νόμος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, ([[νέμω]]) <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> that which is in [[habitual]] [[practice]], [[use]] or [[possession]], not in Hom. (cf. <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">Ap.</span>2.15</span>), though read by Zenod. in <span class="bibl">Od.1.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> [[usage]], [[custom]], [Μοῦσαι] μέλπονται πάντων τε νόμους καὶ ἤθεα κεδνά <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>66</span>; νόμος [[ἀρχαῖος]] [[ἄριστος]] <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Fr.</span>221</span>; <b class="b3">ἔνθα νόμος</b> (sc. [[ἐστί]]) c. inf., [[where]] it is the [[custom]]... Alc.<span class="title">Supp.</span>25.5; <b class="b3">νόμος πάντων βασιλεύς</b> [[custom]] is [[lord]] of [[all]], <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>169.1</span>; νόμος δεσπότης <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.104</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Lg.</span>715d</span>; νόμος τύραννος τῶν ἀνθρώπων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>337d</span>; ἴησις ὀθονίοισι κατὰ τὸν νόμον τὸν ἀρθριτικόν <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Art.</span>18</span>; ὡς νόμος Id.<span class="title">Mochl.</span>37: hence, [[law]], [[ordinance]], τόνδε… ν. διέταξε Κρονίων… θηρσὶ… ἐσθέμεν ἀλλήλους <span class="bibl">Hes. <span class="title">Op.</span>276</span>; τρέφονται πάντες οἱ ἀνθρώπειοι νόμοι ὑπὸ τοῦ θείου <span class="bibl">Heraclit. 114</span>; ἄφθογγον εἶναι τὸν παλαμναῖον νόμον [ἐστί] <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>448</span>; νόμον κάλλιστον ἐξευρόντα, πειθαρχεῖν πατρί <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1177</span>; <b class="b3">νόμος κοινός</b>, = [[ὀρθὸς λόγος]], Zeno Stoic.1.43: pl., ἔργων… ὧν νόμοι πρόκεινται ὑψίποδες <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>865</span> (lyr.); νεοχμοῖς ν. Ζεὺς κρατύνει <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>150</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> in [[VT]], of the [[law]] of [[God]], ἐν τῷ νόμῳ Κυρίου τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ps.</span>1.2</span>, al., cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Is.</span>2.3</span>; <b class="b3">νόμον ὃν ἐνετείλατο ὑμῖν Μωϋσῆς</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">De.</span>33.4</span>; so in [[NT]], ὁ νόμος Μωϋσέως <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>2.22</span>, etc.; but also ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Gal.</span>6.2</span>; <b class="b3">ὁ νόμος τοῦ Πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς</b>, opp. <b class="b3">ὁ νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ τοῦ θανάτου</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>8.2</span>; νόμος τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Jac.</span>1.25</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> with Preps., <b class="b3">κατὰ νόμον</b> according to [[custom]] or [[law]], <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>417</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.61</span>, etc.; κὰν νόμον <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>8.78</span>; <b class="b3">οἱ κατὰ νόμον ὄντες θεοί</b> the [[established]] [[deity|deities]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>904a</span>; κατὰ νόμους <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>241</span>; <b class="b3">παρὰ νόμον</b> contrary to... <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Eu.</span>171</span> (lyr.); παρὰ τοὺς τῆς φύσεως νόμους <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>83e</span>; ἐν Πανελλάνων νόμῳ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span>2.38</span>; <b class="b3">ἐν Ἀδραστείῳ νόμῳ</b> by the [[law]] of [[Adrastus]], i.e. at the [[Nemean games]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">N.