πόλεμος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=and Ep. πτόλεμος, ὁ, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[war]], <span class="bibl">Il.1.61</span>, etc. (the usual meaning in post-Homeric Greek); also, [[battle]], [[fight]], ib.<span class="bibl">226</span>, etc.; even of [[single combat]], <span class="bibl">7.174</span>; πόλεμοί τε μάχαι τε <span class="bibl">1.177</span>, <span class="bibl">5.891</span>; φυλόπιδος . . καὶ πολέμοιο <span class="bibl">18.242</span>; ἀϋτήν τε πτόλεμόν τε <span class="bibl">1.492</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">14.37</span>,<span class="bibl">96</span>; π. καὶ δηϊοτῆτος <span class="bibl">5.348</span>, etc.: periphr., <b class="b3">νεῖκος, φύλοπις, ἔρις πολέμοιο</b>, <span class="bibl">13.271</span>, <span class="bibl">635</span>, <span class="bibl">17.253</span>; <b class="b3">π. ἄγριος, αἱματόεις, ἀργαλέος, ἀλίαστος, δακρυόεις, δήϊος, δυσηλεγής, δυσηχής, κακός, λευγαλέος, ὀϊζυρός, ὀκρυόεις, ὀλοός, ὁμοίιος, πευκεδανός, πολυᾶϊξ, πολύδακρυς, στυγερός, φθισήνωρ</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">737</span>, <span class="bibl">19.313</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.24.531</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.797</span>, <span class="bibl">5.737</span>, <span class="bibl">7.119</span>, <span class="bibl">20.154</span>, <span class="bibl">2.686</span>, <span class="bibl">1.284</span>, <span class="bibl">13.97</span>, <span class="bibl">3.112</span>, <span class="bibl">9.64</span> (leg. <b class="b3">κρυόεντος</b>), <span class="bibl">3.133</span>, <span class="bibl">9.440</span>, <span class="bibl">10.8</span>, <span class="bibl">1.165</span>, <span class="bibl">3.165</span>, <span class="bibl">4.240</span>, <span class="bibl">9.604</span>; <b class="b3">π. Ἀχαιῶν, ἀνδρῶν</b>, i.e. brought by them, <span class="bibl">3.165</span>, <span class="bibl">24.8</span> (pl.), etc.; ὁ τῶν βαρβάρων π. <span class="bibl">Th.1.24</span>; Ἑλλήνων π. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>3.2.22</span>; ὁ παρὼν π. Κορινθίων <span class="bibl">Th.1.32</span>; <b class="b3">ὁ μέλλων καὶ ὅσον οὐ παρὼν π</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">36</span>; ὁ πρὸς Δαρεῖον π. <span class="bibl">Hdt. 6.2</span>; ἀσχημοσύνῃ καὶ Ἔρωτι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀεὶ π. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>196a</span>; <b class="b3">Δωριακὸς π</b>. Orac. ap. <span class="bibl">Th.2.54</span>; ὁ Ἰωνικὸς π. <span class="bibl">Id.8.11</span>; ὁ Φωκικὸς π. <span class="bibl">Aeschin. 3.148</span>; π. Δεκελεικός <span class="bibl">Isoc.8.37</span>, <span class="bibl">14.31</span>; π. ξενικός <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1272b20</span>; δουλικοὶ π. <span class="bibl">Ath.6.272f</span>; ἱερὸς π. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>556</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">πόλεμον ἄρασθαι</b> levy [[war]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>342</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>913</span>, etc.: c. dat., ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖς π. αἴρεσθαι μέγαν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>439</span>; π. ἄρασθαι πρός τινας <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.6.45</span>; π. θέσθαι τινί <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>13</span>; π. ἀναιρέεσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.36</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.1.7</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">π. κινεῖν, ἐγεῖραι</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.6.34</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdn.3.5.3</span>; π. τοῖς ἔργοις ἐξενήνοχε <span class="bibl">D.11.20</span>, cf. Plu. 2.829e; ἐς π. καθίστασθαί τισι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>1168</span>; π. ἐπαγαγεῖν <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.140</span>; ἀγαγεῖν ἐπί τινας <span class="bibl">D.5.19</span>; <b class="b3">π. ποιεῖν</b> make [[war]], <span class="bibl">Id.8.7</span>; <b class="b3">π. ποιεῖσθαι</b> carry [[it]] on, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.5.24</span>; <b class="b3">π. καταλύεσθαι</b> put an end to [[it]], <span class="bibl">And.3.17</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.6.36</span>; ὁ π. ἀναπέπαυται <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.5.47</span>: prov., <b class="b3">οὐ πόλεμον ἐπαγγέλλεις</b>, i.e. that is good news, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>702d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phdr.