σκότος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, more rarely σκότος, εος, τό (v. sub fin.), <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[darkness]], [[gloom]], <span class="bibl">Od.19.389</span>, <span class="bibl">Emp.121.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>142</span>, etc.; opp. <b class="b3">φάος</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>319</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>417</span>, etc.; opp. <b class="b3">ἡμέρα</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Def.</span>411b</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> in Il. always of the [[darkness]] of death, mostly in phrase τὸν δὲ σ. ὄσσε κάλυψεν <span class="bibl">4.461</span>, al.; στυγερὸς δ' ἄρα μιν σ. εἷλεν <span class="bibl">5.47</span>, <span class="bibl">13.672</span>; so in Trag. and Com., σκότῳ θανεῖν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>837</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">ἤδη με περιβάλλει σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1453</span>; σ. γίγνεται <span class="bibl">Pherecr.40</span>; <b class="b3">σκότον εἶναι τεθνηκότος</b> (sc. <b class="b3">Αἰσχύλου</b>) <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 643</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> of the nether world, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>130</span>; σκότον νέμονται Τάρταρόν τε <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>72</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pers.</span>223</span>; τὸν ἀεὶ κατὰ γᾶς σ. εἱμένος <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1701</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">παῖδες ἀρχαίου Σκότου</b> ib.<span class="bibl">106</span>; ἰὼ σ., ἐμὸν φάος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span>394</span> (lyr.); γῆς σκότῳ κέκρυπται <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>62</span>; σκότου πύλαι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hec.</span>1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> the [[darkness]] of the womb, φυγόντα μητρόθεν σκότον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>664</span>: pl., ἐν σκότοισι νηδύος τεθραμμένη <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Eu.</span>665</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> of blindness, σκότου νέφος <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span> 1313</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">ὁθούνεκ' . . ἐν σκότῳ . . ὀψοίατο</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">οὐκέτι ὀψοίατο</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">1273</span>; <b class="b3">βλέποντα νῦν μὲν ὄρθ', ἔπειτα δὲ σκότον</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">μηδέν</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">419</span>; σκότον δεδορκώς <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>377</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">HF</span>563</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> [[dizziness]], [[vertigo]], <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Epid.</span> 5.23</span>; σκότοι πρὸ τῶν ὀμμάτων <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>584a3</span>; cf. <b class="b3">σκοτόδινος, -δινιάω</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> metaph., <b class="b3">σκότῳ κρύπτειν</b> hide in [[darkness]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1396</span> (lyr.), cf. Pi.<span class="title">Frr.</span>42.5, 228; <b class="b3">σκότον ἔχειν</b> to be in [[darkness]], [[obscurity]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">N.</span>7.13</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Fr.</span>1052.8</span>; <b class="b3">ἀπορία καὶ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>837a</span>; περικαλύψαι τοῖσι πράγμασι σκότον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span> 1522</span>: with Preps., <b class="b3">διὰ σκότους ἡ ὁδός</b> it is dark and uncertain, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.5.9</span>; ἐν σ. καθήμενος <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>1.83</span>; μηδὲν ἐν σ. τεχνωμένων <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>494</span>; κατὰ σκότον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>578</span>; ὑπὸ σκότου <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>692</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>1457</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.6.4</span>; ὑπὸ σκότῳ <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1030</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1214</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> of a person, <b class="b3">Μητρότιμος ὁ σ</b>., like [[ὁ σκοτεινός]], the [[mystery-man]], <span class="bibl">Hippon.78</span>; also, [[darkness]], i.e. [[ignorance]], <span class="bibl">D.19.226</span>; [[deceit]], σ. καὶ ἀπάτη <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>864c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">8</span> pl., <b class="b3">σκότη</b> [[shadows]] in a picture, Paus.Gr.<span class="title">Fr.</span>300, Suid. s.v. [[ἀπεσκοτωμένα]], <span class="bibl">Eust.953.51</span>.—<span class="bibl">Ael.Dion. <span class="title">Fr.</span>217</span> regarded the masc. as the Att. form: the neut. never occurs in Ar., and is nowhere required by the metre in Trag., though it sts. occurs in codd., <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>831</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">HF</span>1159</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Fr.