</span>10.28</span>: especially in dat. [[νόμῳ]] = [[by custom]], [[conventionally]], opp. [[φύσει]], <span class="bibl">Hdt. 4.39</span>, <span class="bibl">Philol.9</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1094b16</span>, etc.; <b class="b3"> νόμῳ γλυκύ, νόμῳ πικρόν</b>, <span class="bibl">Democr.9</span>; εἰ μή τις λέγοι ν. ὁρᾶν καὶ τὰς λεγομένας ποιότητας μὴ ἐν τοῖς ὑποκειμένοις εἶναι <span class="bibl">Plot.4.4.29</span>; <b class="b3">ὅσον νόμου χάριν</b> just for [[form]]'s [[sake]], <span class="bibl">Diph.43.14</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Metaph.</span>1076a27</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> [[statute]], [[ordinance]] made by [[authority]], [Σόλων] νόμους ἔθηκεν ἄλλους, τοῖς δὲ Δράκοντος θεσμοῖς ἐπαύσαντο χρώμενοι πλὴν τῶν φονικῶν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ath.</span>7.1</span> (but τὸν Δράκοντος νόμον τὸν περὶ τοῦ φόνου <span class="title">IG</span>12.115.5), etc.; νόμον [[τιθέναι]], [[τίθεσθαι]], v. [[τίθημι]]; [[βασιλικός|βασιλικὸς]] νόμος <span class="title">OGI</span>483.1 (Pergam., ii A.D.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Jac.</span>2.8</span>: freq. of [[general laws]], opp. [[ψηφίσματα]] (special decrees), <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>173d</span>, etc.; ὅταν τὰ ψηφίσματα κύρια ᾖ ἀλλὰ μὴ ὁ νόμος <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1292a7</span>: generally, [[law]], <b class="b3">ἄνευ ὀρέξεως</b> <b class="b3">νοῦς ὁ νόμος ἐστίν</b> ib. <span class="bibl">1287a32</span>; [[ἄγραφος]] [[νόμος]] = [[unwritten law]] Lex ap. <span class="bibl">And.1.85</span>, etc.; opp. [[γεγραμμένος]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1373b6</span>; <b class="b3">νόμος ἴδιος</b>, opp. [[κοινός]], ib.<span class="bibl">4</span>; <b class="b3">ὁ νόμος</b> freq. as subject, οἱ νόμοι διδόασι τιμωρίας <span class="bibl">D.18.12</span>; ὧν ὁ νόμος ἀγορεύει <span class="title">Inscr.Magn.</span> 92b16 (ii B.C.); <b class="b3">μὴ ὁ νόμος κρίνει τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐὰν μὴ ἀκούσῃ πρῶτον</b>; <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Jo.</span>7.51</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">e</span> c. gen. rei, οὗτός τοι πεδίων πέλεται ν. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>388</span>; Ὑλλίδος στάθμας ἐν νόμοις <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>1.62</span>; τὸν φαρμάκων δίδαξε μαλακόχειρα ν. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">N.</span>3.55</span>; νόμος ἐμβολῆς καὶ διορθώσιος Hp.<span class="title">Mochl.</span>38; <b class="b3">ὁ νόμος τοῦ κριοῦ, ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός, τῶν ἐρανιστῶν</b>, <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Le.</span>6.31</span> (<span class="bibl">7.1</span>), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>7.2</span>, <span class="title">SIG</span> 1198.14 (Arcesine, iii B.C.); <b class="b3">ἐς χειρῶν νόμον ἀπικέσθαι</b> to [[come to blows]], [[come into action]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.48</span>; ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ [[ἀπόλλυσθαι]], [[περιπεσεῖν]], [[die]] [[in action]], <span class="bibl">Id.8.89</span>, <span class="bibl">Plb.1.57.8</span>; μεταλλάξαι τὸν βίον ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ<span class="bibl">Id.3.63.5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">3.116.9</span>; Ἀσδρούβας… ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ κατέστρεψε τὸν βίον <span class="bibl">Id.11.2.1</span>; τοὺς μὲν ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ διέφθειρε <span class="bibl">Id.1.82.2</span>; <b class="b3">τοὺς ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ τὰς πολιτείας καταλύοντας</b> by '[[direct]] [[action]]', <span class="bibl">Aeschin.1.5</span>; but κτεῖναι ἐν ταῖς πολεμικαῖς ἐξόδοις ἐν χειρὸς νόμῳ [[under martial law]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1285a10</span>; τῷ τοῦ πολέμου νόμῳ κτησάμενος <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.33</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[Νόμος]] personified, <b class="b3">οἱ θεοὶ σθένουσι χὡ κείνων κρατῶν</b> N. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>800</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Orph.<span class="title">Fr.