</span>242b</span>: in pl., <span class="bibl">Democr. 250</span>, etc.; διὰ τὴν τῶν χρημάτων κτῆσιν πάντες οἱ π. ἡμῖν γίγνονται <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Phd.</span>66c</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>460a</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> personified, [[War]], [[Battle]], Ἀλαλὰ Πολέμου θύγατερ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>78</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span>205</span>; <b class="b3">Π. πάντων μὲν πατήρ ἐστι</b>, πάντων δὲ βασιλεύς <span class="bibl">Heraclit.53</span>; ὁ π. τῆς γενέσεως <span class="bibl">Dam.<span class="title">Pr.</span>423</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> metaph. of womankind, πολυτελὴς π. <span class="bibl">Secund.<span class="title">Sent.</span>8</span>.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.<br />Meaning: [[battle]], [[war]] (Il.).<br />Other forms: ep. also <b class="b3">πτόλεμος</b>.<br />Dialectal forms: Myc. [[euru-potoremojo]] \/<b class="b3">Ευρυ-πτολεμοιο</b>\/.<br />Compounds: Some compp., e.g. <b class="b3">πολέμ-αρχος</b> m. "warlord", name of an official (IA., Dor.), <b class="b3">φιλο-π(τ)όλεμος</b> [[friend of battles]], [[warlike]] (Il.).<br />Derivatives: A. Several adj.: 1. <b class="b3">πολέμ-ιος</b> [[militant]], [[hostile]], also subst. [[enemy]] (Pi., IA.); 2. <b class="b3">-ήϊος</b> [[belonging to battle]], [[war]] (ep. Il.); metr. condit., prob. after <b class="b3">Ἀρήϊος</b> (Trümpy Fachausdrücke 134 w. lit.); 3. <b class="b3">-ικός</b> [[belonging to war]], [[militant]], [[hostile]] (Hdt. 3, 4 as v. l., Att.; Chantraine Études 123 etc.); 4. <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Olymp. in Grg.). B. Verbs: 1. <b class="b3">πολεμ-έω</b>, often w. prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b2">to battle, to fight a war</b> (IA.) with <b class="b3">-ήτωρ</b> (Antioch. Astr.), <b class="b3">-ητής</b> (Gytheion IIIp) m. [[fighter]], [[warrior]], <b class="b3">-ητήριον</b> n. <b class="b2">military base, operation base, headquarters</b> (Plb.); <b class="b3">διαπολέμ-ησις</b> f. [[ending of the war]] (Th.). 2. <b class="b3">πολεμ-ίζω</b> (<b class="b3">πτολ-</b>) [[to fight]] (ep. Il.; metr. for <b class="b3">-έω</b>, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 95) with <b class="b3">-ιστής</b> m. [[fighter]], [[warrior]] (ep. Il.), f. <b class="b3">-ίστρια</b> (Heraclit. Ep.), <b class="b3">-ιστρίς</b> (Tz.), <b class="b3">-ιστήριος</b> [[belonging to warriors]] (IA.). 3. <b class="b3">πολεμ-όομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-όω</b>, also w. <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> a.o., [[to become enemies]] (Hdt., Th., X.) with <b class="b3">ἐκπολέμ-ωσις</b> f. [[the becoming enemies]] (Plu.). 4. Desid. <b class="b3">πολεμ-ησείω</b> [[to wish for war]] (Th., D. C.). -- PN, e.g. <b class="b3">Πολέμων</b>, from where the plantname <b class="b3">πολεμώνιον</b> (Dsc.), s. Strömberg Pfl. 135; <b class="b3">Πτολεμαῖος</b>.<br />Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]<br />Etymology: Orig. meaning [[battle]] (beside <b class="b3">μάχομαι</b> [[fight]]), from which (already in Homer) [[continuing conflict]], [[war]] (beside <b class="b3">μάχη</b> [[fight]]); on this and on other synonyms Trümpy Fachausdr. 122 ff., Porzig Satzinhalte 78 f. On the variation of initial <b class="b3">πτ-</b> : <b class="b3">π-</b> s. Schwyzer 325 w. lit., also Trümpy 131 ff., Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 75f., Merlingen <b class="b3">Μνήμης χάριν</b> 2, 55 f. (cf. also on [[πόλις]]); it certainly goes back on a Pre-Greek phenomenon. -- Formally connection is recommended with <b class="b3">πελεμίζω</b> [[shake]], [[tremble]] (Curtius 268 w. older lit.); attempt for a factual argumentation in Kretschmer Glotta 12, 54 ff. (<b class="b3">πόλεμος</b> prop. [[exertion]], [[labour]] from <b class="b3">πελεμίζω</b> <b class="b2">to exert oneself, take trouble[ ?]</b>; serious objections by Trümpy l.c.); <b class="b3">πόλεμος</b> orig. from throwing the lance? Both the noun to be assumed for <b class="b3">πελεμίζω</b> and <b class="b3">πόλεμος</b> contain a primary <b class="b3">μ-</b>suffix and go back on a verbal form cognate with <b class="b3">πάλλω</b>. [An idea for which I see no arguments.] -- More on the notion <b class="b3">πόλεμος</b> in D. Loenen Polemos. Een studie over oorlog in de griekse oudheid (MAc.Wet.Neth. N. R. 16:3; Amsterdam 1953). -- Pre-Greek origin, then, is obvious (Furnée 317).