πίνω: Difference between revisions

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: [[to drink]]<br />Other forms: Aeol., also Dor. (Call. Cer. 95) <b class="b3">πώνω</b>, fut. <b class="b3">πίομαι</b>, aor. <b class="b3">ἔπιον</b>, <b class="b3">πιεῖν</b> (all Hom.; later <b class="b3">πεῖν</b>), ipv. <b class="b3">πῖθι</b> (com. a.o.), Aeol. <b class="b3">πῶθι</b>, pass. <b class="b3">ἐπόθην</b> with fut. <b class="b3">ποθήσομαι</b>, perf. act. <b class="b3">πέπωκα</b> (all Att.), midd. <b class="b3">πέπομαι</b> (Od.); besides as causat. <b class="b3">πιπίσκω</b>, fut. <b class="b3">πίσω</b>, aor. <b class="b3">πῖσαι</b>, <b class="b3">πισθῆναι</b>, also w. <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b> a.o. [[give to drink]], [[water]] (Pi., Hp., Nic.).<br />Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπο-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>.<br />Derivatives: Many derivv. (condensed survey): A. From the zero grade <b class="b3">πο-</b>, most with <b class="b3">τ-</b>sufflx: 1. <b class="b3">ποτόν</b> n. [[beverage]] (Il.), <b class="b3">ποτός</b> [[drinkable]] (trag., Th.; <b class="b3">ἔμποτος</b> Aret.), <b class="b3">πότος</b> m. [[drinking]], [[beverage]] (Att., Theoc.); from this <b class="b3">πότ-ιμος</b> [[drinkable]], [[fresh]], [[pleasant]] (IA; Arbenz 50f.), <b class="b3">-ικός</b> <b class="b2">inclined towards drinking etc.</b> (Alc. com., Plu.), most <b class="b3">συμ-</b> πίνω <b class="b2">belonging to the bacchanalia, pot companion</b> (Att.: <b class="b3">συμπό-της</b>, <b class="b3">-σιον</b>, s. v.); <b class="b3">-ίζω</b>, Dor. <b class="b3">-ίσδω</b>, also with <b class="b3">προ-</b> a.o., <b class="b2">to make drink, to drench</b> (IA., Theoc.) with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b>, <b class="b3">-ισμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ιστές</b>, <b class="b3">-ιστήριον</b>, <b class="b3">-ιστρίς</b>, <b class="b3">-ίστρα</b>. 2. <b class="b3">ποτή</b> f. [[drink]], [[draught]] (pap.) gen. a. acc. <b class="b3">-ῆτος</b>, <b class="b3">-ῆτα</b> (Hom.; metr. enlerged, orig. at verse-end; Schwyzer 529 w. n. 1 a. lit.; not haplolog. from <b class="b3">*ποτο-τη-τος</b>, <b class="b3">-τη-τα</b> with Fraenkel Gnomon 21, 40 a.o.); <b class="b3">πότ-ημα</b> n. <b class="b2">(medical) drink</b> (medic.; enlarged form, Chantraine Form. 178). 3. <b class="b3">πόσις</b> f. (also w. <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b> a.o. in diff. senses) [[drinking]], [[drink]], [[bacchanalia]] (Il.) with <b class="b3">πόσιμος</b> [[drinkable]] (pap. IVp, Ps.-Callisth.; cf. <b class="b3">πότιμος</b> above); <b class="b3">πόμα</b> s.v. 4. <b class="b3">ποτήρ</b> m. [[drinking cup]] (E.), <b class="b3">-ήριον</b> n. <b class="b2">id.</b> (Aeol. IA.); <b class="b3">πότης</b> m. [[drinker]] (only in <b class="b3">πότης λύχνος</b> Ar. Nu. 57), f. <b class="b3">πότις</b> (com.); both from the usual compp., e.g. <b class="b3">συμπό-της</b> (Pi.), <b class="b3">οἰνο-πό-της</b>, <b class="b3">-τις</b> (Anacr. etc.), disjoined? (Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 12 = Kl. Schr. 226); superl. <b class="b3">ποτίστατος</b> (Ar. a.o.); to this derivv. like <b class="b3">συμπόσ-ιον</b> [[bacchanalia]] (Pi., Alc.), <b class="b3">καταπότ-ιον</b> [[pill]] (medic.; <b class="b3">καταπότης</b> [[throat]] H., Suid.); <b class="b3">οἰνοποτ-ά-ζω</b> [[to drink wine]] (Hom.). 5. <b class="b3">καταπό-θρα</b> f. <b class="b2">(region of the) throat</b> (Paul. Aeg.). -- B. From the full grade: <b class="b3">πῶμα</b> n. [[draught]], [[drink]], [[beverage]] (Att.), <b class="b3">ἔκπω-μα</b> n. [[drinking ware]] (IA.), beside <b class="b3">πόμα</b> (<b class="b3">πρό-</b>, <b class="b3">κατά-</b>, <b class="b3">ἔκ-</b> πίνω) n. <b class="b2">id.