</span>105</span>, <span class="bibl">160</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> [[melody]], [[strain]], οἶδα δ' ὀρνίχων νόμως πάντων <span class="bibl">Alcm.67</span>; νόμος ἵππιος <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span> 1.101</span>; Ἀπόλλων ἁγεῖτο παντοίων ν. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">N.</span>5.25</span>; νόμοι πολεμικοί <span class="bibl">Th.5.69</span>; ἐπηλάλαξαν Ἀραὶ τὸν ὀξὺν νόμον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>952</span> (lyr.); κρεκτοὶ νόμοι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 463</span>, cf. <span class="title">AP</span>9.584: metaph., τοὺς Ἅιδου νόμους <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>861</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> esp. a type of early [[melody]] created by [[Terpander]] for the [[lyre]] as an [[accompaniment]] to Epic texts, νόμος [[ὄρθιος]] <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.24</span>; νόμος Βοιώτιος <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>966</span>; νόμοι κιθαρῳδικοί <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>1282</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>700d</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Po.</span>1447b26</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pr.</span>918b13</span>, etc.; also for the [[flute]], νόμος [[αὐλῳδικός]] Plu.2.1132d; without sung text, <b class="b3">νόμος αὐλητικός</b> ib.1133d, cf. 138b, <span class="bibl">Poll.4.79</span>; later, [[composition]] including both [[word]]s and [[melody]], e.g. Tim.<span class="title">Pers.</span> </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> = [[νοῦμμος]] (q. v.), <span class="bibl">Epich.136</span>, <span class="bibl">Sophr.162</span>, <span class="title">Inscr.Délos</span>407.21 (ii B.C.); <b class="b3">νόμοι σηστέρτιοι</b> = Lat. [[nummi sestertii]], Inscr.Prien.41.13 (ii B.C.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> Archit., [[course]] of [[masonry]], <span class="title">IG</span>12(2).11.17 (Mytil.).</span>

|txtha=νόμου, ὁ ([[νέμω]] to [[divide]], [[distribute]], [[apportion]]), in [[secular]] authors from [[Hesiod]] [[down]], [[anything]] established, [[anything]] [[received]] by [[usage]], a [[custom]], [[usage]], [[law]]; in the Sept. [[very]] [[often]] for תּורָה, [[also]] for חֻקָּה, דָּת, etc. In the N. T. a [[command]], [[law]]; and<br /><b class="num">1.</b> of [[any]] [[law]] [[whatsoever]]: [[διά]] ποίου νόμου; [[νόμος]] δικαιοσύνης, a [[law]] or [[rule]] producing a [[state]] approved of God, i. e. by the [[observance]] of [[which]] we are approved of God, a [[precept]] or [[injunction]]: [[κατά]] νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης, [[νόμος]] [[τοῦ]] νως, the [[rule]] of [[action]] prescribed by [[reason]], [[νόμος]], as [[ἕτερος]] [[νόμος]] ἐν τοῖς μέλεσί μου, a [[different]] [[law]] from [[that]] [[which]] God has given, i. e. the [[impulse]] to [[sin]] [[inherent]] in [[human]] [[nature]], or ὁ [[νόμος]] τῆς ἁμαρτίας (genitive of [[author]]), ὁ [[νόμος]] [[τοῦ]] θανάτου, emanating from the [[power]] of [[death]], ὁ [[νόμος]] [[τοῦ]] πνεύματος, the [[impulse]] to ([[right]]) [[action]] emanating from the Spirit, ibid.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> of the Mosaic [[law]], and referring, according to the context, [[either]] to the [[volume]] of the [[law]] or to its contents: [[with]] the [[article]], L T Tr WH [[omit]] the [[article]] ([[also]] G in Romans , ii., p. 57; (others [[take]] [[νόμος]] [[here]] [[generally]], equivalent to controlling [[principle]]; [[see]] 1above [[under]] the [[end]] and cf. Winer s Grammar, 557 (578); Buttmann, § 151,15)); [[δόγμα]], 2); Μωϋσέως, L T Tr WH [[omit]] the [[article]]); κυρίου, [[τοῦ]] Θεοῦ, (T WH marginal [[reading]]); [[κατά]] [[τόν]] νόμον, according to the ([[standard]] or [[requirement]] of the) [[law]], [[νόμος]] [[without]] the [[article]] (in the Epistles of Paul and James and the Epistle to the Hebrews; cf. Winer s Grammar, p. 123 (117); Buttmann, 89 (78); ([[some]] interpreters [[contend]] [[that]] [[νόμος]] [[without]] the [[article]] denotes [[not]] the [[law]] of Moses [[but]] [[law]] viewed as 'a [[principle]]', '[[abstract]] and [[universal]]'; cf. Lightfoot on Fresh Revision, etc., p. 