</span>534</span>, v.l. in <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>40</span>, dub. l. in <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>6</span>; it is found, however, without v.l., in <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>42.5</span> and Att. Prose, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>516e</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cra.</span>418c</span>, <span class="bibl">D.18.159</span>, etc.; also in <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.121</span>. έ, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.5.9</span>, <span class="bibl">7.4.18</span>; the word is always neut. in LXX and <span class="title">NT.</span></span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.,<br />Meaning: [[darkness]], [[dark]], also of the dark before the eyes = [[swindle]] (Il.).<br />Other forms: Also n. (since Va; after <b class="b3">φῶς</b> a. o., extensively Egli Heteroklisie 64 f.)<br />Compounds: Some compp., e.g. <b class="b3">σκοτο-μήν-ιος</b> "having the moon in the dark", [[moon-darkness]], [[moonless]], adjunct of <b class="b3">νύξ</b> (ξ 457), univerbation of <b class="b3">σκότος</b> and <b class="b3">μήν(η</b>); besides the abstract <b class="b3">σκοτο-μην-ία</b> f. [[moonlessnes]], [[moonless night]] (hell.), also <b class="b3">σκοτο-μήνη</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Democr.[?], LXX) and (after the nom. in <b class="b3">-αινα</b>) <b class="b3">σκοτό-μαινα</b> f. <b class="b2">id.</b> (AP a.o.); cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 57 (slightly diff.). Further <b class="b3">σκοτο-διν-ία</b>, Ion. <b class="b3">-ίη</b> f. [[swindle]] (Hp., Pl.) with <b class="b3">-δινιάω</b> (Ar., Pl.); also <b class="b3">-δινος</b> m. <b class="b2">id.</b> (Hp.; after <b class="b3">δῖνος</b>); diff. Georgacas Glotta 36, 182.<br />Derivatives: Several derivv. A. Adj.: 1. <b class="b3">σκότιος</b> [[dark]], [[secretly]], [[illegitimate]], in Crete also = <b class="b3">ἄνηβος</b> (esp. ep. poet. Z 24; cf. Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 108 against Leumann Hom. Wörter 284); to this <b class="b3">σκοτίας δραπέτης</b> H. 2. <b class="b3">σκοτ-αῖος</b> [[in the dark]], [[dark]] (IA.; after <b class="b3">κνεφαῖος</b> a.o.; Schwyzer 467). 3. <b class="b3">-εινός</b> [[darkness]] (A.; after <b class="b3">φαεινός</b> a. o.) with <b class="b3">-εινότης</b> f. (Pl.), <b class="b3">-εινῶδες</b> H. s. <b class="b3">νυθῶδες</b>. 4. <b class="b3">-όεις</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Hp., Emp., hell. ep.; Debrunner <b class="b3">Ἀντίδωρον</b> 28f.); <b class="b3">Σκοτοῦσ(σ)α</b> (<b class="b3">-όεσσα</b>) f. town in Thessaly (hell.). 5. <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> [[dark]], [[dizzy]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">-ωδία</b> f. (late). 6. <b class="b3">-ερός</b> [[dark]] (hell. poet.). -- B. Subst. 1. <b class="b3">σκοτία</b> f. = <b class="b3">σκότος</b> (Ar., LXX, NT a.o.); or to <b class="b3">σκότιος</b> as e.g. <b class="b3">ὁσία</b> : <b class="b3">ὅσιος</b>?; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 38 w. n. 4. 2. <b class="b3">σκοταρία ζόφος</b>. <b class="b3">Ἀχαιοί</b> H. 3. <b class="b3">Σκοτίτας</b> m. surn. of Zeus (Paus. 3, 10, 6); explanation debated; cf., except LSJ, Redard 212, Hitzig -Blümner ad loc., v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 229. 4. <b class="b3">Σκοτία</b> (<b class="b3">-ιά</b>) f. surn. of Aphrodite (H., EM; Scheller Oxyt. 129 w. n. 2). -- C. Verbs: 1. <b class="b3">σκοτόομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-όω</b>, also w. <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>, <b class="b2">it becomes dark before my eyes, I'm passing out; to pass out, to darken</b> (Att. etc.; on the meaning Chantraine Sprache 1, 147 f.) with <b class="b3">σκότ-ωμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ωσις</b> (hell. a. late). 2. <b class="b3">ἐπι-σκοτ-έω</b> <b class="b2">to shroud in darkness, to darken</b> (Hp., Att.; like <b class="b3">ἐπι-θυμ-έω</b>, <b class="b3">-χειρ-έω</b> a. o.) with <b class="b3">-ησις</b> f. (Plu. a. o.), <b class="b3">-ος</b> adj. (Pi. Pae. 9, 5; v. l.). 3. <b class="b3">σκοτάω</b> in 3. pl. <b class="b3">σκοτόωσι</b> [[their sight becomes darkened]] (Nic.). 4. <b class="b3">σκοτ-άζω</b>, mostly w. <b class="b3">συν-</b>, [[to become dark]], [[to darken]] (Att. etc.; in the older language only impersonal) with <b class="b3">-ασμός</b> m. (late). 5. <b class="b3">-ίζω</b>, also w. <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, [[to darken]] (hell. a. late) with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b>, <b class="b3">-ισις</b> (sp.). 6. <b class="b3">σκοτ-εύει δραπετεύει</b> H. (cf. <b class="b3">σκοτίας</b> ab. A. 1).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [957] <b class="b2">*sk(e)h₃t-</b>, or <b class="b2">*skot-</b>?<br />Etymology: Without direct non-Gr. agreement, <b class="b3">σκότος</b> has a very close cognate in a Germ. word for [[shadow]]: Goth. [[skadus]], OE [[sceadu]] (also [[darkness]]), OHG [[scato]], -(<b class="b2">a)wes</b>, PGm. <b class="b2">*skaðu-</b> (after the opposite <b class="b2">*haiðu-</b> prop. [[light-appearance]] [= Skt. <b class="b2">ketú-</b>] in Goth. [[haidus]] [[art and way]] a. o.?). Besides stand in Celt. forms with lengthened grade, e.g. OIr. [[scāth]] n. [[shadow]], IE <b class="b2">*skōto-</b> or <b class="b2">*skāto-</b> (diff. s. <b class="b3">σκιά</b>). WP. 2, 600 (w. older lit.), Pok. 957; older lit. also in Bq.