</b> (Pi., Ion. hell.); <b class="b3">ἔκπωτις</b> = <b class="b3">ἄμπωτις</b> (Cat. Cod. Astr.); <b class="b3">εὔπωνος ὄμβρος εὔποτος</b> H., <b class="b3">γακου-πώνης ἡδυπότης</b> H. -- C. From the zero grade <b class="b3">πι-</b>: 1. <b class="b3">πίστρα</b> f., <b class="b3">πῖστρα</b> n. pl. [[drinks]] (E. Kyk., Str.), also <b class="b3">πισμός</b>, <b class="b3">πιστήρ</b>, <b class="b3">πιστήριον</b> H.; with analog. <b class="b3">-σ-</b> as 2. <b class="b3">πιστός</b> [[drinkable]], [[fluid]] (A.; after <b class="b3">χριστός</b>, Leumann Mus. Helv. 14, 79 = Kl. Schr. 264), <b class="b3">πιστικός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Ev. Marc., Ev. Io.); 3. Boeot. <b class="b3">πιτεύω</b> [[to drench]], [[to water]] with <b class="b3">ἀ-πίτευτος</b> [[unwatered]] (Thespiae IIIa), from a noun <b class="b3">*πιτ(ο</b>)-; cf. below. To be rejected Brugmann IF 39, 149 ff. (to <b class="b3">πίων</b>, OCS [[pitati]] [[to feed]] etc.); cf. Benveniste BSL 51, 29 f. w. lit.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [839] <b class="b2">*peh₃-</b>, <b class="b2">piH-</b> [[drink]]<br />Etymology: The above system developed on the basis of an IE starting point independently inside Greek. From the imperatives <b class="b3">πῖ-θι</b> and <b class="b3">πῶ-θι</b> we can conclude to two athematic root-aorists <b class="b3">*ἔ-πι-ν</b> and <b class="b3">*ἔ-πω-ν</b>; to the latter provides Skt. <b class="b2">á-pā-m</b> (with <b class="b2">pā-hí</b> = <b class="b3">πῶ-θι</b>) an exact agreement: IE <b class="b2">*é-peh₃-m</b>. As zero grade was <b class="b2">pī-</b> in the plur. at home: IE <b class="b2">*é-piH-me</b>, which in Skt. was replaced by full grade <b class="b2">á-pā-ma</b> but in Greek <b class="b3">πῖθι</b> left a trace; note further OCS 2. a. 3. sg. aor. [[pi]]. Further, in Greek the athemat. forms wer replaced by the themat. <b class="b3">ἔ-πι-ον</b> with generalized zero grade. The origin of the form <b class="b2">piH-</b> is not well known. The shortvocalic subj. of this root-aorist lives on in fut. <b class="b3">πί-ο-μαι</b> (like <b class="b3">ἔδ-ο-μαι</b>; s. <b class="b3">ἔδω</b>); to the aorist still the nasal prsesents <b class="b3">πί-ν-ω</b> and <b class="b3">πώ-ν-ω</b>; cf. <b class="b3">ἔ-δυ-ν</b> : <b class="b3">δύ-ν-ω</b>. To <b class="b3">*ἔ-πι-ν</b> was formed the factitive <b class="b3">ἔ-πι-σα</b> [[I gave to drink]] after <b class="b3">ἔ-στη-ν</b> : <b class="b3">ἔ-στη-σα</b>, <b class="b3">ἔ-φυν</b> : <b class="b3">ἔ-φυ-σα</b> a.o.; to this the reduplicated pres. <b class="b3">πι-πί-σκω</b> (cf. <b class="b3">δι-δά-σκω</b> : <b class="b3">δα-ῆναι</b>, <b class="b3">βι-βά-σκω</b> : <b class="b3">ἔ-βη-σα</b> : <b class="b3">ἔ-βη-ν</b>). The strongly spread zero grade <b class="b3">πο-</b> (<b class="b3">πέποται</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπόθην</b>, <b class="b3">πόσις</b> usw.) is a Greek innovation after <b class="b3">δο-</b> (<b class="b3">δέδοται</b>, <b class="b3">ἐδόθην</b>, <b class="b3">δόσις</b>). The perf. act. <b class="b3">πέ-πω-κα</b> agrees with Skt. <b class="b2">pa-páu</b>, but can also have been created newly to <b class="b3">*ἔ-πω-ν</b>. The nominal stem <b class="b3">πιτ-</b> in <b class="b3">πιτεύω</b> is inherited and is found also in Skt. <b class="b2">pī-tá-</b> <b class="b2">drunk(en)</b>, <b class="b2">pī-ti ́</b>'drinking, drink'. The 2. member in <b class="b3">εὔ-πωνος</b> and <b class="b3">γακου-πώνης</b> agrees with Skt. <b class="b2">pā́-na-m</b> n. [[drink]]. In ablaut deviating are <b class="b3">πο-τήρ</b> [[drinking cup]] (only E.; <b class="b3">οἰνο-ποτῆρας</b> acc. pl. θ 456 metr. for <b class="b3">-πότας</b>) and Skt. <b class="b2">pā-tár-</b> 'drinker', comparable <b class="b3">πό-σις</b> and <b class="b2">pī-tí-</b> (s. ab.); rather parallel innovations than old inherited material. -- Among the remaining many representatives of this family we mention only the reduplicated zero grade themat. pres. Sk. <b class="b2">pí-b-ati</b>, Lat. <b class="b2">bi-b-ō</b>, OIr. 2. pl. ipv. <b class="b2">i-b-id</b> (phonetically in detail uncertain) and the Lat. nouns <b class="b2">pō-tus</b>, <b class="b2">pō-culum</b>. (The Skt. caus. <b class="b2">pāy-áyati</b> goes back on *po-i-ei̯-, not a full grade <b class="b2">*poi̯-</b>) -- On the histoy of the Greek forms s. Leumann Mus. Helv. 14, 75ff. (= Kl. Schr. 260ff.); further material of the other languages with rich lit. in WP. 2, 71 f., Pok. 839 f., W.-Hofmann s. [[bibō]], Mayrhofer s. <b class="b2">píbati</b> and <b class="b2">pā́ti</b> 2. -- On [[ἄμπωτις]] and [[πῖνον]] s. v.