99; Vaughan on Romans , pp. 41ff. (cf. Cremer, [[under]] the [[word]]). This [[distinction]] is [[contrary]] to [[usage]] (as exhibited e. g. in Galatians 3:; κυρίου, L has the [[article]]), L T Tr WH [[add]] the [[article]]); of Θεοῦ, Μωϋσέως, [[διά]] νόμου, [[χωρίς]] νόμου, [[without]] the cooperation of the [[law]], οἱ ἐκ νόμου, those [[who]] [[rule]] [[their]] [[life]] by the [[law]], Jews, οἱ ἐν νόμῳ, [[who]] are in the [[power]] of the [[law]], i. e. [[bound]] to it, ἐν τῷ νόμῳ); [[ὑπό]] νόμον, [[under]] [[dominion]] of the [[law]], οἱ [[ὑπό]] νόμον, δικαιοῦσθαι ἐν νόμῳ, ἔργα νόμου ([[see]] [[ἔργον]], [[under]] the [[end]]); ἐν νόμῳ ἁμαρτάνειν, [[under]] [[law]], i. e. [[with]] [[knowledge]] of the [[law]], ἔχοντες νόμον, cf. νόμον μή ἔχειν, ibid. 14; ἑαυτοῖς [[εἰσί]] [[νόμος]], [[their]] [[natural]] [[knowledge]] of [[right]] takes the [[place]] of the Mosaic [[law]], ibid.; [[νόμος]] ἔργων, the [[law]] demanding works, [[διά]] νόμου νόμῳ [[ἀπέθανον]], by the [[law]] itself ([[when]] I became convinced [[that]] by [[keeping]] it I could [[not]] [[attain]] to [[salvation]], cf. Winer s Grammar, 210 (197); Buttmann, § 133,12). [[κατά]] νόμον, as respects the [[interpretation]] and [[observance]] of the [[law]], πληροῦν νόμον, [[τόν]] νόμον πληροῦν τό [[δικαίωμα]] [[τοῦ]] νόμου, φυλάσσειν ([[τόν]]) νόμον, τά δικαιώματα [[τοῦ]] νόμου, πράσσειν νόμον, ποιεῖν [[τόν]] νόμον, τηρεῖν, ); τέλειν, ἀκυρουν [[τόν]] νόμον T WH marginal [[reading]]). ὁ [[νόμος]] is used of [[some]] [[particular]] [[ordinance]] of the Mosaic [[law]] in [[τοῦ]] [[ἀνδρός]], the [[law]] enacted [[respecting]] the [[husband]], i. e. [[binding]] the [[wife]] to her [[husband]], elz [[omit]] [[τοῦ]] νόμου (so ὁ [[νόμος]] [[τοῦ]] [[πάσχα]], [[τοῦ]] λεπροῦ, Romans , ii., p. 9; cf. Winer's Grammar, § 30,2 β.). Although the Jews did [[not]] [[make]] a [[distinction]] as we do [[between]] the [[moral]], the [[ceremonial]]; the [[civil]], precepts of the [[law]], [[but]] [[thought]] [[that]] [[all]] should be honored and kept [[with]] the [[same]] [[conscientious]] and [[pious]] [[regard]], [[yet]] in the N. T. [[not]] [[infrequently]] the [[law]] is so referred to as to [[show]] [[that]] the [[speaker]] or [[writer]] has his [[eye]] on the [[ethical]] [[part]] of it [[alone]], as of [[primary]] [[importance]] and [[among]] Christians [[also]] of [[perpetual]] [[validity]], [[but]] does [[not]] [[care]] for the [[ceremonial]] and [[civil]] portions, as [[being]] written for Jews [[alone]]: [[thus]] in τά [[τοῦ]] νόμου, the precepts, [[moral]] requirements, of the [[law]], [[νόμος]] ([[without]] the [[article]]) designates [[only]] the [[ethical]] [[portion]] of the Mosaic [[law]], confirmed by the [[authority]] of the Christian [[religion]]: the Christian [[religion]]: [[νόμος]] πίστεως, the [[law]] demanding [[faith]], [[τοῦ]] Χριστοῦ, the [[moral]] [[instruction]] given by Christ, [[especially]] the [[precept]] [[concerning]] [[love]], τῆς ἐλευθερίας ([[see]] [[ἐλευθερία]], a.), ὁ [[καινός]] [[νόμος]] [[τοῦ]] κυρίου [[ἡμῶν]] Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, [[ἄνευ]] ζυγοῦ ἀνάγκης ὤν, the Epistle of Barnabas 2,6 [ET] ([[see]] Harnack's [[note]], in the [[place]] cited).<br /><b class="num">4.</b> by metonymy ὁ [[νόμος]], the [[name]] of the [[more]] [[important]] [[part]] (i. e. the Pentateuch), is [[put]] for the [[entire]] [[collection]] of the [[sacred]] books of the O. T.: Theod.) Song of Solomon 2Macc. 2:18, [[where]] cf. Grimm); ὁ [[νόμος]] [[καί]] οἱ προφῆται, ὁ [[νόμος]] (οἱ) προφῆται [[καί]] ψαλμοί, the [[religious]] [[dispensation]] contained in the O. T., ὁ [[νόμος]], οἱ προφῆται [[καί]] τά [[ἀλλά]] [[πατριά]] βιβλία, proleg. to Sir.). Paul's [[doctrine]] [[concerning]] ὁ [[νόμος]] is exhibited by ([[besides]] others) Weiss, Biblical Theol. §§ 71,72; Pfleiderer, Paulinismus, pp. 69f. (English translation, i., p. 68f; A. Zahn, Das Gesetz Gottes nach d. Lehre u. Erfahrung d. Apestel Paulus, Halle 1876; R. Tiling, Die Paulinische Lehre vom [[νόμος]] nach d. vier Hauptbriefen, as [[above]] [[with]] Dorpat, 1878). [[νόμος]] does [[not]] [[occur]] in the [[following]] N. T. books: 2 Corinthians , Colossians , Thessalonians, 2 Timothy , Peter, Jude , John , and Revelation.