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.153</span> ; <b class="b3">ὅ. πλατύς</b> [[a]] firm-based [[oath]], <span class="bibl">Emp.30.3</span> ; <b class="b3">ὅρκον ὀμόσαι</b> swear [[an oath]], ὄμοσέν τε τελεύτησέν τε τὸν ὅ. <span class="bibl">Od.2.378</span>, etc. ; <b class="b3">ὅ. ἀπώμνυ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">377</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">10.381</span> ; ἐπὶ δ' ὅρκον ὀμεῖται <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>194</span> ; κατομόσαι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>790</span>; <b class="b3">ὅ. ἐπιορκῆσαι</b> take a false [[oath]], <span class="bibl">Aeschin.1.115</span>, etc. ; <b class="b3">ὅρκου προστεθέντος</b> when [[an oath]] is added, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>472</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>47</span> ; <b class="b3">δαίμονι τῷ Πλεισθενιδῶν ὅρκους θεμένη</b> having made a [[sworn compact]] with... <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1570</span> (anap.) ; ὅ. ἀλλήλοις ποιοῦνται οἱ μὲν ἔφοροι ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως, βασιλεὺς δ' ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Lac.</span>15.7</span> ; ὅρκους συνῆψαν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1241</span>, etc. ; of the person demanding the oath, <b class="b3">ὅ. ἑλέσθαι τινός</b> or <b class="b3">τινί</b> take [[it]] of him, i.e. make him swear, <span class="bibl">Od.4.746</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.22.119</span> ; <b class="b3">ὅρκους ἐπελάσαι</b> and <b class="b3">προσάγειν τινί</b> lay [[oath]] upon a man, put him on [[his oath]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.146</span>, <span class="bibl">6.62</span>,<span class="bibl">74</span> ; <b class="b3">τὸν ὅ… ἐπάγειν . . Ὀποντίοις</b> readminister [[the oath]], IG9(1).334.12 (Locr., v B. C.) ; <b class="b3">ὅρκους δοὺς καὶ δεξάμενος</b> after tendering [[his oath]] to them and accepting theirs, <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.23</span>, cf. <span class="title">IG</span>12.52.18, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span> 429</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>589</span>, <span class="bibl">D.39.3</span> and 4 ; so ὅρκον διδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">Rh.</span>1377a7</span>, <span class="bibl">8</span> ; <b class="b3">ἀποδοῦναι</b> take [[it]] oneself, <span class="bibl">D.19.318</span>, <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.74</span> ; <b class="b3">ἀπολαμβάνειν</b> administer or tender [[it]], <span class="bibl">D.5.9</span>, <span class="bibl">18.25</span> ; <b class="b3">ὅρκους καὶ πίστιν ἀλλήλοις δότε</b> [[swear to]] one another, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>1185</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">And.1.107</span> ; <b class="b3">ὅρκοις καταλαβὼν τὰ τέλη</b> having bound the authorities [[by oaths]], <span class="bibl">Th. 4.86</span> ; ὅρκοις κατειλημμένους <span class="bibl">Id.1.9</span> ; <b class="b3">ὅρκῳ ἐμμένειν</b> abide by it, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Med.</span>754</span> ; ὅ. τηρεῖν <span class="bibl">Democr.239</span> ; παραβαίνειν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Fr.</span>286.7</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span> 332</span>, <span class="bibl">D.19.318</span> ; ἐκβάντι τῶν ὅ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>183b</span>; ἐκλιπεῖν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>1194</span> ; συγχέαι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1063</span> ; ἐμπεδοῦν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>3.2.10</span>: after <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> aor., pres., or fut. inf. may refer to fut. time, ὤμοσα καρτερὸν ὅ., μὴ . . ἀναφῆναι <span class="bibl">Od.4.253</span> ; <b class="b3">ἐμεῦ δ' ἕλετο μέγαν ὅ., μὴ πρὶν σοὶ ἐρέειν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">746</span> ; ὅρκους ἔδοσαν καὶ ἔλαβον, ἀποδοῦναι... Ἀθηναίους δὲ μὴ πολεμεῖν . . <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>1.3.9</span> : with Preps., οὐκ αὔτως... ἀλλὰ σὺν ὅρκῳ <span class="bibl">Od.14.151</span> ; σὺν θεῶν ὅρκῳ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.3.12</span> ; <b class="b3">εἶπαι ἐπ' ὅρκου</b> say on [[oath]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.11</span>; κατὰ τοὺς ὅ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.4.54</span>; opp. παρ' ὅρκον <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>13.83</span>; παρὰ τοὺς ὅ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.5.41</span>: prov., ὅρκους ἐγὼ γυναικὸς εἰς ὕδωρ γράφω <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>811</span>; parodied by <span class="bibl">Philonid. 7</span> <b class="b3">ὅρκους δὲ μοιχῶν εἰς τέφραν . . γράφω</b>, cf. <span class="bibl">Xenarch.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Men. <span class="title">Mon.</span>25</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b3">Ὅρκος</b>, personified, son of Eris, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>804</span>; a divinity who punishes the false and perjured, ib.<span class="bibl">219</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>231</span>, Orac. ap.<span class="bibl">Hdt.6.86</span>.<b class="b3">γ</b>; <b class="b3">Διὸς Ὅ</b>., as servant of Zeus, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1767</span> (anap.). (Cogn. with <b class="b3">ἕρκος</b>.) </span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.<br />Meaning: [[oath]] (Il.), [[object to swear by]], orig. of the water of the Styx (Β 755, Hes., h. Cer. 259).<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">ὁρκ-ωμότης</b> m. [[who takes an oath]] (Arc., Locr. inscr. VI--Va) with <b class="b3">ὁρκωμοτ-έω</b> [[to take an oath]] (trag. a.o.), compound of <b class="b3">ὅρκον ὀμόσαι</b> with <b class="b3">τη-</b>suffix; <b class="b3">εὔ-ορκος</b> <b class="b2">swearing rightly, faithful to one's oath</b> (Hes.) with <b class="b3">εὑορκ-έω</b>, <b class="b3">ἔν-ορκος</b> <b class="b2">bound by oath</b> (Att.) with <b class="b3">ἐνορκ-ίζομαι</b> [[to bind by oath]]; but <b class="b3">ἔξορκος</b> [[sworn]] (Pi.) backformation from <b class="b3">ἐξ-ορκόω</b>, <b class="b3">-ορκίζω</b>; on <b class="b3">ἐπί-ορκος</b> s. v.; <b class="b3">πεντορκ-ία</b> f. "taking of five oaths", [[oath by five gods]] (Locr. Va), with <b class="b3">ία-</b>suffix.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">ὅρκια</b> pl., rarely <b class="b3">-ιον</b> n. <b class="b2">objects to swear by, oath pledge, animals sacrificed for an oath, oath, solemn treaty</b> (Il.), <b class="b3">ὅρκιος</b> <b class="b2">belonging to an oath, sworn by</b> (Att., Leg. Gort.). 2. <b class="b3">ὁρκικός</b> [[belonging to an oath]] (Stoic.). 3. <b class="b3">ὁρκόω</b>, <b class="b3">-ῶσαι</b>, often w. <b class="b3">ἐξ-</b>, <b class="b2">to make one swear, to put under oath</b> (IA.) with <b class="b3">ὁρκώματα</b> pl. [[oath]] (A.), <b class="b3">ὁρκωτής</b> m. <b class="b2">who makes swear, who puts one under oath</b> (Att.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 199 f.), <b class="b3">ἐξόρκω-σις</b> f. [[swearing]], [[adjuration]] (Hdt., J.). 4. <b class="b3">ὁρκίζω</b>, <b class="b3">-ίσαι</b>, Dor. fut. <b class="b3">ὁρκιξεω</b> (Delph.), also w. <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐξ-</b>, <b class="b2">to make one swear, to adjure, to administer an oath</b> (Ion., X., D., hell., also Dor., s. Fraenkel Denom. 86 a. 147) with <b class="b3">ὁρκίσματα</b> pl. [[adjurations]] (Megara I--IIp), (<b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐξ-)-ὁρκισμός</b> m. [[swearing]], [[adjuration]] (LXX, Plb.), <b class="b3">ἐξορκισ-τής</b> m. [[exorcist]] (Act Ap.). 5. <b class="b3">ὁρκίλλομαι</b> [[to swear in vain]] (Phot.), as if from dimin.-pejor. <b class="b3">*ὁρκίλος</b>. 6. <b class="b3">-ορκέω</b> only in derivv. from compp. with analogical formations: <b class="b3">εὑορκ-έω</b> (with <b class="b3">εὑορκ-ία</b>) from <b class="b3">εὔ-ορκος</b>(s. above), <b class="b3">ψευδορκ-έω</b> from <b class="b3">ψεύδ-ορκος</b> (Risch IF 59, 258), with <b class="b3">ἐμπεδ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀληθ-</b>, <b class="b3">δυσ-</b>, <b class="b3">παρ-ορκέω</b> a.o.; on <b class="b3">ἐπι-ορκέω</b> s. v. -- On itself stands, with quite diff. meaning <b class="b3">ὁρκάνη</b> f. [[enclosure]] (A., E.) beside late <b class="b3">ἑρκάνη</b> as <b class="b3">Όργάνη</b> beside <b class="b3">Ἐργάνη</b> (s. on [[ὄργανον]] and [[ἔργον]]); cf. also <b class="b3">Ο῝ρκατος</b> PN (Calymna IIa), s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 147.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: Formally <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> seems to be connected with <b class="b3">ἕρκος</b> [[fence]] (thus already Eust. a. EM); it would be then prop. so much as "bound(s), which one assumes" (Solmsen KZ 32, 275), "limitation, tie, obligation"; such a meaning is indeed found in <b class="b3">ὅρκοι δεσμοὶ σφραγῖδος</b> H. [or read <b class="b3">*σφραγῖδες</b>?] ; cf. also [[ὁρκάνη]]. A convincing argumentation however must still be found. Several attempts by Schroeder (in WP. 2, 528) : <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> prop. "fastening" beside <b class="b3">ἕρκος</b> "obstruction"; by Luther "Wahrheit" und "Lüge" 90ff. (s. also Weltansicht und Geistesleben 86 ff.): <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> prop. a magical power, that pales in the swearer (<b class="b3">*ἕρκει</b>); by Bollack REGr. 71, 1ff. : <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> orig. = <b class="b3">Στύξ</b>, taken as worldembracing fence (<b class="b3">μέγας ὅρκος</b>); s. also Hiersche ibd. 35 ff. -- New etymology by Leumann Hom. Wörter 91 f.: <b class="b3">ὅρκος</b> = Lat. <b class="b2">*sorcus</b> or <b class="b2">*surcus</b> in [[surculus]] [[twig]] (diff. on [[surculus]] [:[[surus]] [[twig]]] e.g. W.-Hofmann s.v.); so prop. <b class="b2">the staff, which is raised when swearing</b>; <b class="b3">ὄμνυμι</b> [[swear]] prop. *'grasp'; <b class="b3">ὅρκον ὀμόσαι</b> <b class="b2">grasp the staff</b> (<b class="b3">θεοὺς ὀμόσαι</b> imitation). Criticism by Luther, Bollack a. Hiersche l.c.; cf. also Benveniste Vocab. institutions 2, 165ff. cf. alo the lit. on [[ὄμνυμι]]. Further s. [[ἕρκος]].